likewise observed by Wöhler (see CHEMISTRY; CARBON COMPOUNDS), and no less a contribution was formed by the classical research on the benzoyl compounds, carried out by Wöhler in conjunction with Liebig. (See CHEMISTRY, his torical section.) Many other results of importance were achieved by Wöhler in all branches of chemistry. He isolated the elements aluminum, glucinum, ytilium, and titanium, and founded the nickel industry by devising a process of manufacturing the pure metal on a large scale. As a teacher, too, he was brilliant and manysided. His Grundriss der Chemie and Die Mineralanalyse in Beispielen passed through numerous editions and were translated into several languages. He also edited in German Berzelius's voluminous Lehrbuch der Chemie and Jahresberichte. Hofmann published an excellent biography of Wöhler in the Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (1882), and edited Aus Justus Liebigs und Friedrich Wöhlers Briefwechsel (1888). Wöhler published the results of his investigations in Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, of which he became coeditor in 1838. In 1890 a monument was erected to his memory at Göttingen.

WOHLGEMUTH or WOLGEMUT, volgemoot, MICHEL (1434-1519). A German painter and engraver, the chief master of the older Franconian school. Born at Nuremberg, he was a pupil of Hans Pleydenwurff, but may also have studied in Flanders or at least formed his

style after Flemish models. At Nuremberg, where he first appears on record in 1473, he established a studio which was frequented by Albrecht Dürer, among others, and exercised a far-reaching influence. From it issued a large number of carved altar-pieces with painted wings, executed for the greater part rather mechanically with the aid of journeymen. The most prominent among these include four panels with "Episodes from the Life of Christ" (1465, Pinakothek, Munich), an altar-piece with "Scenes from the Youth and Passion of Christ" (1479, Saint Mary's, Zwickau), and the Peringsdörffer altar with "Scenes from the Legend of Saint Vitus, and Saints" (c.1490, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg). As compared with the Flemish masters of his day, Wohlgemuth, even in his better pictures, done exclusively by himself, appears inferior to them as regards sentiment and delicacy of execution, aside from the prevalence of angular forms and the monotony of types, which occasionally are of exaggerated homeliness. He also painted portraits and designed for the wood-cut, notably the spirited illustrations for Schedel's Weltchronik (1493). All his paintings are reproduced in the publication Die Germälde von Dürer und Wohlgemuth, 117 plates with text by Riehl and Thode (Nuremberg, 1889-95). Consult Thode, Die Malerschule von Nürnberg (Frankfort, 1891).

WO'KING. A market town in Surrey, England, 241⁄2 miles southwest of London (Map: London, H 2). Its chief importance is derived from the proximity of the London Necropolis Cemetery, which covers 2000 acres and to which special funeral trains are dispatched from London daily. It contains a crematory erected in 1878, the first one established in England. Population, in 1891, 9776; in 1901, 16,222.

WOLCOT, wul'kut, JOHN (1738-1819). An English poet, better known under the pseudonym of PETER PINDAR. He was born at Dodbrook, in Devon. He was educated by an uncle, at Kingsbridge and in France, and subsequently studied medicine in London and in Aberdeen. In 1767 he went to Jamaica with Sir William Trelawny, the newly appointed Governor. After serv ing two years as physician-general, he went to England, and was ordained priest in the English Church. He immediately returned to Jamaica, where he received a small living. On the death of his patron (1773), he left the island for good. After practicing medicine with little success in Truro and other places, he settled in London as a writer of audacious squibs and satires on all sorts of persons from George III. down to liverymen. Among his seventy distinct pieces were Lyric Odes to the Royal Academicians (178286); The Louisiad: an Heroic-comic Poem, five cantos, in ridicule of the King's domestic life (1785-95); Ode upon Ode, a Comic Account of a Visit of the Sovereign to Whitbread's Brewery (1787); Bozzy and Piozzi, on Boswell and Mrs. Piozzi (1786); and A Poetical Epistle to a Falling Minister, i.e. Pitt (1789). These and other the author received an annuity of £250; and the verses achieved wide popularity. From their sale Government attempted to buy him off with a pension of £300. Wolcot was severely handled by William Gifford (q.v.) in his Epistle to Peter Pindar (1800). Unscrupulous, impudent, and coarse, Wolcot was yet a master of burlesque humor and caricature. During his lifetime Wolcot's satires were issued in cheap quarto pamphlets. About twenty editions of the collected works appeared between 1788 and 1837. That of 1812 contains a memoir and portrait. For the latest and best account, consult Theodor Reitterer, Leben und Werke Peter Pindars (Vienna and Leipzig, 1900).

WOLCOTT, EDWARD OLIVER (1848-). An American lawyer and politician, born at Long Meadow, Hampden County, Mass. Toward the

close of the Civil War he served for a short time

in the 150th Ohio Volunteers. He then studied for a time at Yale, graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1871, and settled in Colorado, where he taught school, and later began the prac tice of law at Georgetown. In 1876 he was elect ed district attorney for the first judicial district of Colorado, and in 1878 was elected to the State lican leader. In 1879 he became attorney for the Senate, in which he at once became the Repub

Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, and in 1884 was appointed general counsel for the road. From 1889 until 1901 he was a member of the United States Senate. He was an ardent champion of bimetallism, but supported the Republican candidates in the 'free-silver campaign' of 1896, and in 1897 was named by President McKinley as chairman of the commission sent to Europe to report on international bimetalism. In 1900 he was president of the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in 1903 was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate

against Senator Henry M. Teller.

WOLCOTT, OLIVER (1726-97). An American soldier, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence; the son of Roger Wolcott (q.v.). He was born in Windsor, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1747; and in King George's War (q.v.) com

manded a company of volunteers, raised by himself, on the northern frontier. He was sheriff of Litchfield County in 1751; a member of the Council from 1774 to 1786, and in the meantime was judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and of the Litchfield District Probate Court. In 1775 Congress appointed him one of the Indian Commissioners for the Northern Department, with instructions to secure the neutrality of the Iroquois. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1776-78 and in 1780-84, and was one of the supporters and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Entering the army as colonel of the Connecticut militia in 1775, he became a brigadier-general ia August, 1776, commanding the fourteen Connecticut regiments raised to cooperate with the Continental army in the defense of New York, and taking an active part in the campaign against Burgoyne; and in May, 1779, he was appointed a major-general. Again in 1784 he was an Indian Commissioner for the Northern Department, and as such negotiated a treaty with the Iroquois. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796, and Governor from 1796 until his death. Consult Sanderson, Biographies of the Signers, vol. iii. (Philadelphia, 1820-27).

WOLCOTT, OLIVER (1760-1833). An American political leader, son of the preceding. He was born in Litchfield, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1778, and served in the Connecticut militia, as an aide to his father, during the latter part of the Revolutionary War. He was admitted to the bar in 1781, and was employed for several years in the financial department of the State Government, acting in 1784 as commissioner, with Oliver Ellsworth, to adjust the accounts between Connecticut and the United States. He was Comptroller of Public Accounts for the United States in 1788-89, was Auditor of the United States Treasury in 1789-91, and was again Comptroller of Public Accounts from 1791 to 1795, when he succeeded Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. He was retained in this position by John Adams, and while performing the duties of his office took an active part in Hamil ton's oposition to the President, but resigned from the Cabinet in November, 1800. Subsequently he was a judge of the United States Circuit Court (in 1801-02), was engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York from 1802 to 1812, establishing several large factories at Wolcottville (near Litchfield); was president of the Bank of North America in 1812-14; presided over the Connecticut constitutional convention in 1817,

and was Governor of that State from 1817 to 1827, when he returned to New York. He wrote several pamphlets, including an Address to the People of the United States on the Subject of the Report of a Committee of the House of Rep resentatives (1802), and British Influences on Affairs in the United States Proved and Explained (1804). His papers have been edited by Gibbs as Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams (New York, 1846).

WOLCOTT, ROGER (1679-1767). A colonial Governor of Connecticut. He was born in Windsor, Conn., was apprenticed to a weaver at the age of twelve, and began an independent business career at twenty-one. In the campaign against Canada in 1711 he was commissary of the Con

necticut troops, and in the celebrated Louisburg expedition of 1745 he was second in command, with the rank of major-general. After serving as a member of the executive council, judge of the Supreme Court, and Deputy Governor, he was for four years (1750-54) Governor of the colony. He wrote some crude verse, including Poetical Meditations, being the Improvement of some Vacant Hours (1725), and a Brief Account of the Agency of the Honorable John Winthrop, Esq., in the Court of King Charles the Second, A.D. 1662, when he obtained a Charter for the Colony of Connecticut (printed in the Collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1st series, vol. iv.). His journal of the Louisburg expedi tion is in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

WOLCOTT, ROGER (1847-1901). An American political leader, Governor of Massachusetts. He was born in Boston, Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1870, was a tutor in French and history there in 1871-72, and graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1874. From 1877 to 1879 he was a member of the Boston Common Council, from 1882 to 1885 a member of the State House of

Representatives, and was then again a member

In

of the Common Council from 1887 to 1889. 1892 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the State, although W. E. Russell (q.v.), the Democratic candidate for Governor, was chosen. He was reëlected in 1893, 1894, and 1895. Before the termination of his fourth term he became by the sudden death of Governor Greenhalge, in May, 1896, acting Governor. In the following November he was chosen Governor by the largest majority ever given to any candidate for that office in the history of the State, and was reëlected in 1897 and 1898. Subsequently he was offered by President McKinley the position of a member of the Philippine Commission, and later the Ambassadorship to Italy, both of which honors he declined. Consult Lawrence, Roger Wolcott (Boston, 1902).

WOLF (AS. wulf, Goth. wulfs, OHG. wolf, Ger. Wolf, wolf, connected with Lat. lupus, Gk. Xúkos, lykos, OChurch Slav. vluku, Lith. vilkas, Skt. vrka, wolf, and with Skt. vrase, to rend, Gk. Kev, helkein, OChurch Slav. vlēkati, to haul). The name of several typically canine animals; specifically Canis lupus. This, the 'wolf' of the whole Northern Hemisphere, is yellowish gray, with strong coarse hair, which is longest on the ears, neck, shoulders, and haunches, and especially on the throat; the muzzle is black, the upper lip and chin white. The ears are erect and pointed, the muzzle sharp; the legs rather longer than those of the shepherd-dog; the tail bushy, but not curling; the eyes oblique, giving a peculiarly vicious expression to the countenance. The wolf is swift of foot, and hunts deer and other animals, packs of wolves associating for this purpose; it also often commits great ravages at night among sheep, and attacks calves, but seldom full-grown oxen or man, unless hard pressed by hunger, when it becomes very danger

ous.

In general, the wolf is cowardly and stealthy. It is not easily trapped, being extremely cautious, and appearing to understand the nature and purpose of a trap almost as well as those by whom

it is set.

Diversities appear in the wolves of different countries of Europe and Asia, but not very con

siderable. The French wolves are generally browner, and rather smaller, than those of Germany; the wolves of Russia are larger, and have longer hair; in Italy and Turkey a tawny color predominates. The great black Pyrenean wolf is the most marked variety. Wolves are still very plentiful in some parts of Europe. In the Pyrenees and Ardennes, among the Carpathian Mountains and in Turkey, they are common; and in the forests of Poland and Russia wolves often appear in formidable packs, and still cause much loss by their attacks on cattle, sheep, and horses. The wolf was formerly common in Great Britain, and the last wolf in Scotland is said to have been killed in 1743.

Although systematic naturalists have named numerous species and subspecies among American wolves, there are practically only two kinds -the large 'gray,' 'timber,' or Canadian wolf, which is practically identical with the wolf of the Old World; and the prairie wolf, or coyote. The American form of the first-named species is more robust, and has longer, lighter hair on the average, than the Old World form, but is practically the same. It is possible that the black wolf (Canis ater), a few of which remain in the Florida Everglades, and an Arctic species (Canis albus), pure white except the black tip of the tail, may prove to be distinct species. Once numerous all over the country, wolves are now unknown east of the Mississippi and Lake Huron, never having been able to hold their place, in spite of plentiful refuges in the forests and mountains, as have the wolves of Europe. They are still numerous in the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific coast, and exceedingly so in the northern part of British America, where they live upon the game and occasionally do great damage to the horses, sheep, and cattle on open ranches. They keep themselves hidden in the woods, and hence are known everywhere in the West as 'timber' wolves.

The other American wolf, smaller, redder, and addicted to an open country rather than to the forests, is the red or prairie wolf, or coyote. Until recently this wolf, which formerly ranged eastward as far as the prairies extended, but now is not known east of the dry plains, was regarded as only a single widespread and variable species (Canis latrans); but systematists now believe that several distinct species of these small wolves should be recognized. See COYOTE.

South America has several wolf-like canine animals, described under Fox-DOG, MANED WOLF, and other names. For illustrations and bibliog

raphy, see CANIDE; DOG.

WOLF, TASMANIAN or ZEBRA. See DASYURE. WOLF, volf, ADAM (1822-83). An Austrian historian, born at Eger. He studied jurisprudence and philosophy in Prague and in Vienna, where he established himself as docent of history at the university, in 1850. Appointed professor at the University of Pest in 1852, he became tutor of the daughters of Archduke Albrecht in 1856 and professor at the University of Gratz in 1865. His works, based on thorough investigations, are valuable contributions to the history of Austria under Maria Theresa and her successors, and include: Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia (1855); Aus dem Hofleben Maria Theresias (2d ed. 1859); Marie Christine, Erzherzogin von Oesterreich (1863); Kaiser Franz

I. (1866); Die Aufhebung der Klöster in Inneroesterreich (1871); Geschichtliche Bilder aus Oesterreich (1878-80); Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia, Joseph II. und Leopold II. (1882); and others, besides many treatises on Austrian history in the publications of the Vienna Academy of Sciences.

WOLF, EDMUND JACOB (1840-). An American Lutheran minister and scholar. He was born

at Rebersburg, Pa., and graduated at Pennsyl theology at Gettysburg, Tübingen, and Erlangen, vania College, Gettysburg, in 1863. He studied and entered the ministry in 1865. After several years in the pastorate, he became professor of Church history and New Testament exegesis in the theological seminary at Gettysburg in 1874. Among his publications is The Lutherans in America (New York, 1889).

WOLF, vôlf, FERDINAND (1796-1866). An Austrian Romance scholar, born in Vienna and educated at the University of Gratz. Upon his return to Vienna his tastes led him to the study of mediæval literature, and he became connected in 1827 with the Imperial Library. When the Academy of Sciences was founded, he was made a member and secretary of the institution. Wolf did work of sterling value in opening the field of Romance literature, especially that of Spain, to modern scholarship. With Ebert he founded in 1858 the Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Litteratur, and he edited, either alone or in company with others, a large number of texts. Some of his more important independent publications are: Die Sage vom Bruder Rausch (1835); Floresta de rimas modernas castellanas (1837); Ueber die Lais, Sequenzen und Leiche (1841); Ueber die Romanzenpoesie der Spanier (1847); Studien zur Geschichte der spanischen und portugiesischen Nationallitteratur (1859); and Histoire de la littérature brésilienne (1863).

WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824). A German classical scholar, born at Haynrode, began his career as a teacher in the seminary at Prussian Saxony. He studied at Göttingen and Ilfeld in 1779, then became rector of the gymna sium at Osterode (1782), and in 1783 was called to the chair of philosophy and pedagogy at Halle, where he taught until the university was closed after the battle of Jena (1806). Wolf founded his teaching upon the proposition that classical study or "Altertumswissenschaft" should properly deal with all phases of the life and thought of antiquity, as expressed in all the evidence, both literary and monumental, that has been preserved. He saw in classical antiquity a model public and private life, resting on the highest ideals, and the development of the study of antiquity along broad lines since his time may be largely traced to his influence.

In 1807 Wolf went to Berlin, where he was active in the founding of the new university. He became involved in a number of petty quarrels, and in April, 1824, he undertook a journey to Southern France, in the hope of regaining his impaired health, but died at Marseilles in August of the same year. Wolf's fame rests chiefly upon his Prolegomena ad Homerum, published at Halle in 1795. In this work he traced the history of the Homeric poems from about B.C. 950, the date at which he placed the maturity of Ionic poetry, to the time of Pisistratus

1. AZARA'S DOG (Canis Azaræ).

2. COYOTE (Canis latrans).

3. CAPE HUNTING-DOG (Lycaon pictus).

4. MANED WOLF (Canis jubatus).

5. GRAY WOLF (Canis lupus).

6. DINGO (Canis dingo).