APPENDIX V-Corporal punishment

In one state, New Jersey, the teacher is forbidden by law to inflict corporal punishment. No other state goes to this length, but Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Washington, and West Virginia specifically prescribe a penalty for excess amounting to cruelty. Legal punishment would be meted out to a brutal teacher in the other states just as surely as in these, but resort would be had to the common law and not to a statute. Only in Arizona is there formal statutory authority for corporal punishment, but whipping has been the common mode of discipline in school from time immemorial; custom legalizes it, and unless forbidden in express terms the teacher does not need the authority of a special permissive law. Judicial decisions to this effect have been made in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and probably in other states.

Local school boards have always the implied power to make regulations for the order and discipline of their respective schools, and three states, viz., Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania, expressly grant them this power. Acting under this power, expressed or implied, several cities, notably New York city, Chicago, Albany, Baltimore, Cleveland and Syracuse, have prohibited absolutely the use of the rod. The same is true of Providence, Rhode Island, except in the primary grades, and in them whipping must not be inflicted unless the written consent of the parent or guardian has been previously filed with the city superintendent. In St. Paul corporal punishment is prohibited except to repel violence.

Corporal punishment may be used as a last resort and under rigid regulations as to reports, etc., in a great many cities, among them being Alleghany, Pa., Boston, Mass., Buffalo, N. Y., Cincinnati, O., Columbus, O., Denver, Col., Detroit, Mich., Fall River, Mass., Indianapolis, Ind., Kansas City, Mo., Los Angeles, Cal., Louisville, Ky., Memphis, Tenn., Milwaukee, Wis., Minneapolis, Minn., New Haven, Conn., New Orleans, La., Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburg, Pa., Rochester, N. Y., St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Mo., San Francisco, Cal., Toledo, O., Washington, D. C.

APPENDIX VI- Teachers' pensions, and benefit associations

Voluntary mutual benefit associations for temporary aid only exist in Baltimore, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, San Francisco, St. Paul, and one interstate. These have from one to two dollars initiation fee, one to five dollars annual dues. Special assessments of one dollar each are made in some cases. Benefits in sickness range from fifty cents a day to ten dollars a week; at death funeral expenses only are paid in some instances, and in others a sum equal to one dollar from each member of the association.

Associations for annuity or retirement fund only are in New York city, Boston, and Baltimore, and there is an annuity guild in Massachusetts. The initiation fees reported are three to five dollars; the annual dues one to one and a half per cent of salary up to eighteen or twenty dollars. The annuity is from 60 per cent of salary to $600 a year. Time of service required for retirement, from 2 to 5 years with disability, from 35 to 40 years without disability.

Associations for both temporary aid and annuity exist in Hamilton county (Cincinnati), Ohio; Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and District of Columbia. Initiation fees, one to ten dollars; annual dues, five to forty dollars; annuity, five dollars per week to $600 a year, and $100 for funeral expenses in case of death; temporary aid during illness, five or six dollars per week; minimum service for retirement-with disability, 3 to 5 years; without disability,

Pension or retirement funds are authorized by state legislation for St. Louis, all cities in California, Boston, Brooklyn, New York, Detroit, Poughkeepsie, Chicago, all cities in New Jersey, Cincinnati, Charleston, S. C., and Buffalo and for all cities in Ohio. Dues, one per cent of salary; annuity, $250 to one-half of salary; minimum, $300, to $600 maximum; minimum service-with disability, 20 to 30 years; without disability, 25 to 35 years. In Maryland, the state pays pensions ($200) to retired teachers.

APPENDIX VII- Text-books; selection and supply.

In some states a guaranty is required from publishers to supply books, according to samples, at wholesale, retail, introduction, exchange, mail prices, part or all, for a term of years.

In fewer states the school boards buy and sell the books on public account. In certain states boards continue to own the books used free by pupils. Indigent pupils are more frequently supplied at public expense.

In most states special or general laws give cities the control of the details of their school administration, including text-books.

Specific penalties are expressed in certain cases for using other than prescribed books, but in general such use would be only a violation of law, to be dealt with as it occurred.

In the states and territories immediately following, individuals, except in many cases indigents, buy their books:

Alabama. - State text-book commission fixes list for 5 years, to whom a sub-commission reports on merits of books.

sell through at least 3 agencies in each county. Arizona. Territorial board fixes list for 4 years.

Publishers

Arkansas.- Where voters elect county uniformity, a county school-book board fixes list for 6

years.

California. The state publishes a series for the lower grades, beyond which local boards fix lists for 4 years. High-school list is uniform throughout the state, and must be approved by state board. Penalty for using other than state list, forfeiture of onefourth of state apportionment. Indigent pupils are furnished free. Florida.-County boards fix lists for 5 years.

Georgia. List fixed by county board, unchangeable within 5 years except by three-fourths vote of full board. Penalty, teacher cannot receive pay for pupils using other books.

Indiana.- State board fixes list under publishers' guaranty. County boards may select additional books for high schools for 6 years. Local boards regulate purchase and sale of books, which become private property. Districts supply indigents.

Illinois.- District board fixes list for 4 years.

Kentucky.-County board of examiners fixes list for 5 years, with publishers' guaranty. County judge furnishes indigents. Louisiana.-State board fixes list for 4 years, with limited local

discretion.

Mississippi.- A county committee adopts a series for 5 years

on publishers' guaranty. Penalty, pupils without the prescribed books in each branch are not to receive instruction in that branch.

Missouri.-State school-book commission fixes list and contracts with publishers for 5 years. Penalty, $5 to $25 fine for directors to permit use of other books. Indigents supplied from local contingent funds.

Nevada.- Legislature fixes list, in lower branches, upon recommendation of state board; to be changed not oftener than 4 years, and by legislature; penalty for non-use, forfeiture of apportionment. List in additional branches prescribed by state board. Trustees supply indigents.

New Mexico.- Territorial board fixes list for 4 years and contracts with publishers; sells to counties at cost plus freight and 5 per cent. Local boards furnish indigents.

North Carolina.- A state commission fixes list for 5 years, with publishers' guaranty.

Ohio. A state commission fixes a list on publishers' guaranty, from which local boards fix lists for 5 years (with exception). Boards may buy and sell to pupils, or arrange with dealers to supply them. Indigents are furnished.

Oregon.-State text-book board fixes list for 6 years on publishers' guaranty.

South Carolina.-State board fixes a list for 5 years on publishers' guaranty, and may require publishers to have depositaries in each county, or county superintendent may sell books to pupils at

cost.

Tennessee. A state text-book commission fixes list for 5 years. Penalty, $10 to $50 fine.

Texas.- State text-book board fixes list for 5 years, on report of a commission upon merit of books irrespective of cost.

Virginia.- Two books of John Esten Cooke "Virginia, a History of her People;" "Stories of the Old Dominion"-are prescribed by law. State board fixes a list, from which local boards adopt books for 4 years.

The following, regularly or through stated action, authorize provision for free use of books by pupils:

Colorado.- District boards fix list for 4 years, with exceptions. Indigents are furnished, and, on popular vote, all pupils, free.

Connecticut.-State board may fix list for 5 years. Town boards

may take additional action, and, on popular vote, furnish free text-books.

Delaware.-State board fixes list; district board furnishes free

text-books.

District of Columbia.- Board of education fixes list and furnishes free books and supplies.

Idaho.- Books adopted by a state text-book commission are furnished free by the district, under contracts with publishers for 6 years.

Iowa.-County uniformity may be fixed for 5 years. Local boards may buy and sell to pupils at cost, or, on popular vote, furnish books free. Indigents furnished.

Kansas. A school-text book commission selects books in common-school studies, and contracts with publishers to furnish them to pupils through agencies at every county-seat. Upon a twothirds vote of a district, local boards may purchase books and loan free to pupils. Penalty for using other text-books except for reference, $25 to $100, with or without imprisonment.

Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island (towns), New Jersey, Pennsylvania (local boards), and Maryland (counties), furnish free text-books.

Michigan.- District boards fix list for 5 years, furnish books to indigents and, on popular vote, to all pupils free.

Minnesota.- Local boards may fix a list for 3 to 5 years, with publishers' guaranty, and may purchase and provide for free loan or sale at cost to pupils.

Montana.-State text-book commission fixes list for 4 years, to be handled through dealers, with publishers' guaranty. Textbooks are furnished free on popular vote.

Nebraska.- Local boards furnish books free; may fix list not beyond 5 years, with publishers' guaranty. A local dealer may be designated to handle the books on agreed terms.

New York.-List is fixed by local boards in cities, villages, and union free-school districts, and by a two-thirds vote of legal voters at an annual school meeting in common-school districts; change not to be made within 5 years, except by a three-fourths vote of said authorities respectively. Local boards furnish free books to all pupils in union free-school districts, and to indigents in common-school districts.

North Dakota.- Local boards may furnish free text-books, and must do so on petition of two-thirds of the voters of the district. Contracts must be for 3 to 4 years without change.