of Man, and Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1857 entered the British consular service as clerk to the consul-general at Warsaw, was frequently acting consul-general, and in 1861 became viceconsul. In 1864 he was appointed consul at Danzig, and in 1875 was transferred to Belgrade as British agent and consul-general. In this capacity he displayed wide knowledge of the Eastern question, and in 1879 was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Bucharest, Rumania. In 1886 he was confirmed as Envoy Extraordinary at Constantinople. He exerted himself greatly to obtain the acceptance by the Great Powers of the annexation of Eastern Rumelia to Bulgaria. At Constantinople his knowledge of languages and of Oriental diplomacy made him very successful. In 1888 he received the G.C.B. and membership in the Privy Council.

WHITE, Sir WILLIAM HENRY (1845-). An English naval constructor, born at Devonport. He was educated at the Royal School of Naval Architecture; entered the construction department of the Admiralty; was professor of naval architecture at the Royal School of Naval Architecture and at the Royal Naval College in 187081; organized and directed the department for building warships of the Armstrong Company in 1883-85; and in 1885-92 was director of naval construction and assistant controller of the navy. As director he became the responsible designer of all English vessels of war. His works include: A Manual of Naval Architecture (5th ed. 1900); Architecture and Public Buildings (1884); and A Treatise on Shipbuilding.

WHITE ANT. See TERMITE.

WHIT EAVES, JOSEPH FREDERICK (1835-). An English paleontologist. He was born at Oxford, was educated there, and at London and Brighton, and made a special study of zoology and invertebrate paleontology. In 1861 he removed to Canada. From 1863 to 1874 he was scientific curator and recording secretary of the Natural History Society of Montreal, and from 1867 to 1873 made five deep-sea dredging expeditions to the Gulf and River of Saint Lawrence. He became a member of the Canada Geological Survey in 1874, paleontologist and zoologist to the survey in 1876, and subsequently an assistant director. His publications include important articles on marine invertebrates, on the invertebrate fossils of the upper Cretaceous rocks of Vancouver, and other similar subjects. WHITEBAIT. The young of any kind of herring or related fish, much in request in Great Britain as a delicacy.

THE WHITE BASS.

WHITE BASS, or WHITE PERCH. A striped bass (Roccus chrysops) of the Great Lakes and

Upper Mississippi region, which is silvery, tinged with golden below, and marked with narrow dusky lines on the sides. It remains in deep waters, and is good food. See Plate of BASS. WHITE BAY. See MAGNOLIA.

and

members

WHITEBOYS. The name given to peasant associations in Ireland, formed after 1760, for the purpose of visiting revenge on landlords, tax The the clergy. collectors, committed many outrages on the property and persons of those against whom they entertained grievances. Their depredations took place at night and those engaged in them were protected by blackened faces and white garments. Similar organizations of a somewhat later period assumed the names of 'Hearts of Steel,' 'Hearts of Oak,' and 'Rightboys.' This form of popular justice was personified under the name of 'Captain Rock.'

their disguise, for bodies of men in the United WHITECAPS. A general name, derived from States who assume the function of administering punishment for real or fancied offenses against the community. Their irresponsible acts range from warnings to leave a neighborhood to outrage and violence.

WHITE CEDAR. See LIBOCEDRUS.

WHITECHAPEL. An eastern Parliamentary district of metropolitan London, England, originally named from a certain chapel within its limits. In early times all distances east of London were measured from this chapel. It is one of the poorest and most congested districts of the city. It is traversed by Whitechapel Road, and London Hospital and the Tower of London are within its limits. Population, in 1901, 78,758.

WHITE CINNAMON. See CANELLA. WHITE COMPANY, THE. A name assumed by various bands of thirteenth and fourteenth century freebooters. The first was organized and led by Folquet, Bishop of Toulouse, for the purpose of slaughtering heretics in France. A second commanded by Du Guesclin received its name from the white cross worn upon each member's shoulder. In 1366 he led his marauding company into Spain to support Henry of Trastamara against Pedro the Cruel. A third crossed from France into Italy, and under the banners of Milan and Florence, or as independent freebooters under the command of Sir John Hawkwood, plundered the country until disbanded in

1391.

WHITE CROSS SOCIETY, THE. An organization formed in England in 1883, having for its object the cultivation of social purity and the practice of Christian morality. The movement was introduced into New York City during the winter of 1883-84 in connection with the Protestant Episcopal Church of Saint John the Evangelist by the rector, B. F. De Costa. The extension of the influence of White Cross principles has been widely advocated by the heads of the American Church, and is at the present time closely associated with church work all over the United States. A form of pledge promising to treat women with respect and preserve them from wrong and degradation and to maintain the law of personal purity is given by members joining the society.

WHITE DEVIL, THE, or VITTORIA COROMBONA. A tragedy by Webster, originally performed probably at the Curtain by the Queen's company in the winter of 1608, published in 1612, and revived in 1625 at the Phoenix by Queen Henrietta's servants, and in 1682 at the Theatre Royal by Betterton. It was probably drawn from Italian sources, but bears a striking resemblance to Tourneur's Revenger's Tragedy (1607). In this play and The Duchess of Malfi (acted 1616), Webster pushes the devices of physical horror which characterize the 'tragedy of blood' to their utmost limit.

WHITE EAGLE, ORDER OF THE. A Servian order with five classes commemorating the establishment of the Servian kingdom, founded by King Milan I. in 1882. The decoration is a double-headed eagle of white enamel surmounted by a crown. The oval medallion is red and bears a white cross with flames. On the reverse are the initials M. I. crowned and the date of foundation. See Plate of Orders, under ORDERS. WHITE ELEPHANT. An infrequent Albino type of Asiatic elephant which from its rarity is highly esteemed. Owing to the costly honors paid to such an animal, the term has become proverbial with the meaning of an expensive or unwelcome possession. The 'Land of the White Elephant' is Siam.

A

WHITE ELEPHANT, ORDER OF THE. Siamese order with five classes, founded in 1861. The decoration, which varies slightly for the different classes, is a circular medallion with the elephant in white enamel, surrounded by three wreaths of yellow, red, and green lotus blossoms. See Plate of Orders under ORDERS.

WHITE-EYE, or GLASS-EYE. The wall-eyed pike. See PIKE-PERCH, and Plate of PERCHES.

WHITE-EYE, or SILVER-EYE. A general name for a large group of small, plainly dressed, titmouse-like birds of the genus Zosterops, the many species of which are scattered over the tropics of the Old World, especially in the East, where several species are confined to single islands. Nearly all are yellow on the under surface. They are somewhat doubtfully classified with the honey-eaters (Meliphagidae), and take their English name from the ring of white glistening feathers around the eye in most species. All are sociable, going about in merry flocks, and they have many interesting characteristics. Though mainly insectivorous, they also feed upon fruits, and some are known to the Australians as 'grape-eaters.' Consult Newton, Dictionary of Birds (New York, 1896), and authorities there cited. See Plate of WRENS, WARBLERS, ETC.

WHITE-EYED VIREO. See VIREO. WHITE-EYELID MONKEY. See MANGA

BEY.

WHITE FALCON, ORDER OF THE. A grand ducal order of Weimar, founded by Duke Ernest Augustus in 1732, and renewed in 1815 by Charles Augustus. In its present form it has four classes and a silver cross, added in 1878. The decoration, a green star of eight points, with red stars between the arms, bears a white falcon, and the motto, Vigilando Ascendimus, on a blue ground.

WHITEFIELD, whit'feld, GEORGE (1714-70). An English evangelist and founder of the Calvinistic Methodists. He was born at the Bell Inn, Gloucester, and was sent to a classical school for three years, where he distinguished himself more by his histrionic achievements than by zeal for study. In 1732 he was admitted as a servitor at Pembroke College, Oxford, and graduated B.A. in 1736. At Oxford he met the Wesleys and with them founded the 'Holy Club.' He was ordained deacon in 1736, and soon went to London. In 1738 he followed the Wesleys to the Georgia Plantations and remained four months, when he returned to England for his priest's orders and to collect money for an He found that his association with the Wesleys orphanage which he had founded in the colony. had raised prejudice against him; nevertheless he was ordained priest by Bishop Benson (1739). He began open-air preaching at Moorfields, Kensington, Blackheath, and elsewhere, and after this seems to have preached by preference in the open air. Great crowds came together to hear him. In 1739, having collected more than £1000 for his orphanage, he returned to America. He landed at New York and proceeded thence to Georgia, preaching with great success on the way. The first brick of the orphan asylum was laid in March, 1740, and the name of Bethesda was given to the institution. He preached to large audiences in Savannah and also in Philadelphia and Boston, which he visited in 1740. tional ways of preaching and conducting services brought him into strained relations with the Church, and about this time doctrinal differences led to his separation from Wesley. The two men differed widely in theology, Whitefield being a rigid Calvinist. Nevertheless they continued friends nearly all their lives. In 1741 Whitefield returned to England and preached with his usual zeal and eloquence, making tours into Wales and Scotland. He presided at the first conference of

His association with dissenters and unconven

Calvinistic Methodists held at Watford in 1743, and at the second conference a few months later was chosen perpetual moderator in England.

In 1744 he again sailed for New York, and was again enthusiastically received in America, although his irregular ways stirred up opposition. Hoping to benefit his health, in 1748 he visited the Bermudas and preached twice each day on the various islands of the group. On his return to England in 1748 he found his congregation scattered. He was also in pecuniary difficulties, as he had sold most of his property for the bene fit of the Georgia orphanage. With the help of his friends, however, he gradually paid off his debts. About this time the Countess of Huntingdon (q.v.) made him her chaplain and gave him the opportunity of preaching to certain of the nobility at her house. She helped him materially in all his enterprises and built and endowed chapels to maintain his doctrines. 1751 Whitefield visited Ireland and Scotland and made a fourth voyage to America. On his return to London he took up the project of a new tabernacle, which was opened June 10, 1753. After preaching in it a few times he went on another evangelistic tour, traveling 1200 miles and preaching many times. In 1754-55 he was again in America. In September, 1756, he opened a new chapel at Tottenham Court Road. He visited America for the sixth time in 1763-65. His

In

On

health was poor at this time and his power of preaching somewhat impaired. In October, 1765, he dedicated the Countess of Huntingdon's chapel at Bath, opened her college at Trevecca in August, 1768, and dedicated the chapel at Tunbridge Wells in July, 1769. Two or three months later he sailed for the seventh time for America. He went to Savannah, and preached much in Pennsylvania and New England. September 29, 1770, after preaching for two hours at Exeter, N. H., he went to Newburyport, Mass., where he died the next morning. He is buried in the Church of Newburyport. Whitefield is said to have preached more than 18,000 sermons. His great power was due to his delivery rather than to the matter of his discourses, and his writings do not sustain the impression derived from the accounts of his preaching. He was not an organizer, and his congregations scattered as soon as he left them. Many of his converts united with the Methodists. A number of his sermons and journals were collected and published in six volumes, with a seventh volume of Memoirs by John Gillies (London, 1771-72). Of the many later biographies, that by Tyerman (London, 1876-77) is the most complete.

WHITEFISH. One of the many important fishes of the genus Coregonus, of the salmon family, of which about fifteen species inhabit the lakes and streams of Northern Europe, Asia, and America. They have an elongated, compressed body, with a conical head, projecting snout, and a small, toothless mouth. The scales are larger than in the other salmon, the caudal fin is deeply forked, and the dorsal fin is followed by an adipose dorsal. They are bluish olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below. The most familiar species is the common whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis), which exists throughout the Great Lakes and adjacent waters, and is the most important fresh-water fish in America. The annual catch of whitefish in Canada and the United States is about 30,000,000 pounds, representing a value of $1,500,000. Whitefish reach size of twenty pounds in rare cases, the average weight being about four pounds. They remain in deep water for the most part, but during the spawning season, which is in autumn, and at certain other times, for purposes which are not yet clear, they migrate to shallower water in great shoals. They live mainly on small crustaceans, mollusks, insects, and larvæ. A single fish will yield from 25,000 to 75,000 eggs, which are extensively propagated artificially by the United States Fish Commission.

a

The Rocky Mountain whitefish, or 'mountain herring' (Coregonus Williamsoni), is an excellent species numerous in clear streams from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast; it is a favorite of anglers, as it will take a fly. The broad whitefish or 'muksun' (Coregonus Kennicotti) is the best known of several Arctic species. The humpback' (Coregonus Nelsoni) is Alaskan. The 'Sault' whitefish (Coregonus Labradoricus) is a fine species numerous in all clear lakes and streams from Lake Winnipeg to Labrador and southward into the Adirondack and White Mountains, where it is known as the whiting of Lake Winnipisiogee.' The lakes from New England northeastward to Alaska contain a valuable species of dark color (Coregonus quadrilateralis) called 'roundfish,' 'shadwaiter,' 'Me

VOL. XVII.-45.

nominee whitefish,' 'pilot-fish,' etc. The ciscoes (q.v.) constitute another and closely related group (the genus Argyrosomus) containing several useful species, as the cisco, bluefin, tullibee, and others (qq.v.). The inconnu is another 'whitefish,' of the genus Stenodus.

Consult Jordan and Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, 1896). See SALMON; and Plate of WHITEFISH, ETC.

WHITEFRIARS. A region in London near Fleet Street, where a monastery of the Carmelites, dating from the thirteenth century, formerly stood. Until the end of the seventeenth century it formed a place of sanctuary for debtors

and criminals. See ALSATIA.
WHITE GOAT.
WHITE GOAT.

See ROCKY MOUNTAIN

WHITEHALL. A former palace in London, once the residence of Hubert de Burgh. In the middle of the thirteenth century it was the London residence of the archbishops of York, and was known as York Place. After the death of Wolsey it became Crown property, and was called Whitehall. Henry VIII. enlarged the palace and James I. planned to replace it after a fire in 1615 from designs by Inigo Jones, but only the banqueting hall was built, and is the only existing portion of the palace, the remainder having been destroyed by the fires of 1691 and 1697. The hall, a fine specimen of Palladian architecture, 111 feet in length and 55% feet in breadth and height, has ceiling paintings by Rubens representing the apotheosis of James I. and scenes from the career of Charles I. Whitehall was the scene of Wolsey's disgrace, Henry VIII.'s death, the execution of Charles I., who was led to the scaffold from the banqueting hall, and the deaths of Cromwell and Charles II. The hall was converted by George I. into a royal chapel. The street leading from Trafalgar Square to Westminster, in which the palace It contains a stood, is known as Whitehall. number of public buildings, including the Horse Guards, Treasury, and new public offices.

WHITE HALL. A village in Washington County, N. Y., 24 miles west by south of Rutland, Vt., at the head of Lake Champlain, on the Champlain Canal, and on the Delaware and Hudson Railroad (Map: New York, G 2). It has large lumber interests, and is engaged in the manufacture of silk. There are also railroad shops and several smaller industrial establishments. The government is vested in a president, chosen annually, and a board of trustees. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 4434; in 1900, 4377. Whitehall was settled in 1761 by Major Philip Skene, at the head of about thirty families, and in November, 1763, it was incorporated by patent. On the approach of the Revolutionary War Skene became a Loyalist, and in 1775 the Americans took possession of his property, at the same time that they seized Ticonderoga. An American garrison was stationed here from 1776 until the approach of Burgoyne's army, when the fort was blown up and the houses, mills, etc., were burned to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. At the close of the war the whole Skene property was sold to the highest bidder for £14 10s. In the War of 1812 the fort and blockhouse were