the accomplished Rich was its victim; it is much more than an occasional visitant. Amongst those who have died by the plague, were Joanna, daughter of Edward the Third, who was seized at Bayonne, where she had just met her betrothed bridegroom; Holbein, the painter; Conrad Gesner, Jansenius, Simon Grynæus, Capito, and the dramatic poet Fletcher.

The small-pox is first mentioned in the seventh century, and amongst the Saracens. Its ravages seem to have become more and more terrible, till they were checked by the discovery of inoculation, and then of vaccination. At this day, the traveller in Europe is surprised at the number of faces which bear its marks, and can judge how great a host must have fallen before these preventives were suggested. The younger Queen Mary of England, Louis the Fifteenth, Joseph the First, and the great metaphysician and divine Jonathan Edwards, were thus removed from the world.

The sweating-sickness was an epidemic which visited England and the north of Europe about the beginning and middle of the sixteenth century. It swept away the learned Colet, and the two young Dukes of Suffolk, on whom many hopes reposed; and in a week eight hundred died in London. It was probably some fever, like those which are often infectious, but seldom spread themselves over so large a surface.

The yellow-fever has been terribly destructive in single ports within the warmer latitudes, especially in America; but disappears with particular seasons, and does not extend into the country. At Malaga, in 1803, almost 12,000 were its prey.

The cholera, originating in India, repeatedly passed over the Asiatic continent to Russia, Poland, Germany, the shores of the Atlantic, Great Britain, and the

United States. Its path was determined by no clear law, but was marked by the graves of thousands on thousands. In some Oriental towns; in Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, the mortality far exceeded even that which was witnessed in the most crowded of the manufacturing communities of England. Amongst its dead, it has numbered Adam Clarke, Casimir Perier, and Marshal Bugeaud.

A disease was introduced into Naples, in 1792, by the Jews who were banished from Spain, of which 20,000 perished. Confinement in close prisons has produced fevers of fatal malignity; so that the number of persons who died in the British prison-ships at New York, during the Revolution, has been reckoned at more than eleven thousand. Once, in an English court, the judge, the sheriff, most of the jury, and a numerous company of persons present at a trial, were fatally infected with the disease brought from the jail by the prisoners. The scurvy may be reckoned amongst pestilential maladies: it destroyed more than half of the crew of Lord Anson's squadron. The dreadful leprosy, too, is contagious; and the influenza has assumed a very deadly aspect.

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Whatever terrors belong to the death of individuals, by rapid, distressing and sharp disease, are accumulated in pestilence. It is always speedy, and not seldom loathsome; and, especially amongst Pagans, has been attended by scenes of revolting selfishness, or criminal desperation. Pestilences have abounded in armies, have haunted besieged cities, have been very fatal at sea, have followed in the track of famine. Whole tribes of savages, ignorant of all remedies, have been cut off, almost to a man. Families are thinned at a stroke, or entirely extirpated; cities are full of mourners; and

death becomes a calamity of nations. It seems, and it is, a direct interposition of Omnipotence, hastening the doom of millions, and clothing it with peculiar dread; that all the world may start in its slumber, and feel itself dying.

10

THE universal necessity of death has made every scene a witness, and every object an instrument of its accomplishment. Man cannot live and move without subjection to the possibility of many accidents, of which any one may be fatal. The more he multiplies his weapons and aids, for self-defence, for labour, or for pleasure, the more he varies the armoury of death.

A fall from a tree or a precipice breaks the bones of the strong barbarian, for whom there is no remedy. Afterwards, when lofty edifices have been erected, workmen fall from scaffolds and ladders, heedless visitors from battlements, venturous persons from towers and steeples; men in their own houses, like Bruce the traveller, from the staircase; or like King Ahaziah, from a lattice or window. Seamen are tossed from the yard or mast upon the deck. Perhaps the whole frame is crushed; perhaps the neck is dislocated, and death is instant; perhaps the brain receives a mortal shock; perhaps the bruised sufferer lingers hopelessly under manifold injuries.

The wild beasts of the forest and the desert are often the foes of man, or at least sacrifice him to their hunger. Lions tear the poor Hottentot; wolves devour the Scythian shepherd; the tiger springs from the Indian

jungle on his prey; the hyena steals to the unguarded tent, and seizes the sleeping infant; the crocodile fixes its teeth in the bathing Egyptian; the shark cuts off the limbs of the seaman; the envenomed snake plants its fang in the heel of the passer. Those animals whom man has subjected become sometimes the causes of his end: the dog, through his bite in the frenzy of disease; the horse, through his kick; the bull and elephant, by direct assault in moments of fury. Even bees and hornets in swarms; spiders and scorpions of a poisonous nature; and the loathsome and ferocious rat, have inflicted death.

When any of the quadrupeds have become beasts of burden, and men mount upon them, or upon the vehicles which they transport, the caprice of the animal, or any of a thousand accidental obstructions, may be the occasion of a destructive overthrow. The heir of the dynasty of Orleans was one of the many who have been fatally stunned by leaping from a carriage in a moment of danger. Theodosius the Second was killed by a fall from his horse; so perished Louis d'Outremer; so Isabella, wife of Philip the Hardy, of France; so Alexander the Third, of Scotland; so Casimir the Third, of Poland; so the laborious writer, Birch; so the ingenious Day, kicked by the animal that had thrown him; so Unwin, the friend of Cowper; while William the Conqueror received from his horse a blow which resulted in a fatal rupture; Louis the Third, a mortal injury from striking against the top of a doorway through which he was dashing in hot pursuit; and Bembo, from bruising his leg against a wall as he rode. The overturn of a stagecoach put an end to the life of Bishop Kemp, of Maryland. When steam became the agent of speed in travelling, the agent and the increased speed were alike