which in its turn was dismembered, one portion of its duties being transferred to the Minister of the Imperial House, and the other, concerning learned corporations and academies, to the Ministry of Public Instruction. The administration of religious worship was detached from the Ministry of Public Instruction and united with that of justice. M. Baroche, President of the Council of State, was appointed Minisof Justice and Worship. M. Rouher, Minister of Public Labors, replaced M. Baroche, with the title of Minister President of the Council of State. Three new men, Boudet, Behic, and Durny, took the portfolios of the Interior, of Public Labors, and of Public Instruction. The Minister of State and the Minister President of the Council of State were charged with explaining and defending the measures of the Government before the Legislative Body. circular, violently denounced the friends of the The election took place on May 31st and June 1st with the greatest order. In Paris the opposition obtained a signal triumph. Eight of its nine candidates were elected; and in the ninth district, where no candidate had obtained an absolute majority, the candidate of the opposition was elected at the supplementary election on June 14th. Six of the elected candidates, Havin, Ollivier, Picard, Favre, Darimon and Simon, had a very large majority, while that of Thiers was only 1,200. In the departments, the candidates of the Government were almost everywhere successful. Altogether of the 283 deputies elected, 34 were candidates of the opposition. Of these 34 candidates, several, as the Marquis of Andelarre, the Vicomte of Grouchy, Ancel, Plichon, M. de Chambrun, had been Government candidates in 1857, and had forfeited the patronage of the Government by their votes on the Roman question. They still wished, however, to be regarded as warm supporters of the Napoleonic dynasty. The five members who formed the liberal opposition in the Legislature of 1857, were all reëlected. Among the new members of this opposition were some of the most illustrious names of France, as Berryer, Marie, and Thiers. Many other leaders of the liberal parties had, however, been defeated, as Montalembert in the departments of the Côtes du Nord and Doubs, Thiers at Aix and at Valenciennes, Casimir Perier at Grenoble, M. de Remusat at Toulouse, Odillon Barrot at Strasburg, Dufaure at Bordeaux, St. Marc Girardin in the department of Vienne. The election was followed by important modifications in the Cabinet. M. de Persigny, whose excessive zeal was supposed to have been injurious to the cause of the Government, resigned; and with him Walewski, Minister of State, Delangle, Minister of Justice, and Rouland, Minister of Public Instruction and Worship, withdrew. M. Billault, Minister without portfolio, was appointed Minister of State. The office of Minister without portfolio, established by the decree of Nov. 24th, was suppressed, and its functions assigned to the Ministry of State, The influence of France on foreign questions remained as great as ever. On the outbreak of the Polish insurrection, M. Billault, Minister without portfolio, declared in the name of the Government, in the Legislature, that the Government had lost none of their sympathies with Poland, but that they regretted the insurrection. When, however, Prussia concluded with Russia an offensive and defensive alliance, France, in union with England and Austria, warmly advocated the treaty rights of Poland. At one time the Government seemed even to be willing to declare war against Russia, but the idea was at once given up, when England and Austria refused to join France. (See POLAND.) When it became apparent that the diplomatic negotiations on the Polish question would lead to no result, the Emperor proposed to the Governments of Europe to meet in Congress, and to discuss all the great European complications, with a view to bringing about a reconciliation between the rights of sovereigns and the rightful aspirations of the nations. This project, too, failed, because England refused to take part in the Congress. (See EUROPEAN CONGRESS.) In Mexico, the Emperor persisted in his determination to overthrow the lawful Government of the country, and to establish a monarchy. (See MEXICO.) In Asia, France now holds undisputed possession of three provinces of Cochin China, and in August, 1863, a treaty was concluded with the King of Cambodia, by which this whole kingdom was placed under the protectorate of France. (See ASIA.) The dispute with Switzerland concerning the Dappes Valley frontier line was settled by a treaty, Switzerland reserving the right to lay it before the Powers present at the Congress of Vienna. Those Powers were to be requested to recognize this modification of Art. 75 of the Vienna Congress Treaty as an integral part of the international right of Switzerland. The new Legislative Body was opened by the Emperor in November. In his opening speech he expressed his satisfaction with the result of the elections. He thus referred to the internal situation of the country: 12 Our exportations in the first eight months of the year 1863, as compared with those of the corresponding months of 1862, have increased by 233,000,000 francs. During the same period the movement of the maritime navigation has exceeded the figures of the preceding epoch by 175,000 tons, of which 136,000 are under the French flag. The abundant harvest of the present year is a blessing from Providence, and must assure the subsistence of the population at a cheaper rate. It proves also the prosperity of our agriculture. The public works have been prosecuted with activity; nearly a thousand additional kilometres of railway have been opened for traffic; our ports, our rivers, our canals, and our roads have continued to be improved. He then pointed out the reforms judged opportune. Among others a decree relative to the freedom of the baking trade, one which renders the maritime conscription less onerous to the population of the sea-coast, a bill which modifies the law on coalitions, and one which suppresses the exclusive privilege of the theatres. I have caused, also, to be prepared a law destined to increase the functions of the general and communal councils, and to remedy the excess of centralization; in fact, to simplify administrative formalities, and to make more mild the legislation applicable to classes worthy of all our solicitude. In all this there will be a progress with which you will delight to associate yourselves. You will have also to occupy yourselves with the sugar question, which demands to be finally settled by a more stable system of legislation. The project submitted to the Council of State tends to accord to indigenous products the facility of exportation enjoyed by the sugars of other countries. A law upon registration will get rid of the double decime, and substitute for that surtax a more just imposition. In Algeria, despite the anomaly which subjects the same populations, some to the civil, others to the military power, the Arabs have comprehended how French domination was reconstructive and equitable, without the Europeans having less confidence in the protection of the Government. Our ancient colonies have seen the disappearance of barriers which were inconvenient for their transactions; but the circumstances have not been favorable to the development of commerce. The recent establishment of the institution of credit will tend, I trust, to ameliorate their condition. In the midst of those material cares nothing which touches religion, the mind, and morals has been neglected. Works of religion and charity, the arts, the sciences, and public education, have received numerous encour agements. Since 1848 the number attending at school has increased one fourth. At present nearly 5,000,000 of children, a third of whom pay nothing, are attending at primary schools; but our efforts must not slacken, for 600,000 children are still without education. The higher studies have received increased animation in the secondary schools, where special instruction is now being reorganized. resources of these countries, and to civilize them by commerce. In Mexico, after an unexpected resistance which the courage of our soldiers and sailors has surmounted-we have seen the population welcome us as liberators. Our efforts will not be in vain, and we shall be largely recompensed for our sacrifices when the destinies of that country, which will owe to us its regeneration, shall have been confided to a prince whom his enlightenment and his qualifications render worthy of so noble a mission. Let us, then, have faith in our enterprises beyond the sea. Commenced to avenge our honor, they will terminate in the triumph of our interests; and if prejudiced minds do not divine the fruitfulness inclosed in the germs deposited for the future, let us not tarnish the glory thus acquired, so to speak, at the two extremities of the globe-at Pekin and at Mexico. According to the calculation of A. Legoyt (in Statistiques de la France), the population of France might be divided, on Jan. 1st, 1862, as to their religious denomination, as follows: The Synods and Consistories of the two Protestant State Churches made, however, a somewhat higher statement of their membership; that of the Reformed Church being calculated to amount to about 1,300,000, and that of the Lutheran Church to about 700,000. In the budget of 1862, the allowances to the Roman Catholic clergy amount to 49,819,936 francs, and those to the Protestant Church, 1,493,436 francs. From the returns of marriages in 1860 and 1861, it appears that in the former year 86,491 bridegrooms, and 140,530 brides, out of a total of 256,636 marriage entries, and in the latter period, 83,905 bridegrooms, and 136,447 brides, out of a total of 270,896 marriages, were unable to write their names. According to official returns, there were, in October, 1863, 82,135 establishments of primary instruction, 16,136 more than in 1848; and the scholastic population had, in 1862, risen to 4,731,949, from 3,771,597 in 1848. The 36,499 communes provided, in October, 1863, with means of instruction, comprised 41,426 public and free schools, special for youths or mixed as to sexes, of which 37,895, numbering 2,145,420 pupils, were directed by laics or secular perSome remarkable explanations were made on sons, and 3,531, numbering 482,008 pupils, by the foreign policy of the Empire: In the life of nations events unforeseen and inevitable arise, which must be met without faltering. Of this number are the war in America, the compulsory occupation of Mexico and Cochin China, the insurrection in Poland. The distant expeditions, the objects of so much criticism, are not the result of a premeditated plan; the force of events has brought them about, and nevertheless they are not to be regretted. How, in fact, could we develop our foreign commerce if, on the one side, we were to renounce all influence in America, and if, on the other, in presence of immense territories occupied by the Spanish and Dutch, France alone remained without possessions in the Asiatic seas? We have conquered in Cochin China a position which, without subjecting us to the difficulties of local government, will permit us to make use of the immense members of religious congregations. The number of schools for girls, in October, 1863, amounted to 26,592, of which 13,491 were directed by laics provided with diplomas of capacity, and 13,101 by religious sisters, of whom 12,335 had only the "letter of obedience." These schools received 1,609,213 pupils, of whom 604,207 were in the lay schools, and 1,059,966 in the establishments of the religious congregations. The following tables exhibit the names, area, and population of each of the 89 Departments into which France is divided, according to the census of 1861, and the statistics of births and illegitimate children: The budget for the year 1865 was laid by the Minister of Finance before the Legislative Body on Dec. 3, 1863. Nearly the same estimates of income, expenditures, and receipts were made as in the budget of previous years; but, this time a large actual deficit was admitted. The war expenses in Mexico were estimated at 210,000,000 francs; those in Cochin-China and other parts of Asia, at 60,000,000 francs; these, added to the deficits of 1862-1863, made the total deficit amount at 195,000,000 francs. This sum added to former deficits swelled the total to 972,000,000. To reduce this, the Minister proposed a loan of 300,000,000 francs. The consolidated debt was in 1864 as follows: Rentes, 4 per cent........ 58 4 198 9 160 8 Colonies.. 58 0 23 1 Rentes, 4 per cent.................................. 16 4 Sinking Fund (Amortissement). Greece...... 8 4 88 Turkey..... 825 The army, according to the budget of the $22 Ministry of War for 1864, was composed as 09 08 follows: Hayti 19 4 Brazil 90 4 61 9 PEACE FOOTING. WAR FOOTING. Argentine Republic. 34 1 Uruguay... Chili. 22 9 16 6 67 80 8 Bolivia.. Gensdarmes.. 24,829 14,769 25,688 15,000 251,437 326 515,035 19 Cavalry. ..... 62,798 65,000 Venezuela.. 8 3 39 Artillery..................... 39,882 66,132 16,646 49,838 Engineers. 15,443 1,400 AFRICA. Military Trains.. 5,655 5,495 15,829 12,000 Administration. 9,411 240 17,536 Egypt 39 7 22 7 28 0 17 1 Barbary 404,195 86,368 757,725 Other African Countries In the year 1863, the army was on the peace footing at home, but on the war footing in Italy, China, and Mexico. The navy, in 1863, was, according to the Gotha Almanac for 1864, as follows: Iron-clad screw steamers (built and Total value.... The estimated budget for the year 1864, which was laid before the Legislative Body in January, 1863, differs but little from the estimates for 1863, save that the calculated surplus is made to appear still larger. The following are the total sums of the budget of 1864, as rated by the Senate and the Legislative Body,† in the session of 1863: Screw steamers, not iron clad.... Total.... 85 19,190 538 105 478 107,075 9,766 236 Transports.. 53 34 58 43 221,324,123 221,934,123 108,015,236 108,015,000 Totals.......... 2,110,437,345 2,105,098,124 5,344,221 *Special Commerce, in the column of Importations, designates the merchandise destined for the exclusive consumption of France, and in the columns of Exportation, the products of France herself. + The Legislative Body in France is distinct from the Senate. Despatch boats (screw). In June, 1841, he was married to the Princess Caroline Charlotte Marianne, of MecklenburgStrelitz, whom he also put away in September, 1846; and in August, 1850, contracted a morganatic marriage with a milliner of Copenhagen, whom he had previously created Countess Danner. In 1844 he visited Scotland and the Faroes as Crown Prince. Frederick VII. com The movements of shipping during 1862 and menced his reign by quashing all the prosecu1863 were as follows: For the external relations of France, see DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE; EUROPEAN CONGRESS; MEXICO, and POLAND. FRANKLIN, the capital of St. Mary's parish, Louisiana, was a port of entry, and a thriving town, on the west bank of the river Teche, 65 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It is situated in a rich planting district. Cotton, sugar, and maize were exported by the river, which was navigated by large steamers. On the advance of Gen. Banks, in April, the division of Gen. Grover had a sharp conflict with the Confederate force, under Gen. Taylor, near Franklin. FREDERIC VII., King of Denmark, born in Copenhagen, October 6th, 1808, died at his palace, Glücksborg, South Jutland, November 15th, 1863. He was the son of Christian VIII., and the Princess Charlotte Frederike, of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and ascended the throne January 20th, 1848. In his youth he travelled through Germany and Switzerland, passing more than a year in Geneva, Italy, and the south of France; and on his return he married, November 1st, 1828, Vilhelmine Marie, daughter of Frederick VI., from whom he separated in 1837, and the same year was removed by royal order to Fredericia, in Jutland, where he was for some time commandant and chief of an infantry regiment. His exile ended with his father's accession to the throne, in 1839. tions which the Chancery of the day had instituted for political offences; and on the 28th of January issued a royal rescript promising a free constitution for the whole monarchy. But, in the meantime there had grown up a strong interest in the future government and control of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, which had resolved itself into a powerful conspiracy, assisted by Prussia, which wished to seize the valuable harbors and rich districts of the southern part of the State. This movement was urged on, on the one hand, by the German ministers, and on the other, by the feverish spirit excited by the French revolution of 1830. Thus, only nine weeks after ascending the throne, the new king found himself involved in a war for life or death against an unexampled outbreak of treachery and revolt. On the 18th of March, 1848, the provincial deputies of these Duchies agreed to send a deputation to the king, demanding the union of Schleswig and Holstein under one Government; the former to be delivered over as a member to the German Confederation. But on the 20th there was a great meeting of the citizens in the Danish capital, and an immense assembly, headed by the mayor and magistrates, went to the king's palace to ask for a new and liberal national ministry. This wish had already been fulfilled, and on the 24th was formed the first constitutional and responsible cabinet that the kingdom had seen for more than three hundred years. This was followed by a free constitution signed by the king on the 5th of June, 1849. During the revolution, King Frederick stood fast by his people, and succeeded in preserving his Danish province of Schleswig from the German invaders, while at the same time he boldly defended the freedom of the State. During the efforts of late years to force on the nation an impracticable "whole State" Government, he still resisted all attempts to reach that object by restoring despotism, and when this scheme fell to pieces, resisted by both the Danes in Denmark, and the Germans in Holstein and Lauenburg, he laid before the Rigsraad a new law, for drawing still tighter the bonds between the Danish parts of the realm-the kingdom proper-and Schleswig. This bill has since been signed and accepted by the new king, Christian IX. Like his royal father, King Frederick was an excellent antiquary. His private museum was large and rich, though mostly in collections of the remains and antiquities of his own land, and of the Scandinavian races. Unfortunately a portion of this museum was subse |