ish church and quietly went on with their reading and praying.

Their being called upon so often to explain to the magistrates of the county why they did not attend the parish church, and in consequence were fined, attracted the attention of the governor and council at Williamsburg. The latter had the supreme control of the relations between the dissenters and the established church. The prominent leaders in this innovation were therefore required to appear before the governor and Council and defend themselves in respect to the charges that were preferred against them by the clergy and the civil authorities of the county, and also, in accordance with the Toleration Act, to state by what name they were to be designated. In respect to the latter requirement, they were very much at a loss what to do. They knew of the Quakers, but had not sufficient sympathy with them to take their name; they had learned of Luther from his commentary, and they thought they might be Lutherans-of Presbyterians they had not even heard.

The Name Presbyterian.—Those who were summoned -as noted above-set out from their homes to meet on a certain day the governor and council and defend themselves as best they could. On the way one of the number lodged for the night at a farmhouse, and was detained there the following day because of a severe rain-storm. He took from a shelf a book that appeared to have been little used, as it was covered with dust. He commenced to read, and to his astonishment found therein his views of the Gospel better expressed than he could himself, and in addition there were the texts of Scripture on which these truths were based. He had never before seen or heard of that book, and he wished to purchase it, but the owner presented it to

him. When the delegation met in Williamsburg, they conferred together over the book, and all agreed that it expressed their religious views. When they came before the lieutenant-governor, Sir William Gooch, he made inquiry as to their religious views, and also as to the name of their sect. Handing him the book, they made answer that it contained their religious views. The governor examined it, and being a Scotchman by descent, he at once recognized it as the Confession of Faith of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and he exclaimed "Why, you are Presbyterians!" They accepted the name. The governor appears to have been much impressed by the earnestness and candor of the men, and he "dismissed them with a gentle caution not to excite any disturbance in his majesty's colony, nor by irregularities disturb the good order of society in their parish."

Further Annoyances.-They were not, however, permitted to pursue their way unmolested, as some time afterward accusations of disorderly conduct were brought against Mr. Morris and some of his friends in Hanover County, inasmuch as they did not attend the parish church, though they regularly paid the fines imposed upon them. This fact by no means conciliated the clergy and the illiberal churchmen, who wished to inflict a severer punishment. The charges were so pressed by these parties that they induced the king's attorney to have the persons thus accused indicted by the grand jury. In consequence, the latter were forced at great expense of time and money to attend the civil court at Williamsburg, some forty or sixty miles distant. After much delay and inconvenience to the accused the charges were proved to be utterly false, and the men were acquitted by the jury. They were, notwithstanding this fact, most unjustly compelled by the

court to pay the costs of the prosecution, as was the case in the trial of Rev. Francis Makemie in New York (p. 86).

In about a half-century later we find the Presbyterians of Hanover County looming in a remarkable manner as intelligent and stanch advocates for civil and religious liberty.

XVI.

THE LOG COLLEGES.

There is no characteristic of the Presbyterian Church more pronounced than its uniform and ardent zeal in behalf of an educated ministry. We therefore think it proper, though anticipating a few events, to devote one chapter to its earlier efforts in that direction-see, also, page 111 for an account of the first Log College. The above fact has always been recognized by the church members and their pastors, while the former, by the faithful labors of the latter, have been placed on so high a plane of Scriptural knowledge that they demand preachers who are competent to teach. Pious Presbyterian parents during successive generations have been familiar with the contents of the Bible itself, and the Westminster Confession and the Catechism and the proof-texts on which the doctrines contained therein are based. In these truths, with the aid of their pastors, they trained their children; meanwhile carefully observing and sanctifying the Sabbath. In this manner a knowledge of the essential doctrines of the Christian system had become interwoven with the religious consciousness of their children, who in turn taught their own, and thus the work went on. This mode of instructing the youth of Christian parents was a custom among the Puritans, whether Congregationalist or Presbyterian Church members thus trained are quick to discern in a preacher his spirituality and his adherence to the sacred truths with which they themselves are familiar.

The Bible Studied as a Whole.-One effective stimulant to the acquisition of biblical knowledge is found in taking the Bible in all its parts, since this mode of instruction gives clearer views of the symmetry of the truths of the word of God than can possibly be obtained by studying the Scriptures in isolated portions for certain days in the year, as in prayer-books or litanies. The latter mode must have a cramping effect upon the progress of religious and biblical knowledge among the private inembers of the church.

The Two Academies.-The Presbytery of Hanover, amid its conflict in relation to the separation of Church and State in Virginia, recognized the necessity of founding schools to educate young men for the ministry. The College of William and Mary at Williamsburg was under the control of the established church. That of itself was an objection, but a still greater one was in the prevalence in the college of deistical influences. Two academies were projected by the presbytery; one was located in Prince Edward County, the other in the valley. The former became Hampden-Sidney College.

Over Hampden-Sidney College Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith presided for a number of years, till called (1798) to the higher position as President of Princeton. He was one of the remarkable men of the period. A Pennsylvanian by birth, the son of Dr. Robert Smith of Pequa, Lancaster County; his mother, a remarkably talented woman, a sister of the two Blairs, Samuel and Johnboth famous teachers and preachers in the Presbyterian Church of that day. He graduated from Princeton with high honor, was for a time assistant teacher for his father, then tutor in Princeton. Meantime he studied theology and was licensed to preach (1773) by the Presbytery of New Castle. As a preacher he reminded the people of the eloquent Samuel Davies, whose fame was not limited