erick W. Vanderbilt; and the Lampson Lyceum, containing lecture halls and administration offices for the academic department. The total student enrollment in 1903-04 was 2963, distributed as follows: Graduate, 333; college, 1250; Sheffield Scientific School, 837; fine arts, 35; music, 82; Forest School, 64; divinity, 97; medicine, 141; law, 259. The faculty consisted of 329 instructors. YALTA, yälʼtå. A district town in the Government of Taurida, South Russia, on the southern coast of the peninsula of the Crimea, 60 miles south of Sinferopol (Map: Russia, D 6). It is a well-known sea-bathing resort. Its situation is picturesque. Population, in 1897, 13,269. Yalta is identified with the Galita or the Yalita of the Arabs. It was held by the Genoese in the fifteenth century. YA-LU-KIANG, yä'loo'kyäng'. One of the most important rivers of Korea, where it is also known as the Amnok or Apnok (Map: Korea, G 3). It rises in the Paik-tu-san (8000 feet high), the highest of the Shan-a-lin or Changpeh-shan system of Manchuria, latitude 41° 59' N., and flows in a generally southwest direction into the Yellow Sea near the city of Wiju, forming in its course the northwest boundary of the country. It is navigable by sea-going junks for 30 miles from its mouth, and by smaller craft as far as Wi-wön, 145 miles farther up. In its upper course it is obstructed by some eighteen dangerous rapids, yet immense rafts of fine timber are annually floated down to the sea, chiefly for export to Northern China. Off the mouth of the Yalu a great naval battle between the Chinese and the Japanese was fought in 1894, resulting in the destruction of the Chinese fleet. KOREA. See YA-LUNG-KIANG, yäʼlōōng'kyäng. A river of Western China, rising on the southern slope of the Bayan-kara, an eastern extension of the Kuen-lun Mountains in Eastern Tibet, near the headwaters of the Yellow River, latitude 34° N., and longitude 97° E. (Map: China, B 6). Its course is generally south through deep gorges parallel with the Kin-sha-kiang or Yang-tse, which it joins after a course of several hundred miles in latitude 26° 35' N. It is a very swift stream, much impeded by rapids, and is not navigable except in local stretches. YAM (from Sp. ñame, iñame, igname, ignama, Port. inhame, yam, from African nyame, yam), Dioscorea. A genus of mostly East and West Indian plants of the natural order Dioscoreaceæ, distinguished by an inferior ovary and membranous winged fruit. They have herbaceous twining stems, and fleshy roots which in some species are used as food, like potatoes. They contain much starch, and generally become somewhat mealy and pleasant to the taste when boiled. The tubers of all the yams contain an acrid substance, which, however, is dissipated by boiling, except in the species with compound leaves. The winged yam (Dioscorea alata) has roots 1 to 3 feet long, and often 30 pounds in weight, with a brownish or black skin, juicy and reddish within. They vary exceedingly in form. Small tubers are generally found in the axils of the leaves. This species is the original of most, or perhaps all, of the yams cultivated in tropical Asia, Africa, and America: the common yam of the West Indies (Dioscorea sativa), which has a round stem and heart-shaped leaves; Dioscorea bulbifera, in which the tubers in the axils of the leaves attain the size of apples; the prickly yam WILD YAM (Dioscorea villosa). (Dioscorea aculeata), which has a prickly stem, and a fasciculated, tuberous root; Dioscorea globosa, the most esteemed yam of India, which has very fragrant flowers, and roots white internally; Dioscorea rubella, another Indian kind, with tubers sometimes 3 feet long, tinged with red below the skin, etc. The Chinese yam (Dioscorea divaricata) is a perfectly hardy sort. Its edible club-shaped roots descend perpendicu larly into the ground from two to three feet, and largely on this account it is little cultivated. but in later Sanskrit literature erroneously reYAMA, yä'må (Skt. yama, Av. yima, twin, garded as restrainer, punisher, from yam, to restrain). In Hindu mythology, a deification of the first mortal that died and thus became king of death, the judge and ruler of souls hereafter. In the Veda Yama is the supreme lord of the blessed dead. His abode is in the sky, in the highest heavens, near the sun. Agni (q.v.), the god of fire, is his friend and conducts the souls of the dead to his presence. Yama, moreover, has two dogs as messengers, and past these all the spirits of the dead must go. As a king in the Veda he is the child of Vivasvat, a personification of the sun and of Saranyu, a sun-maiden. He has also a twin sister named Yami, who desires to become his wife, and a hymn of the Rig-Veda, which gives a dialogue between them, contains evidently a protest against such a union. In the later Hindu mythology, especially in the epic poems and in the Purānas (q.v.), Yama has assumed wholly the office of judge of the dead and regent of the lower world. His realm is in the south; a number of hells are his, and in them he inflicts punishment upon the wicked. His messengers go about the earth summoning men to death, and drawing the soul out of the body with a noose, although he sometimes performs this office himself. In Iranian mythology Yima or Jamshid an 2 1. YAM (Dioscorea alata). 2. ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis). 3. OKRA (Hibiscus esculentus). 4. SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea). 5 and 6. SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea Batatas). swers in part to the Indian Yama, but is also the ideal ruler under whose sway the golden age of the world prevailed. Consult Ehni, Die ursprüngliche Gottheit des vedischen Yama (Leipzig, 1896). YAMACRAW, yä'må-krą. A refugee band from the Greek confederacy (q.v.), formerly occupying a village on the south side of the Savannah River at Yamacraw Bluff, now included within the limits of the city of Savannah, Ga. A treaty was made in 1733 between the Georgia colonists and the Lower Creek towns. The Yamacraw afterwards retired to the Chattahoochee River, from which they had originally come. The name appears to be a corruption of Yamassee (q.v.). YAMADA, yå-mä'då. A town of Japan. See UJI-YAMADA, YAMAGATA, yä'må-gä'tå. The capital of the Prefecture of Yamagata, in Japan, situated in the northern part of the island of Hondo, about 40 miles north of Fukushima (Map: Japan, G 4). It is a former castle town, is well built, and has a considerable trade. Population, in 1898, 35,300. YAMAGATA, ARITOMO, Marquis (1838-). A Japanese general and statesman. He was born in the Province of Coshu, the son of a Samurai or member of the feudal warrior class. He dis tinguished himself in the suppression of the Shoguns and was given a place in the Ministry of War under the new régime. He was made Minister of War in 1873, at the outbreak of the Satsuma rebellion in 1877. He defeated Saigo and was rewarded with the command of the Imperial Guard and the direction of the general staff. In 1885 he was given the portfolio of the Interior, in 1889 succeeded Kuroda as Premier, and in 1891 became Minister of Justice. In the Chinese War of 1894-95 he swept the enemy out of Korea, crossed the Yalu, and was marching upon Mukden when ill health forced him to retire. For his services he was elevated to the marquisate and appointed fieldmarshal. YAMAGUCHI, y mà giờ chế. The capital of the Prefecture of Yamaguchi, in Japan, situated in the southwestern end of the island of Hondo, a short distance from the coast (Map: Japan, B 6). It was formerly the seat of the famous lords of Choshu. A Christian mission was established here by Saint Francis Xavier in 1550. Population, in 1899, 42,786. YAMAJI, yä'må-je, MOTOHARU, Viscount (c.1840—). A Japanese general, born in the Province of Tosa (Shikoku). He is popularly known as the One-eyed Dragon. He won recog nition in the Satsuma rebellion; was promoted to be lieutenant-general, and after the reorganization of the nobility in 1884 was created a baron. During the Chinese campaign of 1894-95 he made a brilliant attack on Port Arthur. In acknowledgment of his military services, he was patented a viscount in 1895. lages southward almost to Florida. At the time of the settlement of South Carolina they were one of the most important tribes of the coast region and were friendly to the colonists until the exactions of the traders and the raids of slave dealers provoked them to war. They enlisted the Catawba, Cherokee, Congaree, and other tribes almost to the Virginia border in a general rising against the whites, and began the war on April 15, 1715. They were defeated on the Salkiehatchee by Governor Craven a year afterwards and were driven from South Carolina, retiring to Florida, where they were welcomed as friends and allies by the Spaniards. They were finally incorporated into the cognate Creeks and Seminole, among whom they retained their distinct name up to the period of the Creek War. YAMBOLI, yäm′bô-lē, or JAMBOLI. A town in Eastern Rumelia, 49 miles west of Burgas, on the Tunja River, here spanned by two bridges (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 3). The remains of an old mosque and the old fortifications are of interest. There are prominent wine and wool interests. Population, about 14,000. YAMBU, yäm'boo, or YEMBU. The port of Medina, in Arabia, situated on the Red Sea, about 120 miles west-southwest of that city (Map: Turkey in Asia, P 11). Population, esti mated at from 5000 to 7000. Yambu is im portant for its pilgrims' caravans, being on the YAMEO, yȧ-mão. An important tribe, with sionaries at a later period, but retain their original character. farther to the east were also visited by mis YAMUNA, väʼmōō-nà. The Sanskrit name of the River Jumna (q.v.). YANAON, ya'nå'ôn'. A French possession in India, on the eastern coast of Madras, near the mouth of the Godavari River (Map: India, D 5). A It is an administrative dependency of Area, about six square Pondicherry (q.v.). miles. Population, about 5000 in 1901. YAMAMAI MOTH. See SILKWORM. YAM'ASSEE (peaceable, hospitable). tribe of Muskhogean stock (q.v.) formerly hold ing both sides of the lower Savannah River and extending as far as the Salkiehatchee in South Carolina. They seem also to have had some vil VOL. XVII.-59. YAN'CEY, WILLIAM LOWNDES (1814-63). An American orator, lawyer, and political leader, born at Ogeechee Shoals, Ga. He studied law at Greenville, S. C., was admitted to the bar in 1834, and besides practicing his profession edited a Unionist paper and spoke against nullification. In 1836 he removed to a plantation at Oakland, near Catawba, Ala. His slaves having been accidentally poisoned, he reëntered law and journalism, was prominent as an antiWhig orator in the Presidential campaign of 1840, and from 1841 to 1844 was a member of the State Legislature. From 1844 to 1846 he was a member of Congress, and soon after taking his seat attracted national attention by his participation in a bloodless duel with Representative Clingman of North Carolina. Resigning from Congress, he became a bitter opponent of compromise between the North and the South, was the author of the famous "Alabama Platform" of 1847, fought vigorously against the compromise measures of 1850, anticipated the coming conflict between the sections, and became the recognized leader of the more radical element in the South. In the period immediately preceding the Civil War his remarkable oratory contributed perhaps more than anything else to 'fire the Southern heart,' and he was preeminently the 'orator of secession.' He was a member of the national Democratic Nominating Convention at Charleston in 1860; led from that convention the seceders, who afterwards met at Baltimore; and then made a canvass of the North, speaking to great audiences in the Middle, New England, and Western States. "It was he more than any other," says Woodrow Wilson, "who taught the South what Douglas really meant, he more than any other who split the ranks of the Democratic Party at Charleston, made the election of Doug las impossible, and brought Mr. Lincoln in." Slightly before the outbreak of the Civil War, Yancey was sent by the Confederate Government as the head of a commission, consisting besides himself of P. A. Rost and Dudley Mann, to secure the recognition of the Confederacy by the various European governments; but after vain attempts in London and Paris to accomplish his purpose, he returned in the early spring of 1862, and thereafter until his death was a member of the Confederate Senate. Consult: Du Bose, Life and Times of William Lowndes Yancey (Birmingham, 1892); and a chapter in W. G. Brown's The Lower South in American History (New York, 1902). YANG-TSE-KIANG, yäng'tsĕ'kyäng' (the Yang-tse River). The longest and most important river of China, having a length of over 3000 miles and a drainage area of between 650,000 and 700,000 square miles (Map: China, C 5). It has its origin in a number of small rivulets which at a height of over 16.000 feet above the level of the sea dash down the northern slope of the snow-covered Tang-la Mountains of Tibet, near latitude 33° 45' N., and longitude 90° E. Under the name of the Murui-usu or "Tortuous Stream' it flows east and northeast for some distance, receives two important affluentsthe Napchi-tai and the Toktonai-from the Kuenlun Mountains in the northwest, and gets the name of Di-chu or Dré-chu. At about 98° E. longitude it takes a southerly course and for several hundred miles-with the Tibetan name of Ngeh-chu or the Chinese name of Kin-sha-kiang, 'River of Golden Sand'-it parallels its great tributary the Ya-lung-kiang (q.v.). In latitude 26° N. it enters the Chinese Province of Yun-nan, bursts through its rocky barriers on the east, takes a northeasterly direction, receives from the north the turbulent waters of the Ya-lung in latitude 26° 35′ and the name of Pei- (or Pai-) shui('white waters'), forms in part of its course the boundary between Yun-nan and Sze-chuen, enters Sze-chuen, which it traverses in a northeasterly direction. Here it receives from the south the waters of the Hêng or Ta-kwan, the Nankwang, the Yungning, the Chih-shui, the K'ikiang, and from Kwei-chow the Wu or Kung-t'an at the city of Fu-chow, 72 miles east of Ch'ungk'ing. From the north it receives the Min at Hsü-chow or Sui-fu (taking the name of Minkiang), the T'o at Lu-chow fu, and the Kia-ling at Ch'ung-k'ing (q.v.) in latitude 29° 34' N. and longitude 107° 2' E., all navigable by native craft for hundreds of miles. Between 500 and 600 miles farther east, at a point 15 miles west of I-chang (q.v.), it escapes from the mountains, and with slackened pace and many a bend and detour pursues a generally east and east-southeast course through the very heart of China, receiv ing the entire drainage of the provinces of Hu peh, Hu-nan, Ngan-hwei, Kiang-si, and Kiang-su, and near the little island of Sha-wei-shan, in latitude 31° 25′ N., and longitude 122° 14′ E., it pours into the Yellow Sea 770,000 cubic feet of water per second, and annually deposits in it about 6,000,000,000 cubic feet of suspended matter. From the city of Fu-chow, in Sze-chuen, as far east as Ngan-hwei and beyond, it is known as the Ta-kiang or 'Great River,' the Ch’angkiang or 'Long River,' or simply as Kiang or "The River.' From Ngan-hwei-the old Province of Yang-to the sea, it is properly known as the Yang-tse, but foreigners are in the habit of applying the name to the whole river. With its numerous tributaries and feeders the Yang-tse provides an unrivaled system of internal communication, which is now practically open to foreign commerce. Hankow, 600 miles from the sea, may be reached by the largest ocean steamships trading with the East, and I-chang, 500 miles farther up, by light-draught steamboats. Above this the river presents a succession of gorges and rapids, with a very strong and swift current up which native craft (up to 60 or 70 tons burden) are hauled at great risk and expense, and frequent loss of life, by large crews of native trackers, at the rate of a few miles a day. All attempts to use steam as far as Ch'ung-k'ing have resulted in failure. P'ing-shui-hien, 200 miles above Ch'ung-k'ing, is the limit of native navigation. Toward the end of summer the river frequently rises as much as 50 feet, flooding the fields and towns on its banks over a vast area, and sometimes causing terrible destruction of life. YANINA, yä'nê-nå. See JANINA. YANKEE (of uncertain etymology). Yankee was long the popular name given to a New Englander in America, and in Europe has been often applied indiscriminately to the entire population of the United States. One explanation of its origin, which is, perhaps, the most plausible, is that it is a corruption of the word English as pronounced by the Indians (Yenghies, |