der the immediate direction of the Secretary of War and the General Staff of the Army. The Naval War College is located at Newport, R. I. See NAVAL SCHOOLS OF INSTRUCTION.

WARD. An infant who has been legally placed under the care of a guardian, who stands in loco parentis. See GUARDIAN AND WARD. The term ward is also employed to denote a subdivision of a city. It originated in the idea of 'war ding' or protecting a hundred under the old English law, and was formerly applied only to certain districts with reference to police protection. However, to-day most cities are divided into wards for many civic purposes, as convenient election districts, police districts, and for convenience in describing the location of property for taxation, etc.

WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837-). An English historian of the English drama, born at Hampstead, London. He was educated at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, of which he was elected fellow in 1861; and he also studied in Germany. In 1866 he was appointed professor of history and English literature in Owens College, Manchester, and from 1870 to 1877 he was its principal. In 1900 he became master of Peterhouse College. His History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne (2 vols., 1875, revised in 1899) is the standard work on this subject. Besides this work and numerous essays and appreciations contributed to reviews, encyclopædias, biographical dictionaries, and anthologies, he translated Curtius's History of Greece (5 vols., 1868-73); wrote for the "English Men of Letters Series" Chaucer (1880) and Dickens (1882); and edited Pope's Poetical Works (1869), Marlowe's Doctor Faustus, and Greene's Friar Bacon (1878 and many editions), and the Poems of John Byrom (1894-95). In 1897 he published a Life of Sir Henry Wotton, and in 1899 Great Britain and Hanover (Ford Lectures at Oxford).

WARD, ARTEMAS (1727-1800). An American soldier and jurist, born at Shrewsbury, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1748, served first as a major and then as a lieutenant-colonel in the French and Indian War, and on May 19, 1775, soon after the outbreak of the Revolution, was appointed to the chief command of the Massachusetts forces. Until the arrival of Washington, he conducted the siege of Boston, and on June 17, 1775, was appointed by Congress first major general in the Continental Army, next in rank to Washington, but ill health forced him to resign

at the close of 1776. He became Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas at Worcester in 1776; served as president of the Massachusetts Executive Council in 1777; was for sixteen years a member of the Massachusetts Legislature; and was a member of Congress from 1791 to 1795.

WARD, ARTEMUS. The pseudonym of the American humorist Charles Farrar Browne (q.v.).

WARD, EDGAR MELVILLE (1839-). An American genre painter, born in Urbana, Ohio. He studied at the National Academy of Design in New York City and then in Paris under Cabanel. In 1883 he became a member of the National Academy, and afterwards was made a professor in that institution. His paintings include "Brit

tany Washwomen" (1876); "The Sabot Maker" (1878); "The Collar Shop" and "The Quilting Party" (1892).

An

WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-79). English historical painter, born at Pimlico. He studied in the schools of the Royal Academy, for nearly three years at Rome, and at Munich under Cornelius. Returning to London in 1839, and exhibiting his "Cimabue and Giotto," he received immediate recognition. In 1853 he painted eight historical pictures for the corridor of the House of Commons, remarkable as technical experiments. Ward was made an Academician in 1855. In 1857 he was commissioned by the Queen to paint "Napoleon III. Invested with the Order of the Garter at Windsor," and the "Visit of Queen Victoria to the Tomb of Napoleon I." The subjects of his paintings were chiefly drawn from English and French history, but his reputation rests chiefly upon his successful pictures of English social life during the eighteenth century. His principal paintings include "Doctor Johnson in the Anteroom of Lord Chesterfield" (1845), and the "South Sea Bubble" (1847), both in the National Gallery London; and "Charles II. and Nell Gwyn" (1848), in South His works Kensington Museum. are widely known through engravings.

WARD, ELIZABETH STUART (PHELPS) (1844 -). An American philanthropist and author, born in Andover, Mass. Before her marriage with the Reverend Herbert D. Ward, in 1888, Miss Phelps lived in Andover, where she was widely known for her work in temperance reform and as the writer of many books of a religious, quasimystical character, as The Gates Ajar (1868). Among her books are: Ellen's Idol (1864); Mercy Gliddon's Work (1866); Men, Women, and Ghosts (1869); Hedged In (1870); The Silent Partner (1871); Poetic Studies (1875); The Story of Avis (1877); An Old Maid's Paradise (1879); Doctor Zay (1882); Beyond the Gates (1883); Songs of the Silent World (1884); Jack the Fisherman (1887); The Gates Between (1887); The Struggle for Immortality (1889); with her husband, Come Forth (1891); A Singular Life (1895); The Story of Jesus Christ (1897); Within the Gates (1901); and some volumes of tales for children.

WARD, FREDERICK TOWNSEND (1831-62). Mass. He was educated at the high school in his An American military adventurer, born at Salem, French in the Crimea, and was with Walker native town, became a sailor, fought with the in Nicaragua. He then became for a time a ship-broker in New York, but went to China during the Taiping Rebellion. Having organized

an irregular force of about 100 desperadoes, Ward offered his services to the local Chinese authorities, and for a reward of $200,000 recaptured Sungkiang, and garrisoned it. Having received a commission from the Chinese, he began drilling natives with foreign adventurers as officers, increased his following to nearly 4000, the nucleus of the force later known under Gordon as 'the ever-victorious army.' This force was of great assistance to the British and French admirals in protecting Shanghai, and maintaining a neutral belt of 30 miles around the city. During a skirmish near Ningpo Ward was killed; he

was buried at Sungkiang, where a shrine was erected to his memory in 1875.

WARD, GENEVIÈVE, Countess de Guerbel (1838-). A singer and actress. She was born in New York, but from childhood lived much abroad, studying music both in New York and in Italy. After her romantic and unhappy marriage to the Russian officer Count Constantine de Guerbel (1854), she made her début as an opera singer at Milan in 1856 under the name of Madame Guerrabella. She met with great success both on the Continent and in England. Soon after she came to America in 1862, she lost her voice through illness, and for a time gained a livelihood by teaching singing while she studied for the theatre. Her appearance as Lady Macbeth, at Manchester, England, in 1873, proved the beginning of her fame in many tragic rôles, among them Lucrezia Borgia, Queen Katharine, and especially Stephanie, in Forget-Me-Not. She first appeared on the American stage in 1878. In 1893 she was Queen Eleanor in the production of Becket by Irving at the Lyceum, and she continued with him till 1897, afterwards residing in England, Consult: Wickoff, Memoir of Ginevra Guerrabella (New York, 1863); Gustafson, Geneviève Ward (Boston, 1882).

An

WARD, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1834—). American naturalist, born at Rochester, N. Y. He attended Williams College and the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard, and at the latter institution was a pupil and also assistant of Louis Agassiz. He traveled in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine; studied for several years at the Jardin des Plantes, the Sorbonne, and the School of Mines in Paris, and at the universities of Munich and Freiburg; and afterwards traveled in West Africa and the West Indies, making natural history collections. After his return to the United States in 1860 he was professor of natural science at Rochester University until 1865; and in 1871 was naturalist to the United States Commission to Santo Domingo. He then devoted himself entirely to the work of making natural history collections, and founded at Rochester, N. Y., Ward's Natural Science Estabishment, which collected specimens from all parts of the world, and then sold them to colleges and museums. He published: Notices of the Megatherium Cuvieri (1863), and Description of the Most Celebrated Fossil Animals in the Royal Museums of Europe (1866).

WARD, H. MARSHALL (1854-). An English botanist, educated at Owens College, Manchester, and at Christ's College, Cambridge. From 1880 to 1882 he was cryptogamic botanist to the Ceylon Government. He was professor of botany in the Forest School, Cooper's Hill, from 1885 to 1895, when he became professor at the University of Cambridge. His works include: Timber and Some of Its Diseases; The Oak; Sachs's Lectures on the Physiology of Plants; Diseases of Plants; and Grasses.

WARD, Mrs. HUMPHRY, maiden name MARY AUGUSTA ARNOLD (1851-). An English novelist, granddaughter of Dr. Thomas Arnold (q.v.), the famous head master of Rugby, and a niece of Matthew Arnold (q.v.), the poet and critic. She was born at Hobart, in Tasmania, June 11, 1851. Her father, becoming a Roman Catholic,

returned to England with his family in 1856, and subsequently held appointments in the Roman Catholic University at Dublin and in the Oratory School at Birmingham, and in 1885 took up his residence at Oxford, where he remained for several years. These details of family history are of interest as showing whence the novelist derived her intense moral nature and the conse quent passion for ethical problems. She attended schools in the Lake district and at Clifton, and began her literary career in the atmosphere of Oxford under the inspiration of her father and the society that surrounded his home. On April then a fellow and tutor of Brasenose College. In 6, 1872, she married Thomas Humphry Ward, 1880 they left Oxford and settled in London. ductions to the first volume of her husband's wellMrs. Ward contributed four biographical introknown English Poets (1880-81), many articles to Smith's Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877-87), and wrote reviews for Macmillan's

Magazine. In 1885 she published a translation

of Amiel's Journal, a task for which she was spiritually adapted.

Her first experiments in fiction were Milly and Olly (1881), a child's story, and Miss Bretherton (1886), the heroine of which bears some resemblance to Mary Anderson, the popular actress of the time. Mrs. Ward found her public on the publication of Robert Elsmere (1888), undoubtedly the best problem-novel that had ever appeared in English. It was reviewed by Gladstone in The Nineteenth Century for May, 1888, and an enormous sale followed in England and in the United States. The aim of the novel, as succinctly stated by Gladstone, was "to expel the preternatural element from Christianity, to destroy its dogmatic structure, yet to keep intact the moral and spiritual results." Subsequently Mrs. Ward took up other phases of contemporary thought in religion and politics with perhaps a firmer grasp upon her themes, but did not surpass the brilliancy of this effort. A common criticism of her work is that the purpose of it all stands out too prominently. In this respect Mrs. Ward differs greatly from George Eliot, with whom she has often been compared by her enthusiastic admirers. Mrs. Ward's characters are invariably clearly drawn, and her technique she studied carefully. Her novels after Robert Elsmere comprise The History of David Grieve (1892); Marcella (1894); The Story of Bessie Costrell (1895); Sir George Tressady (1896); Helbeck of Bannisdale (1898); Eleanor (1900); and Lady Rose's Daughter (1902). Her miscellaneous literary work includes contributions to English periodicals, and editions, with introductions, of the novels of the Brontë sisters (Haworth ed., 1899-1900). In harmony with the scheme set forth in Robert Elsmere, Mrs. Ward took an active part in founding University Hall (1890), a settlement among the poor of London. A lecture delivered at Essex Hall in 1894 was published under the title Unitarianism and the Future.

WARD, JAMES (1769-1859). An English animal and genre painter and engraver, born in London. He studied engraving under J. R. Smith, after which he was apprenticed for nine years to his brother, William James Ward, a mezzo-tint engraver. He also studied painting, ex

hibiting his first picture in 1790, and four years afterwards was appointed painter and mezzotint engraver to the Prince of Wales. Ward's early paintings were principally genre pictures in the manner of his brother-in-law, George Morland, but he won high distinction in animal subjects, by the exhibition of his "Bull-Baiting" (1797) and the "Lioness" (1816). His paintings are treated in an original and vigorous style, and show a strong but peculiar feeling for color. Among the principal are the "Alderney Bull, Cow, and Calf," painted in rivalry with Paul Potter's "Bull," and a "Cattle Piece" (1807), in the National Gallery; the "Fighting Bulls" and "Donkey and Pigs," in South KenA very characteristic paintsington Museum. ing is his portrait of himself, painted when he was seventy-nine years old (National Portrait Gallery). Among the best of Ward's plates

are the "Centurion Cornelius," after Rembrandt; "Daniel in the Lion's Den," after Rubens; and “Mrs. Bellington," after Reynolds.

Ward was elected an Academician in 1811. Consult his Autobiography (London, 1853).

WARD, JAMES (1843—). An English philosopher, born at Hull. He was educated at Liverpool Institute, but left school early and was articled to a firm of architects. Afterwards he studied at Spring Hill College and at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen, and upon his return from abroad entered the Congregational ministry. For a year he preached at Emmanuel Church, Cambridge, but then changed his religious belief and entered the University of Cambridge, where he was made scholar of Trinity College in 1872 and fellow in 1875. In 1895-97 he was Gifford lecturer at the University of Aberdeen, and in 1897 was appointed professor of mental philosophy at Cambridge. His writings include a large number of contributions to philosophical periodicals, Psychology (1885), and Naturalism and Agnosticism (1889).

WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-). One of the principal American sculptors of the nineteenth century. He was born at Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio, and began the study of law, but in 1850 took up sculpture under H. K. Brown of Brooklyn, with whom he worked for seven years, assisting in many important works, chief among which was the equestrian statue of Washington in Union Square, New York. In 1857-59 he resided in Washington, D. C., where he executed the busts of Alexander Stephens, Joshua R. Giddings, John P. Hale, Hannibal Hamlin, and others, and in 1861 he opened a studio in New York City. For the purpose of studying the American Indians, he visited the Western frontier in 1863, and the following year completed his "Indian Hunter," the first statue erected in Central Park. He is also well represented in Central Park by his bronze statues of the "Freedman," the "Private of the Seventh Regiment" (1868), the "Pilgrim" and "Shakespeare" (1870-71). Among his memorial statues are the colossal George Washington on the steps of the Treasury Building, New York, General Thomas in Washington, Israel Putnam, Hartford, Conn., and the Beecher monument, City Hall, Brooklyn. He also executed the "Crowning Group of Victory" for the Naval Arch, erected in New York City for Dewey's reception. Ward was one of the founders

of the National Sculpture Society (1893) and was made its president upon its incorporation. He also took prominent part in the affairs of the National Academy of Design, of which he was president in 1874.

as

He

WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841-). An American geologist and paleontologist, well known a sociologist and philosophical writer. was born at Joliet, Ill., and obtained his early education in that State. After serving in the Federal Army during the Civil War he was graduated from the Columbian Uniyears later from the Law School of the same university, Washington, D. C., in 1869, and two

After

versity. United States Treasury Department he beseven years of work in the came an assistant geologist under the United States Geological Survey, and after 1888 was a paleontologist of the Survey. Already for many years Ward had been deeply interested in the broader aspects of evolution, and especially in the problems of social evolution. Accepting in its broader outlines the philosophy of Spencer, he modified it in certain particulars as a formulation of physical phenomena, and radically in its application to society. In 1883 he published a large work in two volumes, entitled Dynamic Sociology, in which he outlined a complete system of cosmic philosophy. As a contribution to sociology it was recognized as a powerful and original work. The psychological character of all social phenomena was again insisted upon and more fully expounded in The Psychic Factors of Civilization (1893). Certain views were further developed in the Outlines of Sociology (1898), and in Pure Sociology (1903). In 1903 he was president of the Institut Internationale de Sociologie of Paris. Among his more important contributions to geology and paleontology are: The Flora of Washington (1881); Sketch of Paleontological Botany (1885); Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group (1886); Types of the Laramie Flora (1887); and Geographical Distribution of Fossil Plants (1889).

WARD, NATHANIEL (1578-1652). An American colonial clergyman and pamphleteer, born in Haverhill, England, best known as the author of the Simple Cobbler of Agawam, published under the pseudonym of Theodore de la Guard. He graduated at Cambridge, England, in 1603, and studied for the law, but, after practice in England and travel on the Continent, he studied theology and in 1618 became chaplain to English merchants at Elbing, Prussia. Returning to England, he lectured in London, and in 1628 was appointed rector of Stondon Massey, Essex. Here his pronounced Puritanism caused him to be summoned before Archbishop Laud, but he escaped excommunication. He was, however, deprived of his living in 1633, went to New England in 1634, and served as colleague to Rev. Thomas Parker at Ipswich, till ill health obliged him to surrender the charge (1636). At Ipswich he took a leading part in the compilation of the first code of laws, The Body of Liberties (1641). His notorious book, The Simple Cobbler, begun in 1645, printed in January, 1647, and speedily followed by three other editions, with important additions and changes (reëdited 1718 and 1843), was a partisan pamphlet and one of the most interesting productions of the Colonial period.