600 a 600 a

2.50 a

1 25 a

1 25 a

2 00 a 2 50

200 a 225

600 a

40 a

1 25 a

4.00 a

1 25 a 1 50

1 25 a 1 50

1 50 a 1 75

1 00 a 150 1 75 a 2 00 6 a 1 62 a 200 50 a

a

8.00 a

60 a

FINLAND. (See RUSSIA.)

FLORIDA. In civil, military, or political affairs no change of importance occurred in the State of Florida during 1863. Gov. Milton, in a message to the Legislature, recommended that every man and boy capable of bearing arms, who was not already in the military service of the Confederacy, or liable to conscription, should be organized as State troops, armed and occasionally drilled. The object of this organization was for the protection of the lives and He proproperty of the citizens generally. posed to embrace in it those who had substitutes in the army, or who resided in the State five days, or those who might be in it an hour for the purpose of speculation, including also aliens. They were not to be subject to be ordered into the army, nor from their ordinary pursuits, except to repel invasions, and to maintain suitable police regulations.

The number of soldiers' families in the State needing assistance was three thousand three hundred and ninety-eight, comprising eleven thousand six hundred and seventy-three per

sons.

Early in March, Gen. Hunter, then in command of the Department of the South, ordered Jacksonville to be occupied by the colored troops under Col. Higginson. It was known that there were less than three thousand troops of the enemy in the State, and it was thought that a small force could be made effective in opening it to the occupation of local citizens, and creating an avenue of escape for the hunted negroes gathered in the interior. Jacksonville was under the command of the gunboats; but its occupation seems to have been ordered before Gen. Hunter was prepared permanently to hold it. The place is the key of East Florida, and its permanent occupation would have compelled the abandonment by the enemy of all the territory east of the St. John's. It was at first occupied by the colored troops, who were soon after reënforced by the 8th Maine and 6th Connecticut, for the purpose of making a more extended and powerful movement. They came with ten days' rations, but were delayed in disembarking, which had been accomplished but a short time when an order to return reached them. Two short reconnoissances were made. Some prisoners and cattle were taken. As the troops embarked the place was fired by incendiaries. This was the third occupation of the town, thus Still later in the year the far during the war. troops were withdrawn from Pensacola in West Florida, and that place was also burned.

FLOY, JAMES, D. D., a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, born in New York city, August 20th, 1806, died in the same city, October 14th, 1863. He was of English parentage on his father's side. His early education was obtained in the grammar school of Columbia College, and he subsequently passed through the undergraduate course of that college, but in accordance with his father's wish

left college without a degree and went to London, where he continued his studies mostly in the direction of natural and especially botanical science at the royal gardens at Kew, for three years. Having returned to his native city, he engaged in business, and about 1830 entered the Methodist Book Rooms as a clerk. In 1831, he experienced a religious change and united with the Methodist Episcopal Church. He soon interested himself in the instruction of the colored people on the Sabbath, and in February, 1863, commenced preaching, though he was not received as a preacher by the New York Conference till 1835. In 1838, not having yet been ordained as an elder, he was censured by the conference, and suspended for having attended an anti-slavery convention at Utica; but the suspension was removed before the close of its session. He soon became eminent as a preacher in the church with which he was connected, and filled in succession many of the largest and most influential charges in New York, and in the larger towns and cities of New England. He was also from 1842 to 1856 assistant secretary and secretary of his conference, and usually a delegate to the Quadrennial General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he soon took a position as leader of the anti-slavery party. He was appointed in 1848 on a committee to revise the Methodist hymn book, and the principal labor of the work, which was in fact the preparation of a new book, came upon him, and was performed with that conscientious care and ability which marked all his public services. In 1856, he was appointed by the General Conference editor of the "National Magazine," and conducted it with extraordinary ability, and success. He was also through the greater part of his career as a preacher a frequent and valued contributor to the "Methodist Quarterly Review," and was one of the Committee on Versions in the American Bible Society. His published works were, besides those already noticed, some Sunday school books, and S. S. question books. He also edited the posthumous works of Rev. Dr. Olin.

FLOYD, JOHN BUCHANAN, a general in the Confederate army, born in Montgomery (now Pulaski) county, Va., in 1805, died at Abingdon, Va., August 26th, 1863. He was graduated at the South Carolina College in 1826, subsequently practised law for several years in Virginia, and in 1836 emigrated to Helena, Arkansas, whence he returned in 1839 to Virginia. In 1847-249 he represented Washington county in the House of Representatives, and from 1850 to 1853 he was governor of the State. As a delegate to the democratic presidential convention at Cincinnati in 1856, he exerted his influence in favor of the nomination of Mr. Buchanan in whose interest he made speeches in many parts of the country during the ensuing canvass, and for whom he cast his vote in the electoral college of Virginia. President Buchanan rewarded his services by appointing him in March, 1857,

Secretary of War. In that capacity he labored to the best of his ability to promote the rebellion of the Southern States, and to place them on a footing of strength commensurate with the importance of the conflict upon which they were about to enter; and there seems now to be little doubt that for several years previous to the election of Mr. Lincoln he was privy to the plot for overthrowing the Government. During 1860, in accordance with his orders, the army had been dispersed in the remotest part of the country, considerable portions being on the western frontier, in California, and Southern Texas, whence they could not readily be conveyed to the Atlantic seaboard; and in the same year an extensive transfer of arms from northern to southern arsenals was made, 115,000 muskets having been transferred by one order, and great quantities of cannon and ammunition by other orders.

No sooner had the secession of South Carolina paved the way for concentrated action on the part of the conspirators, than he began to avow openly his sympathy with the movement; and during the stormy discussions in the cabinet on the subject of reënforcing the forts in Charleston harbor, he was the most strenuous opponent of that measure, threatening to resign if it were consummated. On December 26th Major Anderson unexpectedly removed his garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, and upon the refusal of the President to order the entire withdrawal of the U. S. troops from Charleston harbor, Mr. Floyd tendered his resignation, and was succeeded by Mr. Holt. Soon afterward he was indicted by the grand jury of the District of Columbia as being privy to the abstraction of bonds to the amount of $870,000 from the Department of the Interior in the latter part of 1860. He had, however, been permitted to retire from Washington, and was never subsequently brought to trial.

As a reward for his eminent services to the cause of secession, he was appointed soon after the commencement of hostilities, a brigadiergeneral in the Confederate army, and in the summer and autumn of 1861 commanded, with Gens. Wise and Henningsen, in Western Virginia. The campaign was conducted by him with little skill or energy, and his retreat from Gauley Bridge, September 10th, after his defeat by Gen. Cox, with loss of baggage, camp equipage, and ammunition, was characterized by the Virginia papers of that period as the most disgraceful rout of the war. He was subsequently ordered to Kentucky, and commanded a brigade at Fort Donelson when that place was besieged by Gen. Grant, in February, 1862. From apprehensions that, if captured, he might be subjected to harsh treatment, while public opinion in the loyal States was embittered against him, he retired, on the night previous to the surrender of the fort, with Gen. Pillow and 5,000 men of the garrison, and made good his escape into Southern Tennessee and Alabama. Thenceforth he held no important com

mand. A temporary reappearance in the field in the succeeding summer, under State authority, resulted in no practical success, and he died in retirement.

FOOTE, ANDREW HULL, an American rear-admiral, born in New Haven, Ct., Sept. 12th, 1806, died in New York, June 26th, 1863. At sixteen years of age, he entered the navy as acting midshipman, and made his first cruise in the schooner Grampus, which formed part of the squadron operating, in 1823, under Commodore Porter, against the pirates of the West Indies. In the succeeding year he obtained a midshipman's warrant; in 1830 he was commissioned a lieutenant, and in 1838 he accompanied Commodore Read in his voyage of circumnavigation, as first lieutenant of the sloop John Adams, participating in the attack of the squadron upon the pirates of Sumatra. In 1841-43, while stationed at the Naval Asylum in Philadelphia, he prevailed upon many of the inmates to take the temperance pledge, and was thus one of the first to introduce into the navy the principle of total abstinence from spirituous liquors. In his next cruise, as first lieutenant of the frigate Cumberland, he induced the crew to give up their spirit rations, to the manifest improvement of health and discipline; and he also personally superintended their religious instruction, often preaching on the berth deck to officers and men. In 1849-'52, he commanded the brig Perry of the African squadron, and showed great vigilance in suppressing the slave trade; and it is worthy of note that during the cruise not a drop of grog was served out to the crew, and not an officer or man was lost or disabled, or for any considerable period on the sick list, although the station is notoriously unhealthy.

In 1852 he was promoted to be a commander, and after serving on the "Naval Retiring Board," and in other capacities, he sailed in 1856 in command of the sloop Portsmouth, for the China station. At the time of his arrival, hostilities were imminent between the British and Chinese, and the latter, with a recklessness which subsequently cost them dear, fired from the Canton barrier forts upon a boat from the Portsmouth, at the stern of which the American flag was displayed. Receiving permission, after urgent solicitation, from his commanding officer, Commodore Armstrong, to resent this indignity, he anchored his ship opposite the largest of the forts, and on November 21st, with partial assistance from the sloop Levant, effected a practicable breach in its walls. Immediately a force of marines and sailors were landed, and the work carried by assault, Commander Foote being one of the first to enter with the stormers. The remaining forts, three in number, yielded successively to his attacks, and on the 24th the American flag waved over all of them. In view of the disparity of strength between the contending forces, the forts being massive granite structures, mounting 176 guns, and manned by

5,000 Chinese, the engagement was justly esteemed one of the most brilliant in the annals of the American navy, and Commander Foote received abundant congratulations and compliments from foreign officers on the station, who had been witnesses of his gallantry.

At the outbreak of the rebellion, Commander Foote was executive officer at the Brooklyn navy yard. In July, 1861, he was commissioned a captain, and in the September following was appointed flag officer of the flotilla fitting out in the Western waters. He entered upon his duties with great energy, and by the commencement of 1862, his vessels were completed and awaiting their crews and armaments, the work having been, in his own words, "the most difficult and arduous" of his life. Early in February the combined advance of the gunboats and land forces against the enemy in Kentucky and Tennessee was commenced, and on the 6th, Foote, without waiting for the arrival of the coöperating land forces under Gen. Grant, attacked, with seven gunboats, the strong works at Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river, and in two hours compelled an unconditional surrender. With the least possible delay, he transferred his fleet to the Cumberland river, and on the 14th opened fire upon Fort Donelson. The contest was maintained with great vigor on both sides for an hour and a quarter, and resulted in silencing the heavy water batteries of the enemy. The flag-ship St. Louis, and the Louisville, having at this juncture become unmanageable by injuries to their steering apparatus, drifted out of the fire, and the fleet was obliged to haul off, leaving the capture of the fort to the land forces.

Foote, though injured in the ankle by the fragment of a shot and compelled to move upon crutches, proceeded up the river immediately after the surrender of the fort, and destroyed the Tennessee iron works at Clarksville. Then, after a brief respite at Cairo, he sailed with his fleet, considerably increased in efficiency, down the Mississippi; the Confederates evacuating their strong positions at Columbus and Hickman at his approach. He remained at his post during the tedious siege of Island No. Ten, but after the reduction of that place, was reluctantly compelled by intense suffering from his unhealed wound to apply for leave of absence, and early in May turned over his command to Commodore Davis. Upon being restored to health, he was placed in charge of the bureau of equipment and recruiting under the new organization of the navy, and in July the President appointed him one of the nine rear-admirals on the active list. In June, 1863, he was ordered to relieve Admiral Dupont in command of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and died while making preparations for his departure for Charleston.

Apart from his professional career, Admiral Foote was noted as an active friend of religious and philanthropic enterprises, and when not absent on sea duties, frequently participa

ted at the religious anniversary meetings in New York and elsewhere. While in command of the Western flotilla, he framed and enforced strict rules for the proper observance of Sunday, and for the prevention of profane swearing and intemperance. He had also some reputation as a writer, and in connection with his African cruise published "Africa and the American Flag," containing a general survey of the African continent, with remarks on the slave trade; beside a series of letters on Japan, which country he visited in 1857.

FOWLER, RICHARD, M. D., born in London, November 28th, 1765, died at his residence, Milford, near Salisbury, April 18th, 1863. He was educated in Edinburgh, and afterward went to Paris, where he was a witness of the strife and excitement of the first French revolution. He was personally acquainted with many of the actors in that political struggle, and was well known to Count Mirabeau. In November, 1790, he was admitted a member of the Speculative Society of Edinburgh, an institution which was founded in that city in 1764, and which has numbered among its members many of the most eminent men in Scotland and England. During his connection with this society he contributed essays on "Population and the Causes which Promote or Obstruct it; on the "Effects of Grief and Fear upon the Human Frame;" and on "Belief." He took his degree of Doctor of Medicine at the university of Edinburgh, on the 12th of September, 1793, was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on the 21st of March, 1776, and settled at Salisbury. The same year he was elected physician to the infirmary, and continued to discharge the duties of that office with great zeal and ability up to 1847, when advancing years induced him to resign. The governors, however, did him the honor of electing him consulting physician to the institution, an appointment which he held up to the time of his death. Dr. Fowler was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in July, 1837; he was also a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and a member of the Zoological and Edinburgh Medical Societies. On the establishment of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1881, he became a member, and for several years took a leading part at the annual gatherings of that body, giving particular attention to investigations connected with the mental state of the deaf, dumb, and blind, and many of his communications to the association are upon such subjects. During his long life he was on friendly terms with most of the political, literary, and scientific men of his time. In politics and religion his sentiments were of the most liberal nature. In early life he was the friend of progress and the enemy of oppression, and he lived to see most of the great principles which he espoused in the ardor of youth, carried into practice during his long and eventful life. His published works, beside those already mentioned, are: "Experiments and Observa

tions on Animal Electricity," on "Galvanism," and "Inflammation," published in 1793; on "Literary and Scientific Pursuits as Conducive to Longevity," 1855; on the "Influences of Man's Instinct on his intellectual and Moral Powers; " "The State of the Mind during Sleep," and "Second Attempts to Unravel some of the Perplexities of the Berkeleyan Hypothesis."

FRANCE. The term of the second Legislature of the Empire, which had been elected in 1857, expired in 1863, and it was accordingly dissolved on May 7th. Three weeks later, on May 31st and June 1st, the third Legislature, which, unless previously dissolved, will serve until 1869, was elected. The last session of the second Legislature was brief, and it confined itself almost entirely to voting the address and the budget. It was opened by the Emperor, on January 12th, by a speech, which briefly reviewed the progress made from 1857 to 1863. The achievements abroad were thus summed up by the Emperor:

In the East the national wish of the Danubian Principalities to form only one people could not find us unconcerned, and our support has contributed to cement their union.

We have given our support to what we thought justifiable in the grievances of Syria and of Montenegro, and of the Christians of Syria, without disavowing the rights of the Ottoman Porte.

Our arms have defended the independence of Italy without tampering with revolution-without altering after the day of battle our friendly relations with our adversaries, even for a day-without abandoning the Holy Father, whom our honor and our past engagements bound us to support.

which might have arisen with Spain, either from the We have suppressed the causes of misunderstanding non-delimination of the frontier line, or from the old debt of 1823; and with Switzerland the difference respecting the Valley of the Danube. being concluded with England, Belgium, Prussia, Commercial treaties have been, or are on the eve of Italy, and Switzerland.

Finally, expeditions to China, Cochin China, and Mexico prove that there are not any countries, no matter how far distant, where any attempt against the honor of France remains unpunished. Such facts could not be accomplished without complication. Duty always advances through danger. Nevertheless, France has been increased by two provinces. The barriers which separated us from our neighbors have been removed; a vast territory has been thrown open to our activity in the far East; and what is better than conquest, we have acquired claims to the sympathy of the inhabitants, without losing the confidence and the es

teem of the Government.

Of the internal policy of the Government, and its relations to the war in the United States, the Emperor spoke as follows:

I have called you to take a more direct part in the Government. I have given to your deliberations all the guarantees which freedom of discussion could claim. I have relinquished a prerogative, hitherto deemed indispensable, so as to allow the Legislative body to control the expenses in a more absolute manner, and to give more solidity to the bases upon which public credit rests.

To reduce our expenses, the army and navy estimates have been considerably diminished. The floated by the conversion of the Rentes a great step has ing debt has been reduced, and by the success achievbeen taken toward the settlement (unification) of that

debt. The indirect revenues show a continual increase,

from the simple fact of the general increase of prosperity, and the condition of the empire would be flourishing if the American war had not dried up one of the most fruitful sources of our industry. The forced stagnation of labor has caused in many districts an amount of destitution which deserves all our solicitude, and a grant will be asked from you for the support of those who with resignation submit to the effects of a misfortune which it is not in our power to put a stop

to.

Nevertheless, I have made the attempt to send beyond the Atlantic advices inspired by a sincere sympathy; but, the great maritime Powers not having thought it advisable as yet to act in concert with me, have been obliged to postpone to a more suitable opportunity the offer of mediation, the object of which was to stop the effusion of blood, and to prevent the exhaustion of a country the future of which cannot be looked upon with indifference.

Respecting the approaching election, the Em

peror said:

Tell your fellow citizens that I shall be always ready to adopt anything in the interest of the majority, but that, if they have at heart to facilitate the work that has been commenced, to avoid conflict which only leads to disaster, to strengthen the Constitution-which is their work-they must send to the new Chamber men who, like you, accept without reserve the present system, who prefer serious deliberations to sterile discussions; men who, animated by the spirit of the age and by a true patriotism, will, by their independent spirit, enlighten the path of the Government, and who will never hesitate to place above party interest the sta bility of the State, and the greatness of the country.

The address of the Senate, in reply to the speech from the throne, was discussed for only two days, and adopted by all the votes save one, that of Prince Napoleon. In the Assembly, the discussion of the address was more protracted and more animated. The five members, who formed the Liberal Opposition, presented a number of amendments which together formed a political programme. M. Baroche, president of the Council of State, declared in the name of the Government, that the latter could not renounce the official action relative to candidates, but its rule would be to support only candidates who possessed at the same time the sympathies of the people. Among the most brilliant speeches made on this occasion, was that of Jules Favre, on the Mexican question, and the reply to it by M. Billault. On February 12th the address, as proposed by the Committee, was adopted by all, save six votes. A few days before, the Assembly with entire unanimity had adopted the draft of a law, opening a credit of 5 million francs in behalf of the working men in the manufacturing districts which had been specially affected by the American war. In some departments the sufferings of these men were very severe. In that of Seine Inferieure the number of laborers who had been thrown out of work was estimated at 130,000. Private charity coöperated with the Legislature, and on Jan. 26th two million francs had already been absorbed. The resignation and patriotic attitude of the working men were generally commended, and on May 4th the Legislature voted a new credit of 1,200,000 francs in their behalf.

VOL. III.-27 A

One of the most important subjects that en gaged the attention of the Senate was a question respecting the property of Arabs in Algeria. A remarkable letter on this subject was addressed on Feb. 6th, by the Emperor to the Marshal Governor of Algeria. The Emperor declares that Algeria cannot properly be called a colony, but an Arabian kingdom. "The natives," he says, " "have, as well as the colonists, an equal claim upon my protection, and I am of the French." no less Emperor of the Arabians than Emperor In conclusion the Emperor maintains, that it is necessary to transform into definitive properties (amenable to the same laws as private property) the lands possessed by the Arabian tribes, instead of claiming them for the state as successor of the Sultan, to whom alone, according to Mohammedan law, the fee in these lands belonged. The Senate passed on April 23d a resolution ("Senatus Consultum") recognizing the collective proprietorship of the tribes, by 117 votes against 2.

According to the terms of the organic decree of the Legislative Body, the list of electoral districts must be revised every fifth year. According to this list, which was first drawn up in February, 1852, and revised in June, 1857, the number of deputies was 261 for the first quinquennial period of the empire, and 267 for the second. The revision, made in December, 1862, increased this number to 283. The organs of the opposition severely criticized this last rearrangement of districts, by which for instance the department of the Seine (the city of Paris) had the number of its deputies reduced from ten to nine, although the population had considerably increased. The Government had decided that only the number of the registered votes should be taken as a basis of representation, while the opposition claimed that the population entitled to voting should be the standard. The Senate declared in favor of the view taken by the Government.

As soon as the electoral campaign began in earnest, it became apparent that many voters, who in 1857 had abstained from voting, would this time take part in the election. In Paris two central committees of the opposition parties were formed; the one, representing the Orleanists, Legitimists and moderate Republicans, was presided over by M. de Broglie, and appointed a consulting committee, consisting of Berryer, Dufaure, and Odillon Barrot; the other, representing the more radical Republicans of 1848, was presided over by Carnot. The Government forbade the candidates of the opposition to call themselves." Independent" candidates, and at the same time enforced the law prohibiting assemblies of more than 20 persons. This last step called forth a protest, signed by Dufaure, Berryer, and Marie.

A great sensation was produced by a circular of the Minister Persigny, addressed to the prefects, and explaining the principles which the Government intended to follow at the approaching election. M. de Persigny, in this