nizes with the theory of free, honest, and patient labor. The highest type of social and domestic happiness, in any Christian civilization, is found among the classes whose prosperity depends upon faithful industry. False gauges are those which declare acquisition, for its own sake, to be the true test, or measure of success. Uniformity of acquisition, or wage, is equally incompatible with the very type of mental and physical skill which energizes labor. No arbitrary wage relations can be made uniform, or independent of changing times and conditions. In no other country can national good and happiness be so directly secured to individual effort. Emigrants do not realize at once, that, as a rule, substantial independence is obtainable by honest industry, and that the acquisition is then safe. A changeable wage rate is unavoidable.

A wise adjustment will be proportionate to the harmony between realized labor and expectant labor. The former is simply capital. At sunset, the industrious man has realized capital, by the difference of the measure of profit over expense. The thriftless and idler are in arrears! The contrast will deepen daily; but the fact is only made more definite, that there will always be remunerative wage for all who work cheerfully and faithfully by and up to the measure of demand. Extraordinary conditions demand extraordinary and mutual fraternities, so that both capital and labor may adjust their relations to the highest security, order, peace, and happiness of all.

HENRY B. CARRINGTON.

POVERTY OF THE SOUL.

THE want of goods is easily repaired; but the poverty

of the soul is irreparable.

MONTESQUIEU.

13. NATIONAL INJUSTICE.

Do you know how empires find their end? Yes. The great States eat up the little. As with fish, so with nations. Come with me! Let us bring up the awful shadows of empires buried long ago, and learn a lesson from the tomb!

Come, old Assyria, with the Ninevitish dove upon thy emerald crown! What laid thee low? I fell by my own injustice! Thereby Nineveh and Babylon came with me to the ground!"

O queenly Persia, flame of the nations Wherefore art thou so fallen! thou who troddest the people under thee, bridgest the Hellespont with ships, and pourest thy templewasting millions on the western world? "Because I trod the people under me; because I bridged the Hellespont with ships, and poured my temple-wasting millions on the western world. I fell by my own misdeeds!"

And thou, muse-like, Grecian queen, fairest of all thy classic sisterhood of States, enchanting yet the world with thy sweet witchery, speaking in art, and most seductive in song, why liest thou there with the beauteous yet dishonored brow reposing on thy broken harp? "I loved the loveliness of flesh, embalmed in Parian stone. I loved the loveliness of thought, and treasured that more than Parian speech. But the beauty of justice, the loveliness of love, I trod down to earth. Lo! therefore have I become as those barbarian states, and as one of them."

O manly, majestic Rome, with thy sevenfold mural crown all broken at thy feet, why art thou here? 'T was not injustice brought thee low, for thy great Book of Law is prefaced with these words," Justice is the unchanging, everlasting will to give each man his right." It was not the saint's ideal. It was the hypocrite's pretence. "I

made iniquity my law! I trod the nations under me! Their wealth gilded my palaces, where now thou may'st see the fox and hear the owl. It fed my courtiers and my courtesans. Wicked men were my cabinet counsellors. The flatterer breathed his poison in my ear. Millions of bondmen wet the soil with tears and blood! Do you not hear it crying yet to God? Lo! here have I my recompense, tormented with such downfalls as you see. Go back and tell the new-born child1 who sitteth on the Alleghanies, laying his either hand upon a tributary sea, and a crown of stars upon his youthful brow, tell him there are rights which States must keep, or they shall suffer wrongs. Tell him there is a God who keeps the black man and the white, and hurls to earth the loftiest realm that breaks His just, eternal law. Warn the young empire, that he come not down, dim and dishonored, to my shameful tomb. Tell him that Justice is the unchanging, everlasting will, to give each man his right. I know it. I broke it. Bid him keep it, and be forever safe."

THEODORE PARKER.

14. A REPUBLIC DEFINED.

WE establish the Republic. It is the government that most needs the continued inspiration and benediction of God; for if the reason of the people should be obscured or misled, there is no longer a sovereign. Then comes an inter-regnum, anarchy, death.

In order that a government may be durable, and worthy of the sanction of religion, it must contain a principle that is true, that is divine, that is best adapted to the welfare of the many. Without this, the Constitution is a dead

1 America.

letter.

It is nothing more than a collection of laws. It is without soul. It no longer lives. It no longer produces fruit.

The new principle of the Republic is political equality among all classes of citizens. This principle has for its exponent, universal suffrage; for its result, the sovereignty of all; for its moral consequence, fraternity among all. We reign according to the full measure of our reason, of our intelligence, of our virtue. We are all sovereigns over ourselves, and of the Republic. But to draft a Constitution, and to swear to it, is not all: a people is needed to execute it.

Citizens! All progress requires effort. Every effort is painful, and attended with painful embarrassments. Political transformations are laborious. The people are the artificers of their own future. Let them reflect upon that. The future awaits, and observes them. Shame upon the cowards who would draw back! Prudence belongs to the inconsiderate who would precipitate society into the unknown!

Glory be to the good, to the wise, to the persevering! May God be with them!

Herself the fair, the wild magician,
Who bade this splendid day-dream pass,
And named each gilded apparition.
"T was like a torch-race, such as they
Of Greece performed in ages gone,
When the fleet youths, in long array,
Passed the bright torch triumphant on.

I saw the expectant nations stand,

To catch the coming flame, in turn; I saw, from ready hand to hand,

The clear, though struggling, glory burn. And oh, their joy, as it came near, "T was, in itself, a joy to see; While Fancy whispered in my ear, "That torch they pass is Liberty."

And each, as she received the flame,
Lighted her altar with its ray;
Then, smiling, to the next who came,
Speeding it on its sparkling way.
From Albion first, whose ancient shrine
Was furnished with the fire already,
Columbia caught the boon divine,

And lit a flame, like Albion's, steady.

"Shine, shine forever, glorious flame,
Divinest gift of gods to men!
From Greece thy earliest splendor came,
To Greece thy ray returns again.
Take, Freedom, take thy radiant round;
When dimmed, revive; when lost, return;

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The starry Flower of Liberty!

Thy sacred leaves, fair Freedom's flower,
Shall ever float on dome and tower,
To all their heavenly colors true,
In blackening frost, or crimson dew;
And God love us as we love thee,
Thrice holy Flower of Liberty!

Then hail the Banner of the Free,
The starry Flower of Liberty!

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.