that consumed the first church also de- colony was 4,000 strong and shipped to stroyed a large portion of the town England 40,000 pounds of tobacco. This and surrounding palisades. There seems was raised with the aid of many bound to have been another destructive fire apprentices-boys and girls picked up in there afterwards, for Smith, speaking the streets of London and sent out-and of the arrival of Governor Argall, in of many disorderly persons" sent by 1617, says: "In Jamestown he found order of the King." but five or six houses, the church down, Suddenly a great calamity overtook the the palisades broken, the bridge [across colony. Powhatan was dead, and his sucthe marsh] in pieces, the well of fresh cessor, OPECHANCANOUGH (q. v.), always water spoiled, and the storehouse used hostile, planned a blow for the extermina

for a church." In the same year Smith's tion of the white people. It fell with Generall Historie recalls a statement by terrible force late in March, 1622, and John Rolfe: "About the last of August eighty plantations were reduced to eight. came a Dutch man-of-war and sold us The settlers at Jamestown escaped the 20 Negars." A more desirable acces- calamity through the good offices of sion came in 1621 through the ship- Chanco, a friendly Indian, who gave them ment by the company of " respectable timely warning of the plot, and they were young women for wives of those colonists prepared for defence. Jamestown became who would pay the cost of transporta- a refuge from the storm for the western tion"-at first 120 lbs. of tobacco, af- settlements. Sickness and famine enterwards 150 lbs. In July, 1620, the sued, and the colony was greatly reduced

1880.

Janvier, THOMAS ALLIBONE, author; born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 16, 1849. He is the author of The Aztec TreasureHouse; In Old New York; Stories of Old New Spain, etc.

a superintendent of Indian affairs in 1869. In February, 1854, he returned to the His publications include An Historical Bay of Jeddo, and finally effected a landSketch of the Christian Church during the ing and commenced negotiations, which Middle Ages; Life of William Penn; His- were happily successful. The treaty then tory of the Religious Society of Friends made stipulated that ports should be from Its Rise to the Year 1828, etc. He thrown open to American commerce, to a died in Loudon county, Va., April 30, limited extent, in different Japanese islands; that steamers from California to China should be furnished with supplies of coal; and that American sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese coasts should receive hospitable treatment. So Japan was first opened to friendly relations with the Americans. Before this treaty the Dutch had monopolized the trade of Japan. Subsequently a peculiar construction of the treaty on the part of the Japanese authorities, in relation to the permanent residence of Americans there, threatened a disturbance of the amicable relations which had been established. The matter was adjusted, and in 1860 the first embassy from Japan visited the United States. It was an imposing array of Japanese officials. There was great opposition in the empire to this intercourse with "the barbarians." Civil war ensued. rapid change now marked public opinion in Japan in regard to foreigners; and from that time the intimate relations, social and commercial, between the United States and Japan have constantly increased, with results wonderfully beneficial to both countries. Early in 1872 the government of Japan sent another embassy to the United States, this one charged to inquire about the renewal of former treaties. It consisted of twenty-one persons, composed of the heads of the several departments of the Japanese. government and their secretaries. Among them was an imperial prince-Mori-who came to represent Japan at Washington as chargé d'affaires, and also twelve students. The mission arrived at Washington at the beginning of March, and Mori had the honor of being the first minister ever sent by his government to reside in a foreign country.

Japan and the United States. Japan, like China, had always been a sort of sealed kingdom to the commerce of the world. The foundation of the States of California and Oregon, on the Pacific coast, suggest ed the great importance of commercial intercourse with Japan, because of the intimate relations which must soon exist between that coast and the East Indies. This consideration caused an expedition to be fitted out by the United States government in the summer of 1852 to carry a letter from the President (Mr. Fillmore) to the Emperor of Japan soliciting the negotiation of a treaty of friendship and commerce between the two nations, by which the ports of the latter should be thrown open to American vessels for purposes of trade. For this expedition seven ships-of-war were employed. They were placed under the command of Commodore M. C. Perry, a brother of the victor on Lake Erie. The diplomatic portion of the mission was also intrusted to Commodore Perry. He did not sail until November, 1852. The letter which he bore to the Emperor was drafted by Mr. Webster before his decease, but countersigned by Edward Everett, his successor in office. Perry carried out many useful implements and inventions as presents to the Japanese government, including a small railway and equipments, telegraph, etc. He was instructed to approach the Emperor in the most friendly manner; to use no violence unless attacked; but if attacked, to let the Japanese feel the full weight of his power. Perry delivered his letter of credence, and waited some months for an answer, without being permitted to land on the shores of the empire. Meanwhile he visited and surveyed the Loo Choo Islands.

A

Jarboe, JoHN W., inventor; born in 1830. He served through the Civil War in the 71st New York Regiment, and was later influential in securing the display of the American flag over the public school-houses of the country. He was the inventor of a process of making house

hold utensils from papier-maché and sev-
eral articles employed in the manufacture
of sugar.
He died in New York City,

June 30, 1901.

Jarnac, GASTON LOUIS DE, military officer; born in Angoûleme, France, in 1758; served in the French army during the Revolutionary War; emigrated to the United States in 1795; returned to France in 1805, but, being obliged to leave the country on account of his criticisms of Napoleon, he again came to the United States, where he took service under Jean Lafitte, the Louisiana buccaneer. Jarnac was killed by the Indians in Texas, in 1818.

sergeant in the 2d South Carolina Regiment; and greatly distinguished himself in the attack on Fort Sullivan, June 28, 1776, by the British fleet. During the hottest of the attack the South Carolina flag that waved over the fort fell to the ground outside the fort, its staff having been cut in two by a cannon-ball. Sergeant Jasper, seeing the flag fall, leaped down from one of the embrasures, seized the ensign, climbed back, fixed the colors to a sponge-staff, mounted the parapet, stuck the improvised flag-staff in the sand of one of the bastions, and returned to his place in the fort. A few days afterwards Governor Rutledge took his own sword from his side and presented it to Jasper. He also offered him a lieutenant's commission, which the young man modestly declined, because he could neither read nor write, saying, "I am not fit to keep officers' company; I am but a

Jarves, JAMES JACKSON, author; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1820; established the first newspaper printed in the Hawaiian Islands, in 1840. In 1850 he was appointed by King Kamehameha III. commissioner to the United States, Great Britain, and France, for the purpose of sergeant." He was given a sort of roving negotiating treaties, and in 1879 United commission by Colonel Moultrie, and, States vice-consul in Florence, Italy. Among his works are History of Hawaii; Parisian Sights and French Principles seen through American Spectacles; Italian Sights, etc. He died in Terasp, Switzerland, June 28, 1888.

with five or six men, he often brought in prisoners before his commander was aware of his absence. An earnest Whig lady of Charleston, Mrs. Susannah Elliot, presented Jasper's regiment with a stand of colors wrought with her own Jasper, WILLIAM, military hero; born hands. They were shot down at the asin South Carolina, about 1750; became a sault on Savannah (1779), and in trying