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WAVERLY. The county-seat of Bremer County, Iowa, 71 miles northwest of Cedar Rapids, on the Red Cedar River, and on the Chicago Great Western, the Illinois Central, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map: Iowa, E 2). It has the Wartburg Teachers' Seminary and Academy, and a public library. Waverly is the commercial centre of a farming, dairying, and cattle-breeding section, and carries on considerable trade also in its manufactured products, which include condensed milk, butter, cheese, canned goods, fruit, paint, etc. The water-works are the property of the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2346; in 1900, 3177.

WAVERLY. A village in Tioga County, N. Y., 18 miles southeast of Elmira, on the Cayuta Creek, and on the Erie, the Lehigh Valley, and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western railroads (Map: New York, D 3). It is surrounded by a dairying and farming section, and manufactures stove pipe, furniture, baskets, butter packages, etc. Waverly is also an important distributing point for the Wyoming Valley coal fields. The government is vested in a president, chosen annually, and a board of trustees. verly was settled about 1810, and was incorporated in 1854. Population, in 1890, 4123; in 1900,

4465.

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WAVES (AS. wafian, to wave, fluctuate, waver, MHG. waben, to wave, Bavarian Ger. waiben, to waver, totter). Wave-motions are of two kinds; one is the advance of a disturbance into a medium, and the other is its advance along a surface. Illustrations of the former kind are given by waves produced in air or in the interior of water by a vibrating body such as a bell, and those produced in the ether by an electrical or atomic vibration; illustrations of the latter kind are given by waves on the surface of a lake or ocean. The former class of waves are due to the elasticity and inertia of the medium; and the velocity with which the disturbance spreads out from the vibrating centre depends upon these two properties of the fluid alone. Elastic waves in homogenous media have a velocity given E by the formula velocity where E is d the coefficient of elasticity and d is the density. See ACOUSTICS; ETHER; ELECTRICITY.

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Waves on the surface of a liquid are due to the action of gravitation, which tends to make the surface of a liquid horizontal (to the surface-tension if the waves are nothing but ripples), and to the inertia of the liquid. (For a discussion of these 'water-waves,' see HYDROSTATICS.) The 'wave-front' of a train of waves is the surface which at any instant includes all those points of the medium which the disturbances have just reached; or, more generally, it is a surface in the medium including those points where the motion is in the same 'phase.' The wave-front from a point source is a sphere in the case of an elastic wave in an isotropic medium; it is a circle for waves on the surface of water. Since all waves consist in the motion of portions of matter, and since the medium carrying the waves is not in its natural position or condition, there is both kinetic and potential energy associated with wave-motion. This energy is lost by the vibrating source and gained by the body

absorbing the waves. The ‘intensity' of the waves is defined to be the energy carried in unit time through an area of one square centimeter of surface at right angles to the direction of advance of the waves. Thus, if the source of waves is a point and if the energy emitted per unit time is E, the intensity of the waves at a disE tance r, is I1 = because the area of the surface of a sphere of radius r1, inclosing the point-source as a centre, is 4. Similarly, the

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or the intensity of the waves from a point-source varies inversely as the square of the distance.

Since waves are due to some vibrating centre, the simplest type of train of waves will be one produced by the simplest vibration, that is a simple harmonic vibration, such as that of a tuning fork in the case of aërial waves. A train of waves produced by a simple harmonie vibration is called a simple harmonic train. It is characterized by its 'amplitude' and its 'wavelength' or 'wave-number The amplitude is the extent of the vibration of any individual particle of the medium owing to the passage of the waves. The wave-length is the distance from any one point in the medium to the next point, in the direction of advance of the waves, where the conditions are at any instant exactly the same— dium and in its velocity. The wave-number is both in displacement of the particle of the methe number of complete vibrations which each particle of the medium makes in one second; or, what is the same thing, it is the number of waves which pass any one point of the medium in one second. The velocity of the train of waves is, then, obviously the product of the wave-length and the wave-number. Moreover, since, in the case of waves due to the elasticity of a homoelasticity and inertia alone, it is the same for geneous medium, their velocity depends upon the dium, if the wave-length is known, the wavewaves of all lengths. Therefore, for a given menumber may be at once calculated. If the medium is not homogeneous, waves of different length have different velocities. (See LIGHT and DISPERSION.) It is not difficult to prove that the energy carried by a train of waves varies as the square of the amplitude; and, since in the case of waves emitted by a point-source the intensity of the waves varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source, the amplitude of the waves must vary inversely as the distance itself.

A complex vibration, made up of several simple harmonic vibrations, will produce a complex train of waves which is equivalent to the superposition of several trains of simple harmonic waves. The characteristics of such a complex train of waves are, first, the number of the component trains, and, secondly, their amplitudes, wave-numbers, and relative 'phases.' relative phases is simply meant their relative positions in the medium. (See ACOUSTICS.) As trains of waves pass through any medium some energy is always absorbed, as is shown by the gradual decrease in amplitude. This is called attenuation;' and it is found that long waves

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are less attenuated than short ones in general. Consequently, as a complex train of waves advances, its different component trains are attenuated to different degrees, and the 'shape' of the wave changes. This is called 'distortion.' If the inertia of the medium is very great, the attenuation is diminished, and the distortion almost vanishes. Waves along stretched cords are special cases of elastic waves. See ACOUSTICS. STATIONARY WAVES are the particular kind of vibration observed in stretched cords, the air in organ-pipes, etc. (See ACOUSTICS.) It is evident that, if waves are sent down a stretched rope toward the end which is fastened to some rigid support, they will be reflected when they reach the end. Consequently, if waves are continued to be produced, there will be in the rope at any instant two trains of waves of the same wave-length, velocity, and amplitude, but advancing in opposite directions. It must happen at certain points in the rope that one train of waves neutralizes the action of the other; and it is evident that these points must lie at a distance of half a wave-length apart. These positions of no motion are called 'nodes;' and the fixed end of the rope is one. In between two nodes the rope vibrates exactly like a short rope of a length equal to the distance from node to node and fastened at its two ends. A point midway between two nodes is called a 'loop.' If a long rope is hanging vertically from a balcony, with its lower end free, waves sent down it will be reflected; and there will be nodes and loops as before, only in this case the free end is a loop. Such a vibration is called a 'stationary wave,' an extremely poor name, because it is not a wave-motion at all. The vibrations of the air in an organ-pipe are of this kind; the nodes are points where there is the least motion but the greatest fluctuation in pressure, while the loops are the points of greatest motion but the least change in pressure. The open end of an organpipe is a loop. The effect of opening a hole in a flute is to make that point a loop and thus alter the vibration of the column of air. Stationary waves may be produced by the ether-waves, as has been shown by Wiener and others. See LIGHT; for Electrical Waves, see ELECTRICITY, paragraphs on Alternating Currents and Electrical Waves Along Conductors.

WAVRE, vä'vr'. A town of the Province of Brabant, Belgium, on the Dyle, 15 miles south east of Brussels (Map: Belgium, C 4). There are breweries, tanneries, paper mills, and cotton manufactures. Population, in 1899, 8200. Here on July 18, 1815, after their defeat at Ligny (q.v.), the Prussians under Thielmann repulsed a greatly superior force of the French under Grouchy, and thereby prevented the latter from bringing timely assistance to Napoleon at Waterloo (q.v.).

WAVRIN, våʼvrăn' (or WAURIN), JEHAN DE, Seigneur du Forestel (c.1394-c.1474). A French chronicler of England, whose work covers the history of Great Britain, both real and fabled, from the earliest time to 1471. It has been edited by Sir W. Hardy and translated by E. L. C. P. Hardy, under the title "Recueil des Croniques et anciennes Istories de la Grant Bretaigne à présent nommé Engleterre” (“Master of Rolls Series," (1864-91). Consult Anciennes cro

niques d'Engleterre, choix de chapitres inédits, edited by Mlle. Dupont (publications Société de l'Histoire de France, Paris, 1858-63).

WAXES. A class of substances of animal or vegetable origin containing mainly one or more esters (q.v.) composed of higher monatomic or diatomic alcohols and higher fatty acids. Waxes have a somewhat characteristic consistence, similar to that of their prototype, beeswax, although some (e.g. the so-called sperm oil) are liquid, and others (e.g. carnauba wax) are so hard that they can be readily pulverized in a mortar. The principal difference, chemically, between waxes and fats consists in the fact that the alcohol found combined in the latter is ordinary glycerin (a tri-atomic alcohol). The term waxes, however, as used commercially, is often extended to substances having a 'waxy' consistence, but containing no ester of a monatomic or diatomic alcohol at all. Thus the so-called 'Japan wax' is really a fat, almost entirely composed of glycerin and palmitic acid; the so-called 'myrtle wax' consists of about 20 per cent. of tri-palmitin (i.e. the fat composed of glycerin and palmitic acid) and about 80 per cent. of free palmitic acid. On the other hand, the term 'oil,' which is generally applied to the true liquid fats, is in commercial usage extended also to liquid waxes, like the sperm oil already mentioned. Free fatty acids (as well as free monatomic or diatomic alcohols and hydrocarbons) are found also, in limited quantities, in the true waxes. But if waxes are at all to be classed separately from the fats, the term waxes should not be applied to materials containing glycerides, and the term oils should not be applied to materials containing no glycerides and composed chiefly of the substances that characterize the true waxes.

Of course, since the true waxes contain no glycerin, the latter does not appear among their saponification products, nor can acrolein be produced during their combustion. (See FATS.) Another difference between waxes and fats becomes apparent when they are subjected to processes of saponification. Thus, while any fat may be more or less readily saponified by alkalies dissolved in water, waxes can hardly be thus saponified at all, so that it is necessary to use potash or soda dissolved in alcohol when it is

required to effect the saponification of a true wax. The following paragraphs contain accounts of the principal waxes known. They may be divided into liquid and solid waxes, the former including sperm oil and bottlenose oil, both of animal origin. The solid waxes may be subdivided into those of animal and those of vegetable origin. The former include spermaceti, beeswax, wool wax, and serum wax. The solid waxes of vegetable origin include carnauba wax, Chinese wax, opium wax, palm wax, ocuba wax, getah wax, ocotilla wax, and cottonseed wax.

SPERM OIL. This is derived from the head matter of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). The blubber, i.e. the material containing the wax, when tried out yields a crude oily liquid composed chiefly of sperm oil and spermaceti (see below), the latter being subsequently removed by chilling and pressure. Sperm oil is a pale yellow thin liquid with a slight odor. Its specific gravity is from 0.875 to 0.880. If of good quality it contains very little free

Its

fatty acid. The composition of sperm oil is as yet in dispute. By some authorities it is said to contain dodecatyl and cetyl alcohols. viscosity, which is high for a low-gravity oil, does not change materially with rise of temperature as is the case with fatty oils, and, as it is a non-drying substance and not liable to become rancid, it has long been a favorite lubricant for light high-speed machinery. Sperm oil is often largely adulterated, mainly with other fish oils. These are usually quite easy to detect by their odor, especially on heating. Mineral oils can be best detected by the flash test. (See OILS.) As an illuminant sperm oil has been almost en tirely superseded by the cheaper mineral oils.

BOTTLENOSE OIL. This is derived from the socalled Arctic sperm whale (Hyperoödon rostra tus). It is a liquid darker than sperm oil and has a peculiar and characteristic taste and odor. It is more likely to gum than sperm oil. But chemically considered the two liquid waxes are probably identical, the main constituent of either being the ester composed of dodecaty! alcohol and doeglic acid. Bottlenose oil is chiefly used as a lubricant and as an adulterant for sperm oil.

SPERMACETI. This is the solid crystalline wax occurring with sperm oil (see above) in the head matter of the sperm whale. It is isolated by chilling and pressure. Crude spermaceti, which has a brown or yellow color and a scaly structure, is treated with caustic potash, which bleaches it and removes traces of oil. The product is white, semi-transparent, solid, odorless, and tasteless. It melts at 45° C. (113° F.). Its specific gravity is 0.943. Chemically spermaceti is almost pure cetyl palmitate. It is largely used in candle-making, pharmacy, and confectionery. In burning it gives a clear smokeless flame. Spermaceti is not often adulterated, as any admixture would interfere with its peculiar transparency and crystalline structure.

BEESWAX. This is the material secreted by the common honey bees and used by them to construct the comb. It is obtained in the crude state by melting the comb over hot water and washing several times to remove soluble and suspended impurities. The natural color is yellow, but it may be bleached by the prolonged action of sunlight or of various oxidizing agents, such as the bichromate or permanganate of potassium and sulphuric acid, or nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, etc. Bleached wax is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. It consists chiefly of myricyl palmitate with some free cerotic acid. It melts at 63° C. (154.4° F.) and has a specific gravity of 0.965 to 0.969. It is often adulterated with water, starch, flour, stearin, paraffin, ceresin, tallow, vegetable wax, or white mineral substances. While some of these adulterants are very easy to detect, others require the work of a skilled analyst. It has been stated that beeswax invariably contains pollen. This may, of course, be detected by means of the microscope. Beeswax is still used for making candles. It is also used in the preparation of water-proofing materials, as a furniture polish, and in phar

macy.

CHINESE WAX. This is secreted by the Coccus ceriferus (an insect) and deposited on the twigs of the Chinese ash. From these it is removed by hand and melted in hot water to remove me

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chanical impurities. The wax is a hard, white, crystalline solid, without taste or smell. somewhat resembles spermaceti, but is harder and more fibrous. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and completely so in light hydrocarbons. It consists chiefly of ceryl cerotate. Its specific gravity is 0.970 and its melting-point is 82° to 83° C. (about 180° F.). It is used in the East as a substitute for beeswax, but is rarely brought to the United States.

WOOL WAX. This is obtained as a by-product in the wool-washing process, either by alkaline water or by some hydrocarbon solvent. Wool wax is in reality the sweat of the sheep exuding from the skin of the animal, and is a very complex mixture, but contains among other compounds large quantities of the stearic and palmitic esters of cholesterin and iso-cholesterin, and potassium salts of various fatty acids. As prepared by acidifying the wash waters, or distilling off the organic solvent, it is a dark brown compound with a disagreeable odor resembling that of the sheep; by repeated washing in water the soluble compounds are removed, the residue is melted over water, cooled, and allowed to solidify. In this purified state wool wax is a pale-yellow, soft, translucent substance with little if any odor. Its specific gravity is 0.973. One of the most remarkable properties of this substance is its capacity for combining mechanically with as much as 80 per cent. of its weight of water. The neutral wax with 22 to 25 per cent. of water is sold under the name of lanolin and is used in pharmacy as a basis for ointments. Wool wax is used as a leather-dressing and as a lubricant for wool yarn.

CARNAUBA WAX. This is derived from a species of palm (Copernica cerifera) indigenous to Brazil. The wax forms a coating on the leaves and is removed by shaking and pounding the trees. The raw wax is of a dirty greenish-yellow color and so hard that it can be readily pulverized. When pure it is odorless and tasteless, melts at 83° to 88° C. (186.5° to 190.5° F.), and has a specific gravity of 0.990 to 0.999. Its composition is very complex. Its main ingredient is myricyl cerotate, with small quantities of free cerotic acid and myricyl alcohol. Besides these, there are present a hydrocarbon melting at 59° C. (138° F.), a diatomic alcohol, and carnaubic acid. The wax is chiefly used in the manufacture of candles and wax varnishes, and as an admixture with commercial stearic acid, cerasin, and paraffin, for the purpose of raising their melting-points.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sedna, Das Wachs und seine technische Verwendung (Vienna, 1886); Schaedler, Die Untersuchung der Fette, Oele und Wachsarten (Leipzig, 1898); Alder Wright, Oils, Fats, and Waxes (London, 1894); Benedikt, Commercial Analysis of Oils, Fats, and Waxes (trans. by Lewkowitsch, London, 1895); Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis (Philadelphia, 1899). See BEESWAX; FATS; OILS; ESTERS.

WAX, MINERAL. See OzoCERITE.

WAXAHACHIE, wǎks'å-hăch'è. The countyseat of Ellis County, Tex., 30 miles south of Dallas, on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the Houston and Texas Central railroads (Map: Texas, F 3). It is the shipping point of one of the richest farming sections in the State, a dis

trict which produces cotton, wheat, oats, corn, etc. Cotton gins, a cottonseed-oil mill, a flour mill, and lumber yards are among the more important industrial establishments. The waterworks are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3076; in 1900, 4215.

WAXBILL. One of several weaver-birds

(q.v.) having a coral-red, waxy beak; especially

the astrild (Estrilda astrilda), a near relative of the amidavad (q.v.)—a common cage-bird. WAX CLUSTER. See GAULTIERIA.

WAX-INSECT. A name for two or more scale-insects, but also equally applicable to several other insects. Ericerus pela, called by the Chinese lah-shoo, which makes the so-called Chinese white wax, is found about the beginning of June on the branches of an ash (Fraxinus Sinensis) and certain other trees. It has long been cultivated in China for its wax, which is used chiefly in candle-making, although the industry has declined since the introduction into China of kerosene oil. Though little is known of the insect, it is altogether likely the females produce larger quantities than the winged males, which are popularly reputed to be producers. It is said that the wax is scraped off of the branches toward the end of August, melted with boiling water, and strained through cloth. The insect has been introduced into Algeria by the French. The East Indian wax-insect (Ceroplastes ceriferus), which is found on Celastrus ceriferus and other trees, is rather rare and has not been used commercially. Its wax is not altogether suitable for candle-making, as both the wax itself and its mixtures with olive oil burn with a dim, smoky light, and give out a resinous odor. The wax, which is reputed medicinal, is sweet when fresh and is eaten by children.

Two American scale-insects, the barnacle scale (Ceroplastes cirripediformis) and Ceroplastes Floridensis, are known as wax-scales. No commercial use has been made of their wax. Nearly all of the Coccidæ secrete wax in varying proportions, most of them only in small amounts. Several species of the genus Icerya, however, secrete large quantities. In Icerya Egyptiacum and Icerya Montserratensis wax is secreted to form the egg-sac and also in long filaments which so readily break off that a jar or a shake of a badly infested tree will bring down the wax in quantity. In the genus Pulvinaria also white wax is secreted for the protection of eggs.

Certain of the lantern-flies (q.v.) of the family Fulgoride secrete large quantities of a white flocculent wax, and in tropical America the small lantern-flies of the genus Phenax fly about with large masses of this waxy substance sometimes twice as long as their bodies. This fulgorid wax is said to be used in China for candles, etc. The larvæ of an East Indian species (Phromnia marginella) are covered with masses of white wax which is secreted by small glands distributed over the abdomen.

Various plant-lice or aphids (q.v.), especially the genera Pemphigus, Chermes, and Schizoneura, also secrete white wax from glands which replace the honey-tubes. One species (Lachnus longistigma) infests certain coniferous trees in the United States, and when abundant the insects may be scraped off and sifted to obtain the wax. Some of the Psyllidæ also produce waxen threads.

Certain caterpillars secrete wax, as the larva of
one of the Tortricidæ (Retinia resinella) and of a
butterfly (Parnassius apollo); the bodies of cer-
tain sawfly larvæ are covered with a white,
powdery, waxen secretion, in one case (genus Se-
landria) nearly concealing the body. The wax in
all of these insects is secreted by small one-
distributed nearly all over the body, but in the
celled skin-glands which in the Hemiptera are
bees are restricted either to the under or upper
side of the end of the abdomen. See BEES.
WAX-MOTH, or HONEY MOTH. See BEE,
paragraph Winter Life and Enemies.

WAX-MYRTLE. See CANDLEBERRY.
WAX-SHRUB. See CANDLEBERRY.

WAXWING, or CHATTERER. Any bird of the genus Ampelis, of the passerine family Ampelida, characterized by having a short, straight, elevated bill, with a very wide gape, as in the fly-catchers, but without bristles; both mandibles notched at the tip; the wings rather long, broad, and pointed; the legs short. The genus Ampelis is peculiar in having many of the shafts of the wing-quills tipped with a horny material resembling red sealing-wax. The three species much alike. One, the Bohemian waxwing (Amare widely diffused over northern regions and are pelis garrulus), inhabits the Arctic regions, breeds to near the limit of timber growth, and makes its nest in a tree long before the winter snows have melted. It migrates southward in winter, and in severe seasons reaches the United States, but always irregularly and at long intervals. It feeds on insects and worms, seeds, berries, and other fruits. It is a handsome bird, nearly as large as a thrush; is reddish gray, with a black patch on the throat, and a black band on the forehead; the tail-coverts brownish orange; the primaries, secondaries, and tail-feathers tipped with yellow, two white bands on the wings; the lower parts silvery gray. The head is surmounted by an erectile crest of brownish orange feathers. The song of the waxwing is a weak whistling, bearing a little resemblance to that of the thrush. It is easily tamed.

The more common American waxwing, 'cherrybird,' or 'cedar-bird' (Ampelis cedrorum), is a very similar but smaller species, found from Canada to Central America, less migratory, and never visiting Arctic regions. The general color is purplish cinnamon in front and ash-color behind; the chin, forehead, and a stripe through the eye black; no white on the wings; the belly yel

HEAD AND WING OF A WAXWING.

showing the sealing wax' tips of the secondaries.

Head of Cedar-bird (Ampelis cedrorum); wing of same

low, fading into white on the under tail-coverts. It is crested. Great flocks of cedar-birds collect in the end of summer. They feed on cherries and garden berries, and are particularly fond of those of the red cedar, but they eat seeds and in

sects too. They breed late in the summer, and build a bulky nest of grass, bark, rootlets, and the like, in which the female deposits 3 to 5 eggs, pale bluish gray, spotted with black.

The third species of waxwing is a native of Eastern Asia and Japan.

WAXWORK (so called from the waxy scarlet aril), STAFF TREE, or SHRUBBY BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens). An American climbing

shrub of the natural order Celastracæ. It flourishes in most soils from Canada to South Caro

lina, and west to South Dakota and New Mexico, climbing upon rocks and trees to a height of 20 feet or more. When the globular, rich orange fruits open they expose beautiful crimson berries. The fibre of the bark has been shown experimentally to be valuable, but little if any use is made of it. Celastrus articulatus or Celastrus orbiculatus, a native of China and Japan, which is somewhat cultivated, differs mainly in the shape of the leaves.

WAXY (or AMYLOID) DEGENERATION. A morbid process in which the healthy tissue of various organs is replaced by a nitrogenous substance, resembling in some respects amyloid compounds. Organs affected by this degeneration have a certain resemblance in consistency and physical character to wax. They are abnormally translucent, increased in volume, solidity, and weight. Usually, the first parts affected are the small blood-vessels, the intima and media being first changed. Subsequently, adjacent connective tissues become similarly affected. When a solution of iodine is brought in contact with such tissues, a mahogany-brown color is produced; and this color is a sufficiently characteristic test. Iodine and sulphuric acid yield a blue color. Although amyloid degeneration is common to many tissues and organs, the parts most frequently affected are the spleen, liver, and kidneys. The heart muscles, the supra-renal capsules, the lymphatic glands, and the intestinal mucous membrane may also be involved. The causes of waxy degeneration are chronic suppuration, especially of bone, as well as syphilis, tubercle, cancer, and probably gout. It is uncertain whether any symptoms are referable to this degeneration, as it is associated with wasting diseases. If the degeneration occurs in the intestines, chronic diarrhoea results. There is no remedy for the degeneration.

WAY (AS. weg, Goth. wigs, OHG. wec, Ger. 'Weg, way; connected with Lat. via, road, Gk. oxos, ochos, carriage, Lith. weza, track of a cart, Skt. saha, road, from rah, to carry, convey). In law, an easement or right in a person to pass over the land of another. The term is also employed to denote a path or road over which a right of way may be exercised. Where the right of way can be used only by one person, or a limited number of individuals, it is considered private. Where it may be used by all persons in common it is public. Twenty years' open and adverse exercise of a right of way makes it a permanent easement by prescription. A 'way by necessity' arises where a person sells to another a portion of his land, to which there is no road or way leading to a public highway, or which is so located as to cut off access from the remainder of the vendor's land to the highway. The person whose land is thus cut off from access to a public

A way

highway may pass over the vendor's or purchaser's land, as the case may be, by the most convenient and direct route to the nearest highway, having due regard for the best interests of the person over whose land he passes. may consist merely of the right to pass over a narrow path on foot, or on horseback, or may extend to the use of vehicles of any description. the United States. A private way may be dediThe latter class of ways is the most common in cated to the public, but a mere license to the public to pass over a way will not destroy its private character. See EASEMENT.

WAY, ARTHUR S. ( (1847-). An English translator, born at Dorking. He was educated at Kingswood School, Bath, and at Queen's College, Melbourne (Australia), where he was afterwards fellow. In 1870-76 he was a lecturer at

Queen's College, Taunton, in 1876-81 vice-master of Kingswood School, Bath, and from 1882 to 1892 headmaster of Wesley College, Melbourne. He published verse translations of the Odyssey (1880), of the Iliad (1886-89), of Euripides (1894-98), and of the Epodes of Horace (1898). They are among the most skillful examples of translation from the classics to be found in English. He also published in 1901 Apollonius Rhodius' Tale of the Argonauts and Letters of Saint Paul to Seven Churches and Three Friends. WAY BILL. See RAILWAYS.

WAY'CROSS. The county seat of Ware County, Ga., 96 miles southwest of Savannah; on the Atlantic Coast Line, the Savannah, Florida and Western, and the Waycross Air Line railroads (Map: Georgia, D 4). It is in a farming section producing cotton and sugar cane; but its business interests are centred chiefly in lumber and naval stores. Extensive car works have recently been established here. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3364; in 1900, 5919.

An

WAY'LAND, FRANCIS (1796-1865). American educator, born in New York City. He graduated at Union College in 1813, studied medicine for three years, and in 1816 entered Andover Theological Seminary. Before graduating he left to become a tutor at Union College, where he remained four years. In 1821 he accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Baptist Church in Boston, where he became known as a preacher of great ability and energy. After a year's professorship at Union College in 182627 he left in February of the latter year to accept the presidency of Brown University at Providence. The twenty-eight years (1827-1855) during which he remained at the head of this institution saw its rapid development and change from a narrow sectarian college to a modern college on more liberal lines. These reforms marked Dr. Wayland, although a conservative in most matters, as a leader in educational reform. He himself delivered lectures in psychology, political economy, and ethics. Retiring from the presidency of the university in 1855, he served for some time as pastor of the First Baptist Church, Providence, and devoted himself to prison reform and other movements of a similar nature. His published works include, in addition to numerous individual sermons and addresses: Occa

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