W

The twenty-third letter in the English alphabet. As its name in English indicates, the character is formed by a doubling of single v's or u's into a ligature. This composite letter was first employed to transliterate the Latin semi-vocalic v (w) and the earliest recorded instance of its occurrence is in a

diploma of Clovis III. at the end of the seventh century. It appeared in English usage in the eleventh century, although uu or vv (without ligature) had already occasionally been employed.

SOUND AND PHILOLOGICAL VALUE. As a phonetic character w is a labial spirant, correspond ing very nearly to u in the position of its formation, which gives it its semi-vocalic quality, In words beginning with wh, like white, what, wheel, where the more original Anglo-Saxon had wh, the w is pronounced voicelessly, and with the aspiration preceding. The older spelling hw (AngloSaxon huit, hwæt, hwōol) was transposed after the twelfth century and wh became the generally accepted orthography. In some words now beginning with wh, the w is not original, but has been adopted since the fifteenth century, thus whole (Anglo-Saxon hal), whoop (Middle English houpen). The silencing of w before r, as in wrath, wrestle, and also in sword, answer, is a later development since the Norman Conquest. The representation of the intermediate w-sound in quell, queen, where qu stands for an older cu (Anglo-Saxon cwellan, cwen), is likewise of later date. (See Q.) The labialized w in the form ow at the end of sorrow, arrow, and similar words is evolved from an earlier guttural g or h (Anglo-Saxon sorg, earh, etc.). In cow, now, how (Anglo-Saxon cũ, nữ, hū) the w is graphic. The labio-guttural character of the letter is also evinced in such interchanges as French Guillaume, guerre, English William, war, which gives rise also to such doublets in English as guard and ward, warranty and guarantee. The strongly marked labial character of w tends furthermore to color adjacent vowels, as in English two (tu), Anglo-Saxon twā; English who, AngloSaxon hwa. Philologically English w may represent (1) Indo-Germanic v (u), as English new, German neu, Latin novus, Sanskrit navas, IndoGermanic neuos; (2) Indo-Germanic gh, as in English warm, Latin formus, Greek epubs, Sanskrit gharmas, Indo-Germanic *ghuarmas; (3)

English wh stands for Germanic hw (Indo-Germanic ku), as Sanskrit kas, Anglo-Saxon hưã, English who.

As a symbol in chemistry W stands for tungsten (from the Latinized German designation Wolframium).

His

WAAGEN, vä'gen, GUSTAV FRIEDRICH (17941868). A German art-historian, born at Hamburg. He studied at the universities of Breslau and Heidelberg, took part in the War of Liberation in 1813-14, and finally settled in Munich. name became at once favorably known through his work Ueber Hubert und Johann von Eyck (1822), one of the landmarks in modern arthistory, which led to his being called to Berlin in 1823, to assist in the establishment of the new museum. From 1830 until his death he was director of the picture gallery. In 1844 he was appointed professor at the University of Berlin, and in 1862 he published his Handbuch der deutschen und niederländischen Malerschulen. His best known works are: Kunstwerke und Künstler in England und Paris (1837-39), afterwards revised and extended under the title The Treasures of Art in Great Britain (1854), and supplemented by Galleries and Cabinets of Art in Great Britain (1857); and Kunstwerke und Künstler in Deutschland (1843-45). His Kleine Schriften were collected and edited with a biography, by Woltmann (Stuttgart, 1875).

WAAHOO, wä-hoo'. See SPINDLE TREE.

WAAL, väl. The southernmost and largest arm of the Rhine delta. It flows westward through the Dutch Province of Gilderland, and is joined by the Meuse (q.v.) near Gorinchem (Map: Netherlands, D 3).

WABASH, wa'bash. The chief river in Indiana and the largest north tributary of the Ohio (Map: Indiana, D 2). It rises in and around the Grand Reservoir in western Ohio, and flows first northwest, then southwest across Indiana to Covington, in the western part of that State, where it takes a more southerly direction, finally forming for 120 miles the boundary be tween Indiana and Illinois until it enters the Ohio River at the extreme southwestern corner of the State. Its length is about 550 miles, and it is navigable for steamers 300 miles to Covington, at high water as far as Lafayette. Its middle course, from Terre Haute to Huntington, is followed by the Wabash and Erie Canal, which connects the river with Lake Erie. The chief

tributary of the Wabash is the White River (q.v.).

WABASH. The county-seat of Wabash County, Ind., 42 miles southwest of Fort Wayne, on the Wabash River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Wabash railroads (Map: Indiana, D 2). It has public and high school libraries and the Wabash City Library, and a Woman's Orphan Home. Other features include Memorial Hall, and the Masonic Temple, City Park, and Charley Falls and Park. Wabash is surrounded by a rich farming section and is extensively engaged in manufacturing. The principal industrial establishments are railroad shops of the 'Big Four,' bridge and iron works, and manufactories of paper, cabinets, hats, church and school furniture, leather, shaft holders, harness, etc. Under the charter of 1866, the government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Wabash was settled in 1837, and was incorporated the same year. Population, in 1890, 5105; in 1900, 8618.

WABASH COLLEGE. A college for young men at Crawfordsville, Ind., founded in 1832. It has no organic connection with any ecclesiastical body, but is closely affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. Students are admitted on examination or by certificate from accredited schools. All undergraduate courses lead to the degree of B.A. The master's degree is given for approved work three years after graduation, or on completion of one year's graduate work at the college. The college grounds consist of 40 acres in the heart of the city, valued, with the buildings, at $500,000. In 1903 the total attendance was 200, the faculty numbered 14, and the library contained 40,000 volumes. The endowment was $500,000.

WACE (c.1100-c.1175). An Anglo-Norman poet. He was born on the island of Jersey, about 1100. When a boy he was taken to Caen, in Normandy, where he learned Latin in preparation for the Church. He then studied a long time' at Paris, returning between 1130 and 1135 to Caen, where he became a clerc lisant' in the royal chapel, and a man of letters to eke out his income. Promotion came to him in old age, when (apparently in 1169) Henry the Second made him a prebendary at Bayeux. As there is no trace of him after 1174, it may be inferred that he died in that or the next year. Wace was the author of two great poems. The first of them, the Geste des Bretons or the Roman de Brut, was completed in 1155, and presented with a dedication to Queen Eleanor some time before 1160. It is a long poem, comprising more than fifteen thousand lines in the prevailing octosyllabic couplet. The narrative begins with the settlement of Britain by Brut, or Brutus, the greatgrandson of Eneas, and closes with Cadwalader, the last of the shadowy kings of Britain. The poem is based mainly on the Latin History of the British Kings by Geoffrey of Monmouth (q.v.), but Wace had at hand other Kymric traditions. He describes, for example, the round table, which was unknown to Geoffrey. The Brut was translated into English with changes and additions by Layamon (q.v.). Wace's second great poem, somewhat longer than the first, is the Roman de Rou, composed between 1160 and 1174. It is

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partly in Alexandrine verse and partly in octosyllabic couplets. After giving a summary of the history of the Norman kings and dukes from Henry the Second back to Rolf, Wace reverses the order for a more detailed account. English reader the most interesting section is a description of the Norman Conquest, which seems to have been based upon the best traditions. But he never completed his chronicle, for old age was rapidly approaching and he became discouraged on hearing that his patron had asked Benoît de Sainte-More to write on the same theme. Belonging to Wace's middle life are three minor poems: the lie de St. Nicolas (edited by Delius, Bonn, 1850); the Vie de la Vierge Marie (edited by Luzarche, Tours, 1859); and the Vie de St. Marguerite (edited by Joly, Paris, 1879). The Brut has been edited by Le Roux de Lincy (Rouen, 1836-38), and the Roman de Rou by Andresen (Heilbronn, 1877-79). For the life and work of Wace, consult Gaston Paris, Littérature française au moyen âge (Paris, 1888).

WACE, HENRY (1836-). A scholar of the Church of England. He was born in London, and graduated B.A. at Oxford in 1860. He was curate in London, 1861-69; lecturer of Grosvenor Chapel, 1870-72; chaplain of Lincoln's Inn, 1872-80; preacher at the same, 1880-96, when he became rector of Saint Michael's, Cornhill. He was professor of ecclesiastical history in King's College, 1875-83; principal, 1883-96. In 1881 he became a prebendary of Saint Paul's; in 1896 examining chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury; and in 1900 a rural dean. He became an honorary royal chaplain in 1884; chaplain in ordinary in 1889. He was Boyle lecturer, 187475; Bampton lecturer, 1879. His chief literary work is his Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines from the Time of the Apostles to the Age of Charlemagne (1877-87) prepared in coöperation with William Smith. He also edited the Apocrypha for the Speaker's Commentary (1886), and with Professor Buchhein edited, in English, The Primary Works of Luther (1896). His popular reputation rests upon his controversy with Professor Huxley upon religious matters, particularly Gospel interpretation.

WACH, väg, KARL WILHELM (1787-1845). A German historical and portrait painter. He was born in Berlin, and studied in the Academy at that city, as well as under Karl Kretschmar. Later he became the pupil of David and Gros at Paris. He founded a school in Berlin, in 1820 became professor of the Academy of Arts and in 1840 was appointed vice-director. He was commissioned with four others to arrange the new museum (Berlin) and restore pictures. His works are chiefly in Berlin. They include: "Portrait of Queen Louise" (1811); "The Crucifixion" (1815; Garrison Church); "Cupid and Psyche" (1827; National Gallery); and "The Last Supper" (1819; Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Moscow).

such im türkischen Lager (1855), and those of later campaigns in Tagebuch vom italienischen Kriegsschauplatze (1859), Halbmond und Doppeladler (1860), Freischaren und Royalisten (3d ed. 1867), Vor den Düppeler Schanzen (1864), Tagebuch vom oesterreichischen Kriegsschauplatz (6th ed. 1867), and Tagebuch vom französischen Kriegsschauplatz (1871), all of which form a faithful and spirited history of these modern campaigns. In the meanwhile he had lived repeatedly in Paris, where he wrote Das neue Paris (1855), Die Frauen des Kaiserreichs (7th ed. 1872), and a trip through Spain to Africa he described in Reisebilder aus Spanien (1857). He also published several novels and tales, notably Rom und Sahara (3d ed. 1867), Unter dem weissen Adler (2d ed. 1885), based upon the Polish insurrection of 1863, Die bleiche Gräfin (6th ed. 1894), but his most interesting works are his memoirs, which appeared under the title Aus bewegtem Leben (2d ed. 1895).

WACHSMUTH, vägs'mut, GOTTLIEB (17841866). A German historian, born at Hildesheim. After studying philology and theology at Halle, he taught in various positions at Magdeburg, Zerbst, and Halle until 1820, when he was called as professor of history to Kiel. Thence he went to Leipzig in 1825, and there published his most important work, Historische Darstellungen aus der Geschichte der neuern Zeit (1831-39), besides Hellenische Altertumskunde (2d ed. 1843-46); Europäische Sittengeschichte (1831-39); Geschichte Frankreichs im Revolutionszeitalter (1840-44); Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte (185052); Geschichte deutscher Nationalität (186062), and many others.

WACHT AM RHEIN, vägt äm rin, DIE (Ger., The Watch on the Rhine). A famous German patriotic song, the words by Max Schneckenburger (1819-49), and the music by Karl Wilhelm (1815-73). The song was written in 1840, when the left bank of the Rhine seemed threatened by France. The music, which is a part-song for men's voices, was composed and first sung in 1854.

WACHTEL, väg'tel, THEODOR (1823-93). A German dramatic tenor, born in Hamburg. He was the son of a livery-stable keeper, and for a period after his father's death carried on the business for himself. His first important appearance outside his own country occurred in London in 1862, when he was at once accepted as one of the world's greatest dramatic tenors. After this he made many successful tours. In the United States he first appeared at the New York Stadt Theatre (1871), and again in 1875. He possessed a voice of singular volume and brilliancy, which, owing to the perfection of his method and training, permitted the most exacting demands upon it. Singularly enough, with all his advantages and qualifications, his one attempt in Wagnerian opera (Leipzig, 1876) was a complete failure. His greatest successes were in the Postillon de Longjumeau, La dame blanche, Trovatore, Martha, William Tell, and Les Huguenots.

WACHUSETT (wa-chu'sět) MOUNT. An isolated monadnock in the central part of Massachusetts, 7 miles southwest of Fitchburg (Map: Massachusetts, D 2). Its altitude is 2108 feet, and its summit affords a fine view.

WACKENRODER, vak'en-rō'der, WILHELM HEINRICH (1773-98). A German author of the Romantic school. He was born at Berlin, and was educated at the universities of Erlangen and Göttingen. While a schoolboy he became the friend of Ludwig Tieck, and was closely associated with him till his death. Tieck contributed one or two sketches to his friend's Herzensergiessungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders (1797), and after his death published two works which were the fruit of their joint authorship: Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen (1798) and Phantasien über die Kunst (1799). In these books the two young men expressed for the first time the principles of esthetics which were to govern the Romanticists. Consult "Tieck und Wackenroder," edited by J. Minor in Kürschner's Deutsche Nationallitteratur, vol. cxliv. (Berlin, 1882-99).

WACKERNAGEL, väk'er-nä'gel, JAKOB (1853-). A Swiss Hellenist and comparative philologist, son of Wilhelm Wackernagel, born in Basel, and educated there, in Göttingen, and in Leipzig. He became professor of Greek at Basel in 1881 and in 1902 was called to Göttingen. Wackernagel's publications include: Der Ursprung des Brahmanismus (1877); Das Dehnungsgesetz der griechischen Komposita (1889), an historical sketch of humanistic study in Switzerland, and the very important but incomplete Altindische Grammatik, vol. i. (1895).

WACKERNAGEL, WILHELM (1806-69). A German scholar, born and educated at Berlin. In 1833 he was called to the University of Basel and in 1835 was made professor of German language and literature there. He was primarily a student of Germanics, though he wrote much on other subjects. His works include: Deutsches Lesebuch (1835-36); an edition of the Schwabenspiegel (1840); Altfranzösische Lieder und Leiche (1846); and Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur (1848-56). In 1873 appeared Poetik, Rhetorik und Stilistik, and in 1876 his Altdeutsche Predigten und Gebete, both edited by associates of Wackernagel.

WA'CO, or HUECO. A small tribe of Caddoan stock (q.v.) formerly residing on the middle Brazos River, about the present town of Waco, Texas, which takes its name from them. Like all the other tribes of the stock, they were agricultural and sedentary, living in conical houses of grass laid over a framework of poles, and cultivating an abundance of corn and pumpkins, in addition to the meat supply obtained from the buffalo. In 1855, with several other small tribes, they were gathered upon a reservation near Fort Belknap, but were driven off by the Texans, and in 1859 were removed to a new reservation established north of the Washita, near the present Anadarko, Okla., where they became incorporated with the Wichita (q.v.), whom they resemble except for a slight dialectic difference. During the Civil War they fled to Kansas, where they suffered greatly from disease and famine. They are still resident with the Wichita upon the same reservation, recently thrown open to settlement, but have been reduced by disease and removals from an estimated 400 in 1804 to about one-sixth that number.

WACO. The county-seat of McLennan County, Tex., 238 miles northwest of Galveston; on the

Brazos River, here spanned by a handsome suspension bridge, and on the Saint Louis South western, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the San Antonio and Aransas Pass, the Waco and Northwestern, and the Texas Central railroads (Map: Texas, F 4). It is regularly laid out on ground rising gradually from the river, the residential sections occupying the more elevated region on the west and southwest. Numerous artesian wells with waters noted for medicinal properties have made the city a health resort. The leading educational institutions include Baylor University (q.v.), Paul Quinn College (African Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1881, Add-Ran Christian University, and the Academy of the Sacred Heart. Among other features are the Waco Natatorium, the United States Government building, and the county court-house. Waco is the centre of a cotton-growing, farming, and stock raising country, and has woolen mills, grain elevators, cottonseed-oil mills, bottling works, flouring mills, and manufactories of iron and lumber products, etc. Population, in 1890, 14,445; in 1900, 20,686.

WADAI, wä-di'. Formerly, one of the most powerful native States of the Sudan, and now in the French sphere of influence, situated in North Central Africa, east of Lake Chad. It is bounded on the north by the Sahara Desert, on the east by Darfur, on the south by the French Congo, and on the west by Bagirmi and the Sahara region (Map: Africa, F 3). Its area with dependencies is given as 170,000 square miles. It is a long, narrow, semi-civilized State, stretching from north to south. It largely possesses the character of a region of steppes, with here and there naked mountain groups. In the southwest lies a wild, broken, thick-forested region, where the Guere Mountains reach over 3000 feet. In the east is the Tir range, 2000 feet high. The watercourses dry up during the year, except the Aukadebbe in the south-an important tributary of the Shari. The most important oases are the Bahr-es-Salamat and the Batha. From the last the Fitri Lake, east of the mouth of the Shari, gathers its waters. Wadai is especially arid in the north. The flora and fauna are similar to those of Bornu. The region is fairly fertile. The main food crops are rice and wheat. The leading occupation is pastoral. Cattle, horses, and camels are raised of a superior kind. Ostrich feathers, ivory, and slaves are the prominent items in the trade. The population is about 2,000,000. The Mabas are the foremost race and form about one-seventh of the population a negro people of the Mohammedan faith and belonging to the Senussi sect. Arabs are numerous. Market communities take the place of cities. Vassal States are Fitri, East Kanem, and Runga. Abeshe is now the Sultan's capital.

The Wadai kingdom was founded in 1635, and paid tribute to both Bornu and Darfur. The country has had powerful rulers. The Sultan Ali conquered, after about 1860, the territory of Runga, the east half of Kanem, and also Borku. The Sudanese Raba i conquered Wadai during 189293, and extended his rule to surrounding States. The present native conditions of political rule are not definitely known. In 1901 a revolution occurred owing to local political feuds, and a new Sultan was enthroned. Eduard Vogel was

the first European to enter the land, about the middle of the nineteenth century. Nachtigal explored it in 1873 and Matteuci and Massari in 1879. By the Anglo-French agreement of 189899 the region passed definitely to the French, but European influence is as yet scarcely known in the Wadai dominions.

· WADDELL', JAMES IREDELL (1824-86). An American naval officer, born in Pittsboro, N. C. He became a midshipman in the United States Navy in 1841, and a second lieutenant in September, 1855. In 1859 he was assistant professor of navigation at the Naval Academy, and in 1860 was at the China station. In November, 1861, he resigned from the navy, and in March, 1862, was commissioned lieutenant in the Confederate Navy. He commanded the ram Louisi ana at New Orleans, and blew her up to prevent capture. In October, 1864, he took command, in England, of the Shenandoah, with which he made his way to the Northern Pacific and Arctic oceans by way of Australia, and almost destroyed the United States whaling fleet. Thirtyeight vessels were captured, and the amount of damage done was estimated at only $400,000 less than that done by the Alabama. (See ALABAMA CLAIMS.) Most of this was done after the collapse of the Confederate Government, as Waddell did not hear of the end of the war until August 2, 1865. He at once made his way to Liverpool and surrendered his ship to the British Government, which afterwards turned it over to the United States. In 1875 he became commander of the San Francisco of the Pacific Mail Line.

WAD'DING, LUKE (1588-1657). An Irish Franciscan friar and historian of the Order. He was born at Waterford, educated at the Irish Jesuit College at Lisbon, and entered the Franciscan Order there. He pursued his studies at the University of Coimbra, and was ordained priest in 1613. He taught theology at Salamanca for a while, and went to Rome, where the rest of his life was to be passed, in 1618, in the suite of the Bishop of Cartagena, sent by Philip III. to request the Pope to define the dogma of the immaculate conception. His account of this mission (1624) is his first important work. He founded the College of Saint Isidore, and another at Capranica, for the members of his Order; and the Irish College at Rome was founded by Cardinal Ludovisi on his advice. He was procurator of the Franciscans, and a member of the important Roman congregations; the revision of the breviary under Urban VIII. is largely the result of his work in the Congregation of Rites. His fame rests principally, however, on his historical studies: Annales Ordinis Minorum (1625-54; new ed.. in 24 folio vols., 1731-1860); Scriptores Ordinis Minorum (1650; new ed. 1806).

WAD'DINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (182694). A French statesman and archæologist, born of English parentage at Saint Rémy-sur-l'Avre, France. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, England, but on his return to France in 1849 became a naturalized citizen of that country. He engaged in important archæological expeditions in Asia Minor and Palestine, the results of which were published in his works, Voyage en Asie Mineure au point de vue Numismatique (1852); Mélanges de numismatique et