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those who will not, and those who need not work. The minute subdivision and the careful classification of them, covering fifteen large pages, makes a most curious and instructive study. A type of its thoroughness, and of its loyalty as well to the person as the idea, is found in its putting the sovereign of the realm at the head of the second subdivision in the fourth class of workers, that of Protectors, the four classes being Enrichers, Auxiliaries, Benefactors, and Servitors. A proof of its minuteness is, that in the first class (Producers) it reckons seventy-four; in the second (Helpers), a hundred and nine; in the third (Benefactors), twenty-four, being twelve sorts each of Educators and Curators, and in the fourth, seventy-nine; in all, two hundred and eighty-six branches of human industry, distinct enough to be separately characterized and defined. This classification of existing facts is of the highest value to every one who would study the laws of human society, either as philosopher or as moralist. This, or something like it, must be comprehended and assumed by any one who undertakes to theorize upon the matter at all, as Plato opens his "Republic" by reciting that simplest division of labor which must lie at the foundation of a commonwealth; his four classes of laborers, if we remember right, being farmers, builders, tailors, and shoemakers. The science of "Social Statics" has considerably advanced since then. "Those who cannot work" require no special mention here; neither "those who need not work," - - that is to say, people who live by the income of their property, or by the labor of other persons. Still more suggestive and curious, perhaps, than the classification of the workers, is that of "those who will not work,”—the outlaws of all honest society, comprising the three classes of Beggars, Thieves, and Prostitutes. Of beggars we find eight classes, and twenty-eight varieties; and are further lucidly informed that "the several varieties of beggars admit of being subdivided into patterers, or those who beg on the "blob," that is, by word of mouth, and screevers, or those who beg by written documents, setting forth imaginary cases of distress, such documents being either slums (letters) or fakements (petitions)." A very entertaining story is given (pp. 406 409) of the marvellous success of the begging-letter imposition, as practised by "the Raggs family," unworthy relations of our old friends the Micawbers, who joined them afterwards in Melbourne. Of thieves we find five classes, and forty-eight varieties, including (we give the sub-titles under the head " Sneaksmen, or those who plunder by means of stealth") – drag-sneaks, snoozers, star-glazers, till-friskers, sawney-hunters, noisyracket men, area-sneaks, dead-lurkers, snow-gatherers, skinners, blueyhunters, cat-and-kitten hunters, toshers, and mudlarks. When will a lexicographer arise of courage and resources to interpret to us these strange dialects of the English tongue? The largest part of the present volume is taken up with the third sort of those who will not work, -the Prostitutes, - distributed in three classes and twenty-four varieties, in numbers, it is said, full eighty thousand in London alone. It is preceded by a sketch, filling 175 pages, of the condition of women (especially of the outcast and abandoned class) in all ages and coun

tries. This is curious in some of its particulars, and perhaps useful to the student of social phenomena; but he might find the materials better elsewhere, and it seems to us rather out of place.

The volume has an interest, but rather of a painful and unhealthy sort. It is at best an exhibition of the moral pathology of society; and it does not quite escape the objection that lies against making hospital cases matter of public exhibition. One cannot but feel that the nicety of one's moral taste is endangered by the very attempt to make such topics generally interesting. Even this book - prepared with motives of humanity beyond question, by men who earnestly devote their lives to remedy the evils which they expound, and teach us, perhaps for the first time, of the noble and disinterested toils of Christian missionaries in these dark places - gets unpleasantly familiar with the vocabulary of slang, and retails whole pages of testimony in a style and manner we are apt to associate rather with the Police Gazette. We may be doing injustice to this latter publication, with which we are profoundly unfamiliar. And we do not think it is any undue anxiety for the proprieties which society weaves so assiduously as a veil to its deformities that leads us to regard the fault we have spoken of as impairing both the interest and the value of this book. To students, however, of these phases of human condition, it will remain a unique and invaluable work of reference.

Mr. Mayhew has had the assistance of several other writers, and has added to the value of his book by statistical tables and maps, showing very suggestively the distribution of such social phenomena as density of population, the proportion of female to male inhabitants, and the locality of different sorts of crime in England.

GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVELS.

IN the first part of his able survey of Syria in 1861,* M. SaintMarc Girardin states the facts as they are, and are proved, concerning the condition of the Christians in that land. His calm figures confirm all the worst stories of rapine, massacre, and devastation. The whole number of Christians driven from their homes is not less than 120,000. Of the 25,000 Christians who were in Damascus, not more than one or two thousand remain, and these are kept there against their inclination and will. The number murdered exceeds 14,000, almost all of them adult males. It was the policy of the Turks to save the women and children, and make of them Moslems after their fathers and husbands were destroyed. In the cities of the coast, Beyrout, Sidon, Tyre, and Tripoli, there are at the present time more than 30,000 fugitives, most of whom are entirely destitute, and supported by charity. Justice and reparation are freely enough promised by the Turkish rulers, but are not easily secured, and are very slow in their operation. All sorts of evasions are practised by the officers of the law, and Lord Dufferin,

*La Syrie in 1861. Condition des Chrétiens en Orient. Par M. SAINT-MARC GIRARDIN, de l'Académie Française. Paris: Didier. 1862. 12mo.

the English envoy, even while pledging of his own fortune an immense sum for the relief of the sufferers, favors light penalties for the Turks and Druses convicted of outrage. It is plain that, like most Frenchmen, M. Girardin believes that the Maronites were victims, and the Druses assassins.

The second part of the work of M. Girardin is devoted to a very able discussion of the "Eastern Question." None of the theories of its solution altogether please him, and he seems to think that the best way is to let the East alone, to work out its own destiny. He expects its regeneration, from the substitution of a Christian rule and civilization for the present wretched Turkish oppression, by which Syria is wasted and depopulated, but would not hurry this by the usurping act of any of the great Western powers. He has less faith in the fancy of a new Byzantine Empire; and more faith in the gradual concession of rights, if this is only carried out. Foreign intrigues are not an advantage to the Christians of the East. It is better to aid the material improvement of the land than to meddle much with its politics. M. Girardin professes to be very much concerned for the regeneration of the Eastern world; but he would have the expense of this regeneration met by the East itself, and not by Western nations, whom it but slightly concerns. The only desirable interference is that of Christian philanthropy, not so much in the form of missionary teaching as in the form of enlightened colonization. No European Congress can settle the affairs of Turkey or Syria, - can decide to whom it shall belong or what is to be its future.

FROM articles upon Asia Minor and Syria, written several years ago by the Princess Belgiojoso, in an extinct Paris journal, an exceedingly interesting volume of Turkish travel is furnished to the American public, under the attractive title of "Oriental Harems."* The Princess, who had already shown her bravery by raising a battalion of republican volunteers against Austria, proves a daring, energetic, and vivacious traveller. With but a slender escort of rather a poor sort, she passes twice through the most of Asia Minor and Syria, endures every hardship, encounters every peril, and returns after eleven months' absence to her temporary home in the heart of Turkey. Mistakes abound where her narrative ought to have been the most accurate. She imagined that two wells claimed the honor of Jacob's name near Mount Gerizim. She speaks of only three different communions frequenting the St. Sepulchre Church. She finds the tomb of Isaiah where that of Jeremiah was commonly shown a year previous to her visit. She does not understand that admittance was necessarily refused to her on the ground of her sex, at Santa Saba. She fancies that part of Solomon's temple may be now standing in the fairy-like Mosque of Omar. She finds a cave behind the Mary Chapel on the Mount of Olives, where "Jesus would have been seized and strangled." She is

Oriental Harems and Scenery. Translated from the French of the PRINCESS BELGIOJOSo. New York: Carleton.

VOL. LXXIII. - 5TH S. VOL. XI. NO. II.

26

careless enough to say that the theatre of all the great events of the Old and New Testaments is placed in subterranean grottos. And yet there is so much life in her narrative, so much beauty in her descriptions, so much truthfulness in her general views of this decaying Turkish empire, that her book is certain to be popular. Her picture of the towns in Asia Minor, as made up of heaps of filth interspersed with half-ruined hovels, with wild dogs, jackals, and birds of prey serving as scavengers, is only a slight exaggeration of a universal experience. And, while she does justice to the many virtues of the Turkish race, she does not feel or give much hope of their recovery from approaching dissolution. She rather satirizes the missionary work in Syria, and laughs over their pretended conversions from Judaism. The little that she has to say about harem-life is nothing new. Over-painted women, of sluttish habits, feeble health, and utter indolence, disgusted this spirited lady her interviews with these ignorant, vain, stupid, sensual toys of man's appetite were few and short; she refused, in all cases, to sleep in their filthy apartments; and while she does ample justice to the beauty of a few, she declares that there are nowhere more degraded creatures than the wives of the middle-class Turks, — that the expression of their faces is a compound of stupidity, gross sensuality, hypocrisy, and insensibility, and that they give no evidence of any principles of morality or religion.

SINCE the days of honest Izaak there has no better book on GameFishing than that just published in our sister metropolis; none certainly more in the spirit of humanity, which is the spirit of political economy too. "Barnwell" urges our thoughtless communities to save rather than destroy the diminishing tenants of our ponds and rivers; he condemns with some eloquence the suicidal policy of clearing our forests of trees, our woods of wild animals, our inland waters of their once abundant food. He urges the passage of such laws as have been for several years past spreading the protecting wings of a wise providence over Canadian streams. Nothing can be more cruel on the face of things than to grant a drunken Indian the privilege of procuring rum by spearing salmon when they are working up the river to spawn, destroying by a single stroke perhaps fifty thousand future. fish, worth more than as many dollars, and threatening to drive away the noblest creature of its race from the "free hospitals of piscatory lying-in." Nature herself protests against this wilful murder of these anxious parents just as they are hastening to multiply the very richest food the waters furnish, by making the exhausted bodies of the salmon at that season the least palatable, attractive, and wholesome. The laws ought to second this providential indication, and make the spearing of salmon everywhere a penal offence, and their capture when they are preparing to spawn nothing less than a crime. Dams ought to make some provision for the fish impelled by a wise instinct to ascend the

*Game Fish of the Northern States of America and British Provinces. By BARNWELL. New York: Carleton.

stream to the necessary hiding-places. Nets ought never to be suffered across an entire stream, so that none of the more vigorous mothers may escape to perpetuate their tribe, replenish earth, and bless man. Even sportsmen should forbear, after all their wants of food are supplied, and turn their attention to the destruction of such fish as would destroy others every way more valuable than themselves.

After treating most affectionately all our Northern river fish, and explaining by drawings the best methods of capture, "Barnwell" very properly urges sportsmen to jot down their observations upon insect-life, to investigate their habits, and discover their various uses to the world at large. He gives his own studies upon flies particularly, in a most interesting chapter, comforting us at this season with the assurance that the mosquitos are tormented quite as much as they torment us, preyed upon by bloodthirsty parasites, who leave them as little peace as they permit others.

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Rev. MR. UNDERHILL's narrative of a missionary visit to Jamaica principally, and partly to Trinidad, Hayti, and the Bahamas," will be less satisfactory than Sewell's recent work; because Baptist clergymen may be expected to speak hopefully of the emancipated Creole, for whom and with whom they have suffered so much; and because their point of view concerns the spiritual, not the commercial, results of emancipation. But this missionary examiner is at great pains to exhibit the picture in all lights, to show the decrease of sugar culture, the diminished church-going, the wide-spread ignorance of the former slaves, the preference of independent labor for their own benefit to that work upon the estates which would count up in sugar and coffee. And besides this apparent truthfulness in admitting that Jamaica has forfeited its place among productive communities, Mr. Underhill's report has the rare advantage of describing parts of the island most seldom visited, and of bringing to our acquaintance the remotest rural settlements. The Creoles, as he presents them, are unwilling to do plantation-work whenever they can work for themselves, because it is demoralizing, irregular, underpaid, and sometimes not paid at all. They consider idleness, however, a still greater disgrace than being hired men, are unwilling to have their churches supported by foreign charity, and have the good sense to prefer white ministers to men of color. Some touching instances of gratitude are given in emancipated slaves contributing to the support of their former owners, watching over their masters' children, and trying to save them from the ruin of self-indulgence.

His conclusion is, that emancipation has brought even to Jamaica an amount of happiness, improvement, material wealth, and prospective social elevation, in which every lover of man must rejoice.

HILL.

The West Indies, their Social and Religious Condition. By E. B. UNDER-
London: Jackson, Walford, and Hodder. 1862.

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