all these precautions the disease found its way into the city, but was képt under control. The measures adopted to prevent the introduction of this epidemic involved the exclusion from this country of 200,000 immigrants, and has vividly impressed on citizens and municipal authorities the importance of attention to the laws of health.

One of the most imposing functions which President Cleveland will be called upon to discharge, will be the opening of the Columbian World's Fair Exposition at Chicago, on May 1, 1893. As the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus was approaching, a unanimous desire was expressed to celebrate the event in a fitting manner, and as the United States held the first position among American nations, it was justly held to be our duty to mark the epoch-making day when the great Genoese sailor first landed on any part of the Western hemisphere, by appropriate ceremonies. It was felt, too, that the ordinary style of festive commemoration, military processions, reviews of fleets, addresses by orators, and bannerdecked cities, would not do full justice to the event. The United States can present a nobler spectacle than military array or civic pomp, in our works of industry, in displaying to the whole world in a tangible, visible form, what we have achieved during the four hundred years that have elapsed since the Santa Maria disembarked her crew. In those four centuries the uncultivated wilderness, traversed only by wandering tribes, has become the granary of the world. In a land where the rude Indian bow and flint arrow-head, or the roughly hollowed-out canoe were the highest products of human workmanship, and where a few hundred thousand untutored savages roved from river to river, or lake to lake through pathless forests, we have a population of nearly sixty-three millions of citizens, educated, orderly, and happy, in peaceful communities; we have cities that vie in wealth and all the resources of civilization with the most famous of the old world; we have fleets, the like of which Columbus could not have imagined, and treasures of the field, the mine, and every branch of industry such as no previous age can show. As the centenary of the birth of the United States was appropriately taken advantage of to display our progress during our independent life as a nation, so this fourth centenary of the revelation of the continent was a fitting occasion for a still more important display of our resources. Some natural competition arose as to which of our great cities should be the site of the proposed fair; but finally Chicago, from its central position, was selected, and on Dec. 24, 1890, the President issued his proclamation inviting all nations to co-operate in making it a success. Chicago raised $10,000,000, the Federal Government contributed $1,500,000, and different States appropriated nearly $5,000,000. A committee of Congress visited Chicago early in 1892, and in its report stated that "in its scope and magnificence this Exposition stands alone.

CHAP. XXXVIII.

THE CHICAGO WORLD'S FAIR.

1917*

There is nothing like it in all history." On the shores of Lake Michigan there has risen a White City, unparalleled for picturesqueness of effect and beauty of design, where in addition to the general halls for the display of industry, art, and manufactures of home and foreign productions, each State, as well as the Federal Government, has its own State building. The real day of the discovery, October 12,-according to the old style; October 21, according to the new style of calendar,—was duly observed here and in Europe. In Spain, the harbor of Palos celebrated the day with a naval display in the harbor whence Columbus sailed, and three caravels, after models of the period, were launched on its waters. In New York on the earlier date civic and military parades, and a naval review, gave three days of holiday. At Chicago the greatest display of the regular troops of the United States ever assembled since the war, defiled before Vice-President Morton, on the 21st, and in the presence of no less than 150,000 people the great Exposition was formally dedicated. The absence of the President from this inaugural ceremony was caused by domestic affliction. His wife had been for months before in failing health, and he could not leave her bedside. On October 23 it was known that the end was approaching, and in the afternoon of that day she died, and on the 27th was laid to rest in the cemetery of Indianapolis.

The early weeks of the year were occupied by the President-elect in forming his Cabinet, and, by an innovation on previous custom, Mr. Cleveland announced the names of the secretaries as soon as each had accepted the post tendered to him. Mr. Daniel S. Lamont, of New York, who was Mr. Cleveland's private secretary during his previous administration, was nominated Secretary of War; Mr. John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury; Mr. Wilson S. Bissell, of New York, who had been for years the partner of Mr. Cleveland at Buffalo, Postmaster-General; J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska, Secretary of Agriculture; Mr. Hoke Smith, of Georgia, Secretary of the Interior; Mr. Hilary A. Herbert, of Alabama, Secretary of the Navy; and Mr. Walter Q. Gresham, of Illinois, Secretary of State. The atter appointment created some surprise, as Judge Gresham had beer a prominent Republican leader, and one of the leading candidates for the Republican nomination at the Chicago Convention of 1888; and had been solicited by the Populist party in 1892 to accept the nomination for President on the Populist ticket. The office of Attorney-General was filled by the nomination of Mr. Robert Olney, of Massachusetts.

The inauguration of President Cleveland and Vice-President Stevenson took place with the usual ceremonies, on the 4th of March, but amid a storm of wind and snow that spoiled the effect of the procession that marched to the Capitol to listen to the customary Inaugural Address. The new President in this, his first official utterance, called attention to the question of cur

rency. He promised that none of the powers with which the Executive is invested will be withheld when necessary to maintain National credit or avert financial disaster. He described the result of the election that had raised him to the Presidential chair, as the verdict of the voters, which condemned protection for protection's sake, and everything which savored of paternalism. He denounced bounties and subsidies to aid ill-advised or languishing enterprises, reckless pension expenditures which overleap the bounds of grateful recognition of patriotic services and waste of the people's money by their chosen servants. He repeated his statement that public expenditures should be limited by public necessity, measured by the rules of strict economy, and that one mode of the misappropriation of public funds would be avoided by carrying out civil service reform. He described the existence of immense aggregations of kindred enterprises for the purpose of limiting production or fixing prices-that is, trusts and syndicates-as conspiracies against the interests of the people, from which the general government should relieve the people. In conclusion he reminded his hearers that the Democratic party came into power pledged in the most positive terms to the accomplishment of tariff reform, and a more equitable system of Federal taxation.

In such terms the President repeated and officially adopted the principles on which he had been elected. Of one subject which had arisen since that date no mention was made. This subject was the question of the annexation of the Sandwich Islands. At the close of the last year an insurrection had broken out in Hawaii, the Queen Lilokulani had been deposed, a provisional government of Europeans formed under the protection of marines landed from ships of war belonging to the United States, and a delegation sent to Washington to solicit annexation to the United States. President Harrison and his Cabinet viewed the demand with favor, and he sent to Congress a treaty to carry out this measure. It was not acted upon by the Senate, and therefore the very important decision as to how far and in what direction it is politic or prudent to extend the territory of the United States, is left to the incoming administration.

SUPPLEMENT.