FIRST YEAR HONOUR COURSE SUBJECTS: English, French, Biology, Chemistry. SECOND YEAR GENERAL COURSE SUBJECTS: Latin, Greek, German, History, Logic, Psychology, History of Philosophy, Chemistry (also for First Year Medicine), Geology. SECOND YEAR HONOUR COURSE SUBJECTS: Geology and Paleontology, Mineralogy. SPECIAL COURSES: New Testament Greek, German (Composition and Conversation), Spanish (colloquial and commercial), Physics (Principles of Physics with recent discoveries), Chemistry (for teachers of Chemistry), Geology and Mineralogy (historical, six lectures), Geography (astronomical and anthropological). The adoption of such a curriculum, and the necessity of equating subjects with the regular undergraduate course work, made it necessary to increase the Session to five weeks. Thus, by taking two hours a day in any subject, it is possible to give as much instruction in a subject as is covered in the regular winter term, namely, fifty hours. In the second place, it was necessary to allow students following such a course to write on one or more subjects, and to receive credit for those in which they were successful. As this principle had already been adopted in the case of teachers. residing in Toronto, for whom special lectures are being given during the winter, the adoption of a similar regulation for the Summer Session meant little more than allowing teachers and others living outside of Toronto the same privilege as the Toronto teachers have. It is to be hoped that advantage will be taken of these summer courses by a great many teachers in our Public Schools, and by junior teachers in the High Schools and Collegiate Institutes, since the Summer Session opens the way for such to obtain the regular B.A. degree. If the demand for such courses increases, as it is to be hoped it will, the University will doubtless, in time, be prepared to meet these demands in a generous spirit. In the special courses offered an attempt has been made to meet the needs of some who have already been graduated from the University, and who would like to pursue further studies. In one case in particular, a slight innovation has been made. It is felt that, as a subject, Geography does not receive the attention in our schools which the subject merits. The University has given instruction in physical Geography in connection with the Department of Geology for some time, but so far as we are aware, no attempt has been made to cover the general problems of modern Geography, such as the scientific construction of maps, and the various questions which arise in connection with the anthropological side of the science. We feel that the course now offered ought to be taken by many teachers of Geography in both our High and Public Schools. A circular embodying the curriculum and containing other necessary information in connection with the Summer Session is being issued, and will be mailed to the teachers throughout the Province at an early date. Copies of this circular may be had on application to the Registrar of the University. Taken as a whole, the Summer Session of 1907 marks a decided step forward on the part of the University. It shows the willingness of the authorities and Faculty of the University to meet modern educational demands, and it now rests with the public to show whether, in this advance movement, the University is too far in advance of public sentiment in Ontario for the Summer Session to become a permanent and growing factor in the educational life of the Province. ALBERT H. ABBOTT, EDITORIAL Committee. I. H. CAMERON, M. B., F.R.C.S. Eng., Chairman. J. C. MCLENNAN, Ph.D., Secretary. W. J. ALEXANDER, B.A., Ph.D.; G. The University of Toronto Alumni GENERAL ASSOCIATION-President, R. A. REEVE, B. A., M.D., LL.D., Toronto. Secretary, J. C. MCLENNAN, Ph.D., Dean's House, University of Toronto. HURON COUNTY-President, WM. GUNN, M.D., Clinton, Ont. Secretary-Treasurer, CHAS. GARrow, B.A., LL.B., Goderich. KENT COUNTY-President, D. S. PATERSON, B.A., Chatham, Ont. Secretary, LENNOX AND ADDINGTON COUNTIESPresident, H. M. DEROCHE, B.A., K. C., Napanee. Secretary - Treasurer, U. J. FLACK, M.A., Napanee. LINCOLN COUNTY. - President, JOHN HENDERSON, M. A., St. Catharines. Secretary-Treasurer, G. B. BURSON, B.A., St. Catharines. MIDDLESEX COUNTY-President, His HONOR JUDGE Macbeth, London. Secretary-Treasurer, F. E. PERRIN, B.A., London. NORFOLK COUNTY-President, SecretaryTreasurer, H. F. Cook, B. A., Simcoe. OTTAWA - President, S. B. SINCLAIR, Ph.D., Ottawa. Secretary- Treasurer, H. S. MACMILLAN, B. A., Ottawa. OXFORD COUNTY - President, 1. M. LEVAN, B. A., Woodstock. Secretary, V. A. SINCLAIR, B. A., Tilsonburg. PERTH COUNTY-President, S. MARTIN, B.A., St. Marys. Secretary-Treasurer, C. A. MAYBERRY, B.A., LL.B., Stratford. PETERBOROUGH COUNTY - President, D. W. DUMBLE, B. A., K. C., Peterborough. Secretary-Treasurer, A. STEVENSON, B. A., Peterborough. WELLINGTON COUNTY-President, W. H, DAY, B.A., Guelph. Secretary-Treas., R. L. MCKINNON, B.A., LL.B., Guelph. WENTWORTH COUNTY-President, H. S. BRENNAN, B.A., Hamilton. SecretaryTreas., J.T. Crawford, B.A., Hamilton. British Columbia. KOOTENAY, BOUNDARY DISTRICT President, E. C. ARTHUR, M.D., Nelson. Secretary-Treasurer, C. McL. FRASER, M.A, Nelson. VANCOUVER AND LOWER MAINLANDPresident, E. P. DAVIS, BA., K.C., Vancouver. Secretary, J. H. KERR, B.A., Vancouver. VICTORIA AND VANCOUVER ISLAND-President, CHIEF JUSTICE HUNTER, Victoria. Secretary-Treasurer, MRS. A. T. WATT, M.A., Victoria. EDMONTON AND THE PEACE RIVER DISTRICT-President, J. C. Bown, B.A., Edmonton. Secretary-Treasurer, MRS. C. E. RACE, B.A., Edmonton. REGINA AND THE ASSINIBOIA DISTRICTPresident, Secretary Treasurer, D. P. MCCOLL, B.A., Regina. MONTREAL Quebec. President, REV. JOHN SCRIMGER, M. A., Montreal. SecretaryTreasurer, E. H. COOPER, B.A., Montreal. United States. CALIFORNIA-President, PROF. A. C. LAWSON, Ph.D., Berkeley. SecretaryTreasurer, J. W. HENDERSON, B.A., San Francisco. DETROIT President, J. V. WHITE, M.D., Secreeary-Treasurer, J. A. MACMILLAN, M.B., 666 Woodward Avenue, NEW YORK CITY-President, T. K. THOMSON, C.E., 13-21 Park Road. Secretary-Treasurer, H. F. BALLANTYNE, 244Fifth Avenue. England. BRISTOL-President, REV. J. G. INKSTER, B.A., Secretary-Treasurer, J. W. MCBAIN, M.A., University College, Bristol. French Painting and Literature. Outline of a lecture delivered by Professor Squair, University College, on March 4, being the last of a course of lectures arranged by a society of ex-pupils of the Collegiate Institute, Ottawa, The desire for beauty, although not the most universal nor the most powerful, is one of the strong instincts of humanity. It is found in varying degrees amongst men of all grades of civilisation, from the rude cave-dwellers of remote antiquity to the highly cultured participants of modern conditions. A notable feature regarding this desire is its flexibility. It adapts itself not only to material limitations, but also to the ideas and prejudices of particular places and times. Men's performances in architecture, sculpture, or painting depend on their notions about religion, literature, learning, government, or social conditions, as much as they do on the nature of the raw materials of art, or on the uses to which the artistic objects are to be put. The architects of the sixteenth century, for example, did not change from the Gothic to the Classical style from any material reason; but solely because the New Learning of the Renaissance influenced their minds So deeply. Again, in the nineteenth century, architects returned to mediaeval styles not on account of any new set of physical conditions, but because. of the historical spirit which led them to look again with favour upon the long despised forms of the Romanesque and Gothic styles. When one looks at the mediaeval mural paintings of such a church as St. Savin, at the illustrations of an illuminated manuscript, at a mediaeval stained glass window, at a piece of mediaeval tapestry, or at a piece of statuary from a Gothic church, and then compares these with the style of the "Chanson de Roland" or that of such a play as "Le Mistère du Vieil Testament,' one is struck with the strong resemblance existing between all these expressions of artistic feeling. Or when one compares the paintings of Poussin and Le Brun with the plays of Corneille or the prose of Bossuet, no argument is needed to prove that all these are various forms proceeding from the same dignified artistic inspiration. Again, in the eighteenth century, one sees clearly the relation between the elegance of Watteau and that of writers like Marivaux, or the relation between the sentimentality of Greuze and that of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, or the relation between the pastorals of Boucher and Florian, or that between the realism of Chardin and Diderot. Beginning with 1789, the history of French literature divides into four periods, or, perhaps it would be better to say movements, which were partly synchronous: (1) The period of transition, the greatest persons in which were Chateaubriand and Madame de Staël, accompanied by lesser individuals, such as Le Brun, Delille, Chenedôllé. In the works of these writers we have a mingling of new and old. We have the old-fashioned dignity and balance charged with the enthusiasm and sentimentality of modernism. The painters of the period are David and his school. (2) The period of romanticism began with 1820, came to a climax in 1830, and began to wane by 1840, although it did not lose its force as a potent factor for years and has not even yet disappeared. The great writers of this period are legionLamartine, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Alfred de Musset, and Georges Sand. Great changes occur in all the aspects of literature; new subjects are chosen for poem, play, or novel; the long despised Middle Ages are laid under contribution; the Gothic church and the seigniorial castle become objects of interest; the intrigues of kings and their courtiers of later times take on a romantic colour; and a new interest in nature is developed. Trees and rocks, sky and water are looked at in a new way; they become things in themselves and not mere accessories; the beasts of the field also have a significance not perceived before; they almost become personalities. So, too, the classes of men, the peasant, the ploughman, the wood-cutter, who were objects of contempt, or of comic treatment, are made human, often heroic. A new meaning comes to history also. The men of the past are regarded with more sympathy, an attempt is made to understand them better, to reconstruct, with consequent increase of picturesqueness, the surroundings in which they moved. The change in spirit is as great as in choice of subject. The stateliness of Classicism is replaced by enthusiasm. Vigour, strength, colour, are the qualities desired instead of purity, smoothness, and balance. The reserve which bordered on coldness is replaced by the energy which sometimes degenerates into fury. The painters who represent these features are such as Géricault, Delacroix, Corot, Troyon, Millet, and Chassériau. in 1857, Goncourt came to a (3) The realistic movement began with Balzac about 1830; received an important accession of strength from the reactionaries of 1843, such as Ponsard and Augier; was reinforced by Flaubert and again by the brothers in 1865; and climax after the war of 1870 in the colossal series of the Rougon-Macquart and finally waned in influence about 1888. It, of course, still acts as one of the potent factors in various forms of art, contesting the field with romanticism and impressionism. The object of realism is to |