laboratories. In addition to being the head of a number of corporations, capitalized at some $75,000,000 and employing over 20,000 people, Westinghouse established large factories and works in Europe. He was decorated with the French Legion of Honor, the Royal Crown of Italy, and the Order of Leopold. Westinghouse's work in mechanical engineering has always been typical of the best American practice both in the field of invention and in the organization and operation of manufacturing plants, and few works have been operated on a larger scale or more efficiently than those under his control.

WEST LAKE, JOHN (1828-). An English legal scholar, born at Lostwithiel, Cornwall. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1850, was fellow of the college in 1851-60, was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1854, and became a bencher of the Inn in 1874. In 1885 he was elected to Parliament as Liberal member for the Romford Division of Essex, in 1888 was appointed professor of international law in the University of Cambridge, and in 1899 was a member for Great Britain of the International

Court of Arbitration at The Hague. His pub

lications include: A Treatise on Private International Law (1858; 2d ed., rewritten, 1880; 3d ed. 1890); and Chapters on the Principles of International Law (1894).

WEST LOTHIAN. A county of Scotland. See LINLITHGOW.

WEST MACOTT.

A family of distinguished English sculptors.-Sir RICHARD WESTMACOTT (1775-1856), the first to attain eminence, was the son and pupil of Richard Westmacott, also a sculptor. In 1793 his father sent him to Rome, where he received his actual artistic training from Canova, carrying off the gold medal of the Academy of Saint Luke with his bas-relief of "Joseph and His Brethren." In the same year (1795) he was made a member of the Florentine Academy. Returning to London in 1797, he was in 1811 elected Academician, and in 1827 succeeded Flaxman as professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy. His commissions included, besides public works in England, a number for India and the colonies. Among the most important were the statues of Addison, Pitt, Fox, and Percival in Westminster; the monuments to Abercromby, Collingwood, Captain Cook, and General Pakenham in Saint Paul's; a colossal bronze statue of Achilles in Hyde Park, after the original on Monte Cavallo at Rome; and the statue of the Duke of York on the column in Waterloo Place. One of his latest works was the pediment groups representing the "Progress of Civilization," executed for the British Museum (1847). In 1837 he was knighted. After retiring from his profession he continued to lecture until 1854, and died in London, September 1, 1856.

His son and pupil, RICHARD WESTMACOTT (1799-1872), born in London, was also a sculptor. After studying at the Royal Academy from 1820 to 1826 he resided in Italy, devoting himself to ancient sculpture and its history. His earliest works, exhibited at the Royal Academy, were ideal figures, but from 1840 until 1855, when he retired from his profession, he was principally engaged in monumental sculptures, and in portrait busts like those of John Henry Newman,

Lord Russell, Sir Roderick Murchison, and others. From 1857 to 1867 he was professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy, in which office he succeeded his father. Westmacott was also well known as a writer and lecturer on art subjects, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1837. He was the author of the Handbook of Ancient and Modern Sculpture (1864).

WEST MEATH. An inland county of the Province of Leinster, Ireland, bounded, north by the counties of Cavan and Meath, east by Meath, south by King's County, and west by Roscommon (Map: Ireland, D 3). Area, 708 square miles, largely devoted to pasturage. Chief towns, Athlone and Mullingar, the capital. Population, in 1841, 141,600; in 1901, 61,500.

WEST MINSTER. A metropolitan borough of London, England, on the left bank of the Thames, southwest of the city so called. In this borough the laws and fashions of Great Britain are made, and the Government officials and aristocracy dwell. It contains the Houses of Parliament, the Government offices, Westminster

Abbey, Saint James's Palace, Buckingham Palace, Belgrave Square, the eastern end of Hyde Park, Green Park, Trafalgar Square, the Mall, Pall Mall, Piccadilly, Whitehall, and Charing Cross and Victoria stations. Population, in 1901, 182,977.

WESTMINSTER.

The county-seat of Carroll County, Md., 33 miles northwest of Baltimore, on the Patapsco River, and on the Western Maryland Railroad (Map: Maryland, K 2). It is the seat of the Western Maryland College (Methodist Protestant), opened in 1868, and of the Westminster Theological Seminary (Metho dist Protestant), opened in 1882. Other features are the homes of the fraternal organizations and the county court-house. The city is surrounded by a region having extensive marble quarries and other mineral wealth, and manufactures flour, canned goods, shirts, etc. Founded in 1764, Westminster was incorporated as a borough in 1838, and was chartered as a city twenty years later. Population, in 1890, 2903; in 1900, 3199.

WESTMINSTER, HUGH LUPUS GROSVENOR, Duke of (1825-99). An English nobleman. He was born in London and was the son of Richard, second Marquis of Westminster. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford; was member of Parliament for Chester from 1847 to 1868; succeeded to the Marquisate in 1869; was created Duke in 1874, and held several high official positions, including that of Lord Lieutenant of the County of

London in 1888. His vast landed estates won for him the reputation of the wealthiest of English nobles.

He was an active and steadfast supporter of Gladstone during that statesman's crusade against the Turkish atrocities in Armenia. He was succeeded by his grandson, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor (1879-), the second Duke of Westminster.

WESTMINSTER, PROVISIONS OF. In English history, a number of ordinances enacted in October, 1259, supplementary to the well-known Provisions of Oxford (q.v.) and intended to meet the special grievances of the barons. See ENGLAND; MONTFORT, SIMON DE.

WESTMINSTER ABBEY. One of the principal churches, and, in a peculiar sense, the national sanctuary, of England. It was originally the abbey church of a monastery founded in the reign of King Offar of Mercia, and reorganized by Dunstan in 971. The first church is said to have been built by King Sebert of Essex (616) on Thorney Isle, in the Thames. The foundation did not, however, achieve importance until the reign of Edward the Confessor, who had a palace at Westminster, and in 1049-65 built a church on the present site, dedicated to Saint Peter, whence the present official name of Westminster Abbey, the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter. In the later thirteenth century Henry III. undertook the reconstruction of the church, which was consecrated in 1269, and the work was continued by his successors, the nave not having been completed until the fifteenth century. The chapel of Henry VII. was added in 1502-20 under Henry VIII., and the two west towers by Sir Christopher Wren and Hawkesmore (1722-40), and the north transept was restored in 1890. The Abbey was heavily endowed and under the special protection of the Kings of England, whose palace was at Westminster. It was disendowed during the Reformation as a cathedral (1540-50), but restored by Queen Mary, and received its present organization, under a dean and twelve canons, from Elizabeth.

Westminster Abbey is one of the largest and best examples of the early English style. More than any other, it shows the French influence, in its polygonal apse and chapels, the loftiness of the nave and heavy flying buttresses. Its proportions are grandiose. The total exterior length, including Henry VII.'s chapel, is 423 feet 6 inches; the breadth is 71 feet 9 inches, for nave and aisles, and 203 feet 2 inches across the transepts. The nave is the loftiest in England (101 feet 8 inches); the towers measure 225 feet 4 inches. The imposing effect of the interior, with its beautiful stone and fine glass windows, is somewhat marred by restorations and the monuments. The Chapel of Henry VII., forming the apsidal termination of the Abbey, is a very remarkable structure in the Perpendicular style (late Gothic), having a ceiling vaulted with fan tracery of the highest and most elegant character imaginable. The beautiful oak choir stalls are appropriated by the Knights of the Bath, each seat bearing the armorial bearings of the occupant, whose sword and banner hang overhead.

Of all English churches none is so intimately connected with the national life and history. English kings since William the Conqueror have been crowned there, and there the ancient regalia (q.v.) were kept till their destruction under the Commonwealth. The coronation chair, containing the ancient Stone of Scone, brought by Edward I. from Scotland, still stands in the Chapel of Edward the Confessor. In Westminster Abbey lie buried thirteen kings, including Edward the Confessor, and others from Henry III. to George II., five sovereign queens, besides the consorts and descendants of kings. Among the most celebrated tombs are the Shrine of Edward the Confessor, erected by Henry III. in that saint's chapel, and the tombs of Henry VII. and his consort, Elizabeth of York, beauti

ful marble effigies, by the Florentine sculptor Torrigiano. The practice of interring courtiers, statesmen, and soldiers in the Abbey began under Richard II., and continues to be practiced. The two Pitts, Fox, Palmerston, Warren Hastings, and other modern statesmen too numerous to mention have been accorded this honor. In the Poets' Corner (South Transept) repose some of England's greatest poets, Chaucer, Spenser, Dryden, Gray, and others, and near by rest the men of letters. There are places for theologians, actors, musicians, artists, and scientists. By no means all of England's great men have been offered or accepted the honor of interment in the Abbey; but for such special statues, busts, or tablets frequently are erected there. With a few exceptions, all these monuments are disappointing from the artistic standpoint. On the east side of the Abbey is the Chapter House, a beautiful octagonal Gothic hall, in which from 1282 till 1547 the House of Commons assembled. The Jerusalem Chamber, to the southwest of the Abbey, and so called because of its former decorations, is celebrated as the death-chamber of Henry IV. Westminster School, founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1560 from revenues of the Abbey, occupies the ancient dormitory of the Abbey as a schoolroom and its refectory as a dining-room. The latter contains some ancient tapestry and stained glass.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The best and most complete of the numerous works on Westminster Abbey and its monuments are those of Neale and Brayley (London, 1818), Dean Stanley (ib., 1886), and Loftie (ib., 1890). For its architectural features, consult the work of Gilbert Scott (ib., 1862).

WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY. See CREEDS AND CONFESSIONS.

WESTMINSTER HALL. The great hall of the ancient Palace of Westminster, now used as a vestibule to the Houses of Parliament. The Hall, begun by William Rufus in 1097, was destroyed by fire in 1291. Its present form is due to Richard II., who had the walls buttressed and the wooden roof added (1398). This ceiling, covering without columnar support a hall 290 feet long, 68 feet broad, and 92 feet high, is one of the most remarkable pieces of timber architecture in existence, both as to beauty and constructive skill. No other hall in England is as rich in historical associations. Here the King, surrounded by his chaplains, heard legal cases and its builder, Richard II., was deposed in it, as administered justice. A year after its completion was Edward II. before him; Charles I. received in it the death sentence, and a few years later Cromwell was installed here. Among the great men condemned here were Sir William Wallace, Earl of Strafford. Here the seven bishops who Sir John Oldcastle, Sir Thomas More, and the opposed James II. were acquitted, as was Warren Hastings. The hall was used for great public festivals, as during the coronation ceremonies, or

when the Lord Mayor was sworn into office, for the last time in 1882.

WESTMINSTER PALACE. The ancient palace by this name was built by Edward the Confessor, perhaps on the site of an earlier structure. It was improved and altered from