Waldensians, as heretics, being suspected of sorcery). A term referring to certain beliefs and practices currently considered to be prevalent among the negroes of the West Indies and the Southern United States. Careful research has made it certain, however, that there is no recognized set of beliefs and ceremonials which could properly be regarded as constituting a Voodoo religion. According to the view formerly generally accepted, the Voodoo cult was an importation from West Africa, the term itself being the name of an all-powerful being, incarnate in the form of a snake, who communicates with his worshipers only through a priest and priestess, also known as 'king' and 'queen,' or 'papa' and 'mamma,' who are held in the greatest veneration by the devotees. The alleged ceremonies of the worship are always held at night, are secret, and are characterized by prayer to the snake, who is exhibited during the rite, by hysterical manifestations by the priest and priestess, by a dance for the initiation of novices which is said to be marked by the wildest debauchery and indecency, and especially by the sacrifice and eating of a human child. Careful examination of apparently circumstantial accounts of the Voodoo rites and orgies has eliminated the more shocking phases in practically every instance. If cannibalism has occurred, it has probably been merely sporadic. The other reported features are nothing more than those common to shamanistic and magic practices the world over. VOOR/HEES, DANIEL WOLSEY (1827-97). An American politician, born in Butler County, Ohio. He graduated at Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) University in 1849, studied law, and in 1851 began the practice of his profession in Covington, Ind. He became at once interested in politics, and gained a wide reputation as a Democratic campaign speaker. He was United States District Attorney for Indiana from 1858 to 1861, and was a member of Congress from 1861 to 1867 and again from 1869 to 1875. In 1877 he was appointed United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Oliver P. Morton, and was regularly elected in 1879, 1885, and 1891. In both Houses of Congress he was active in the debates and was for many years one of the acknowledged leaders of the Democratic Party. VÕPADĒVA, võ'på-dā'vȧ. A noted Sanskrit grammarian of India, who lived between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries A.D. He was the author of a grammar entitled Mugdhabodha, or Enlightenment of the Ignorant, which is especially esteemed among the natives of Bengal and has an independent value. It is drawn up on different lines from the great work of Panini (q.v.) and departs from it in terminology as well as in arrangement. A special commentary on it was composed by Durgadasa. Besides several Calcutta editions (e.g. 1826, 1861), there is a European edition by Böhtlingk (Saint Petersburg, 1847). on the west by Liechtenstein, Switzerland (the Rhine River forming this boundary), and Lake Constance (Map: Austria, A 3). Area, 1000 square miles. The Arlberg chain lies on the east of this mountainous territory. In the south, on the boundary, tower the Rhætian Alps, crowned by the Silvretta mass, the highest point in the crownland (about 11,300 feet). The Ill valley crosses the southwestern portion. In the north part are the Bregenzerwald and Lechthal Alps, with the Bregenzer Ach Valley in the extreme north. The Rhine Valley from the Ill to Lake Constance is the feature on the west. A small section of Lake Constance belongs to Vorarlberg. About one-third of the area is in Alpine meadow and over one-fourth in productive forests, the tilled land being small. The cattle of Vorarlberg are superior. Some coal is mined and the manufacturing industries are conspicuous. There are shipbuilding plants, paper industries, cotton and weaving mills, and dye works. Embroideries are largely produced as the house industry. Vorarlberg has its own Constitution (since 1861) and Landtag, but is administratively and judicially combined with the Tyrol. The Landtag consists of the General Vicar (Prince Bishop) at Feldkirch and 19 Deputies. The crownland sends three members to the Reichsrat. The capital is Bregenz. The population in 1901 was 129,816, nearly all Germans and Catholics. VORONEZH, vȧ-rō'nyězh. A government in the southern part of Central Russia. Area, 25,450 square miles. Its surface is mostly undulating and hilly in the west and the north (Map: Russia, E 4). It is watered principally by the Don and its tributaries. The climate is continental and comparatively mild, but the rainfall is scanty. Voronezh has a very fertile soil. The ordinary cereals, flax, hemp, and sugar beets, are produced. The cultivation of fruit is widespread. Stock-raising is extensively carried on. Horses of high breed are exported. The manufactures have an annual value of over $10,000,000 and consist principally of sugar, spirits, flour, tobacco, and various animal products. Popu lation, in 1897, 2,546,255. VORONEZH. The capital of the Government of Voronezh, in Russia, on the river Voronezh, five miles above its confluence with the Don, 332 miles south-southeast of Moscow (Map: Russia, E 4). It is a well-built town. The industrial establishments include flour mills, oil presses, machine works, and railway shops. Population (including suburbs), in 1897, 84,146. VÖRÖSMARTY, ve'resh-märt-y', MIHÁLY (1800-55). An Hungarian poet. He was born at Nyék, County of Stuhlweissenburg, and studied law in Pesth, but devoted himself to letters, and became one of the most important of the authors who regenerated Hungarian literature. Of his epic poems, Zalán Futása (“The Flight of Zalán," 1825) and Eger (1827), and of his dramas, King Solomon (1821) and Kont (1825) are the best. His national anthem, Szózat (1845), was immensely popular in the Revolution of 1848. At the time of his death he was translating Shakespeare into Hungarian. Consult the second edition of his works in 12 volumes (ib., 1884), by Gyulai, who also wrote an excellent account of his life (4th ed., Budapest, 1896). VORPARLAMENT, fôr'pär'lå-ment. A 'preliminary' Parliament which met at Frankfort-onthe-Main from March 31 to April 4, 1848, to devise ways and means for calling a national German Parliament to deal with the widespread demand for reorganization of the Germanic political system on the basis of a closer national unity. The Vorparlament, which consisted of some five hundred Liberal leaders, decided that a national assembly, elected by direct vote of the people without distinction of property, rank, or religious belief, and endowed with sovereign powers, should meet at Frankfort for the purpose of drawing up a constitution for the German nation. Great dissensions prevailed in the Vorparlament between the monarchical and republican factions. The latter, headed by Hecker and Strune (qq.v.), finding themselves outnumbered, seceded from the Parliament, and with the aid of Polish and French radicals stirred up an insurrection in Southern Baden, which was suppressed in a short time. After the dissolution of the Vorparlament its work was continued by a committee of fifty until the assembling of the National Parliament on May 18th. See GER MANY. closed curve, or a curve both ends of which_rest VORTICELLA (Neo-Lat., diminutive of Lat. vortex, whirl, whirlpool). A genus of Infusoria (q.v.), notable for the highly contractile stalk by which they are ordinarily attached. They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water and often occur in large numbers together, although those which form actual colonies are now separated from the true vorticellas, as other genera. These minute creatures are very graceful in all their movements and under normal conditions are constantly extending and contracting their stalks. Under unfavorable conditions, and occasionally at other times, they detach themselves, draw in the stalk, and swim about freely. When fully expanded the body is somewhat bell-shaped, the flaring end forming the oral disk, which is surrounded with long cilia, and at one side of this is the mouth. The opposite end of the body tapers into the stalk, which may be two or three times the length of the body itself. They are able to contract with great rapidity and force, when irritated, until they become a mere globule. The cilia surrounding the oral disk are in constant motion when the animal is expanded, and by their movement cause a miniature whirlpool the Of vortex of which is right at the animal's mouth. Consult Calkins, The Protozoa (New York, 1901). VORSPIEL, fôr'shpel. The German word for introduction or prelude (qq.v.). Beginning with Lohengrin Wagner abandoned the word 'overture' for his dramatic works and designated the orchestral introductions, both to the entire drama and the separate acts, as Vorspiel. Several later operatic composers have also adopted this term. Bach wrote a series of preludes for organ which he called Choral-Vorspiele. These are intended as introductions to a chorale. course the chorale is made the basis of these Vorspiele, which treat certain phrases in canonic or fugal writing. VORSTERMAN, fôr'ster-mån, LUCAS, the Elder (c.1595-c.1675). A Flemish engraver, born in Bommel (Gelderland). He was a pupil of Rubens, who turned him from painting to engraving and for whom he reproduced many pictures. Afterwards he went to England, where he worked for Charles I. and the Earl of Arundel (1624-31). About 225 of his plates remain, among which "The Adoration of the Magi" and "The Descent from the Cross," after Rubens, are the most important. While in England and after his return to Antwerp Vorsterman executed numerous portraits after Van Dyck.-His son, LUCAS (1624-c.67), was admitted to the Guild in 1651. He engraved Newcastle's Art of Mounting the Horse, Sanderus's Chorographia Sacræ Brabantiæ (1659-60), Teniers's Teatro de Pinturas (1660), and single plates after Lowland and Italian masters. VORTEX, VORTEX RING. A mass of fluid rotating about a closed curve as an axis; a motion similar to that of the particles of a rubber ring (such as a bicycle tire) when it is so turned that the inside of the ring is becoming the outside, and vice versa. The most familiar form of vortex ring is that of a smoke ring produced intentionally by a smoker, or accidentally by the discharge of a gun, or by the exhaust of an engine. Vortices are usually circular, but may be of other and complicated shapes, the essential condition being that the axis around which the whirl takes place must be either a VORʼTIGERN AND ROWENA, rō-ēnå. A drama by William Henry Ireland, who pretended that it with other forgeries was the work of Shakespeare. It was produced in 1796 and gave rise to considerable controversy. VOS, vōs, CORNELIS DE (1585-1651). A Flemish painter, born in Hulst. He was a pupil of David Remeeus, and in 1619 became dean of the Guild at Antwerp. Among his own pupils were Jean Cossiers and Simon de Vos. With the latter he has often been confused. One of the most famous contemporaries of Rubens, he remained untouched by the influence of that master, merely carrying the old school to a further refinement of execution. His portraits are more valued than his religious and mythological paintings. His works include: "The Saint Norbert," and "The Descent from the Cross" (Cathedral at Antwerp); the portrait of the artist with his family, at Brussels; "The Hutten Family" (Munich); and "The Anointing of David" (Vienna). -A second CORNELIS DE Vos is known to have been a member of the Guild in 1633 and to have painted backgrounds in the works of other masters. VOS, GEERHARDUS (1862-—). An American theologian, born in Heerenveen, Holland, and educated in Amsterdam at the Seminary of the Holland Christian Reformed Church, at the Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Princeton, and at Berlin and Strassburg. He taught theology at the Holland Christian Reformed Seminary in Grand Rapids from 1888 to 1894, and then in Princeton Theological Seminary. His works in clude: The Mosaic Origin of the Pentateuchal Codes (1886); Die Kämpfe und Streitigkeiten zwischen den Banu Umajja und den Banu Haschim von Takijj addin al-Makrizijj (1888); The Doctrines of the Covenant in Reformed Theology (1891). VOS, MAERTEN DE, the Elder (1532-1603). A Flemish painter, born in Antwerp. He was the son of Pieter de Vos, under whom and De Vriendt he studied. He was also a pupil of Tintoretto in Venice. In 1558 he opened a school in Antwerp which became highly successful. He was elected Dean of the Guild in 1571. His numerous paintings and drawings were popularized by more than 600 engravings. Mention may be made of "The Temptation of Saint Anthony" (1594; Antwerp Museum), and "The Marriage at Cana" (Cathedral), in Antwerp; and of "Samson and Delilah" (Madrid). His son, MAERTEN (1576 1613), is known to have become a member of the Guild in 1607. VOSE, GEORGE LEONARD (1831-). A civil engineer and author, born in Augusta, Maine, and educated there, at Salem, Mass., and at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard. He was professor of civil engineering at Bowdoin College from 1872 to 1881, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1881 to 1886. His works include: Handbook of Railroad Construction (1857); Orographic Geology, or the Origin and Structure of Mountains (1866); and Bridge Disasters in America; the Cause and the Remedy (1887). VOSGES, vōzh. A northeastern department of France, bordering on Alsace, and forming part of the former Province of Lorraine (Map: France, N 3). Area, 2303 square miles. The eastern part belongs to the west slope of the Vosges Mountains, and rises to a height of over 4000 feet. The Moselle rises in this department, and the Meuse crosses its western end. The greater part of the improved land is pasture, and dairying is more important than tillage. The chief crops are oats and potatoes. The most important manufactures are of textiles. Population, in 1896, 421,412; in 1901, 421,104. Capital, Epinal. VOSGES MOUNTAINS (Ger. Vogesen, Fr. Les Vosges). A mountain range on the south western frontier of Germany. It rises from the Belfort depression (Trou de Belfort), which separates it from the Jura Mountains, and extends in a north-northeast direction on the west side of the Rhine Valley, parallel with the Schwarzwald (Map: Germany, B 4). In the southern portion the main ridge forms the boundary between France and Alsace, but the northern portion is wholly within German territory, partly within Alsace, partly on the boundary of Lorraine, while a northern continuation known as the Hardt Mountains extends through the Rhine Palatinate into Hesse. North of the RhineMarne Canal the elevations are generally less than 2000 feet, the southern portion being much the higher and the more rugged. The western or French slope falls somewhat gradually toward the plateau of Lorraine, but the eastern slope falls very abruptly into the Rhine Valley, while the sides of the many transverse branch valleys of the latter are especially steep, and the spurs separating them are in some places higher than the the main ridge. Indeed, the highest point in the whole range, the Sulzer Belchen, with an altitude of 4668 feet, is in one of these eastern spurs. Other high points are the Honeck, 4472 feet; Kleinkopf, 4373 feet; and the Rheinkopf, 4327 feet. The range is composed mainly of crystalline schists and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, chiefly Devonian and Carboniferous; mining has long been abandoned. The climate is rather mild, though snow remains for six months on the highest summits. Large forests in which wolves and wild boars are found still exist on the mountains, but the valleys are very populous and contain many important industrial centres. VOSS, fôs (Lat. Vossius), GERHARD JOHANNES (1577-1649). A Dutch classical scholar and author, born near Heidelberg, and educated at Dordrecht and Leyden. In 1600 he was called to be rector of the school at Dordrecht, and fifteen years later was made director of the theological school at Leyden. In four years, however, the opposition aroused by his work, Historia Pela gianæ Libri IV. (1618), cost him his place; but in 1622 he was appointed professor of oratory, an office he held for eleven years until he was called from Leyden to be professor of history at the Athenæum in Amsterdam. There he remained until his death. In 1624 he had declined a call to Cambridge, England, but in 1629 he accepted a position from Archbishop Laud as prebendary in Canterbury Cathedral and visited England to be installed. He wrote: Grammatica Latina (1607); Aristarchus, sive de Arte Grammatica (1635); De Vitiis Sermonis et Glossematis Latino-Barbaris (1640). His other writings in clude his great work, Commentariorum Rhetori corum sive Oratoriarum Institutionum Libri VI. (1606); also his Ars Rhetorica (1623); De Historicis Græcis (1624); De Historicis Latinis (1627). His collected works were published in six volumes (Amsterdam, 1695-1701). The numerous valuable manuscripts which he gathered together are now in the Library at Leyden. VOSS, ISAAC (1618-89). The youngest son of Gerhard Johannes Voss, born at Leyden. In 1648 he accepted the invitation of Queen Christine to Stockholm, but ten years later, owing to differences with Salmasius, he returned to Holland. In 1670 he went to England, and in 1673 was made a canon of Windsor by Charles II. This office he held until his death. He edited the works of the geographers Scylax and Mela; also Justin, Catullus, etc. His other important writings were: De Septuaginta Interpretibus (1661); De Poematum Cantu et Viribus Rhythmi (1673); Variæ Observationes (1685). Consult De Crane, De Vossiorum Iuniorumque Familia (Franeker, 1820). VOSS, JOHANN HEINRICH (1751-1826). A German poet, translator, and classical philologist, born in Sommersdorf. Mecklenburg. He studied at Göttingen, and after editing for a time the Göttinger Musenalmanach, was made rector of the Gymnasium at Otterndorf (1778). He translated the Odyssey, was promoted in 1782 to the rectorship of the Gymnasium at Eutin, and here in 1789 published a translation of Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics, his classical version of the Homeric poems (4 vols., 1793), and two volumes of controversial letters addressed to Heyne (Mythologische Briefe, 1794). In 1802 he moved to Jena, and in 1805 was made professor of classical literature at Heidelberg. Here he translated Horace, Hesiod, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, and Tibullus, and attempted Shakespeare, Ovid, and Aristophanes with less success. Of his original poems in four volumes (1825) the idyl Luise (1795) is alone noteworthy. His later works, Wie ward Fritz Stolberg ein Unfreier (1819) and Antisymbolik (1824-26), are painstaking and dignified, but dreary. Voss's Letters are in three volumes (Halberstadt, 182933). Consult the Lives by Paulus (Heidelberg, 1826) and Herbst (Leipzig, 1872-76); also Prutz, Der Göttinger Dichterbund (Leipzig, 1841). VOSS, RICHARD (1851-). A German author, born at Neugrape, in Pommerania. He studied at Jena and Munich, and in 1884 became librarian of the Wartburg. His best known dramas are: Pater Modestus, dealing with the problem of religion (1882); Alexandra (1886); Brigitta (1887); Eva, patterned after Ibsen's Nora (1889); Schuldig (1890); Zwischen drei Herzen (1896); and Die Patrizierin, a classical drama, which won the Schiller prize in 1896. His novels include: Die Sabinerin, remarkable for its beautiful descriptions of Italian country (1890); Villa Falconieri, the story of a successful poet who lost confidence in his powers (1896); Amœa, a story of Rome in Nero's time (1901); and Römisches Fieber (1902). VOSTOKOFF, võs-to'kôf, ALEXANDER CHRISTOFOROVITCH (1781-1864). A Russian philologist. He was born in the island of Osel, in the Gulf of Riga, studied architecture in the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, and then devoted himself to philology and paleography. In 1808 he published his preliminary study of Slavic linguistics; in 1815 became assistant in the department of manuscripts in the Imperial Library; and in 1820 was chosen member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vostokoff published in 1820 Razsuždeniye o slavyanskom yazyke, a treatise which outlined the development of language, the nature of the pre-Slavic dialect, and the peculi arities of the Old Church Slavic; a descriptive catalogue of Slavic manuscripts (1842); and a lexicon (1861) and a grammar (1863) of the Old Church Slavic. His Russian Grammar appeared first in 1831, reached a twelfth edition in 1874, and is the basis of the modern scientific treatment of the subject. Vostokoff contributed to the great lexicon of the Russian Academy (1847). His minor works were edited by Sresnevsky in 1865. VOTE (from Lat. votum, wish, engagement, vow, from rovere, to wish, promise, dedicate, Vow). A formal declaration or expression of the will or preference of a person in regard to a question or issue submitted to him together with others for action. The term is perhaps most commonly applied to the means whereby an elector or citizen expresses his choice of candidates for public offices and to the expressions of assent or dissent of legislators to the enactment of proposed measures, but is also correctly employed to describe the voice of a member of a corporation or any association of individuals in declaring his will as to any question submitted. The word is also used collectively to include the combined action of a number of individuals upon a given question. Various methods of voting have been devised, but practically only two are in use: by ballot (q.v.), and viva voce, by voice. Where the voting is by ballot one or more judges must be appointed to canvass or count the ballots which have been deposited in some receptacle by the voters. Where the more simple method of having each voter announce his will orally is adopted, a secretary is usually appointed to note the name and choice of every one entitled to vote. In all political elections and legislative bodies in the United States every person entitled to vote must do so personally. However, in corporations and associations voting by proxy is usually permitted. In order to secure a fair election and freedom of choice on the part of the voters, various means of voting have been devised. The Australian system, which practically insures absolute secrecy, is the most in favor. This system prohibits any marking of ballots for identification, and as all the tickets which may be voted are printed upon one sheet of paper and marked and folded in a closed booth, there is perhaps no method of determining absolutely how a person votes. See BALLOT; ELECTORAL REFORM. VOTER. One entitled to a vote or voice in the determination of a question before a number of individuals. The term implies some qualification. For example, to entitle a person to vote for candidates for public office he must be a citizen of the jurisdiction in which the election is held, and, of course, no one can vote on any question before a private corporation or association unless he is a member. The character of the qualifications required of voters in political elections varies somewhat in the different States. However, there are certain general requirements in all States, which may be summarized as follows: (1) Citizenship; (2) residence for a certain time in the State, county, and election district; (3) that the voter shall have attained his majority (21 years); (4) that the voter shall be of sound mind; (5) that he shall not be a convicted felon under senRegistration is also required in many Some of the States have established tence. States. either property or educational qualifications. This has been done in most of the Southern States in order to exclude the negro vote. As these tests might bar some of the 'poor whites,' a provision that any one whose father or grandfather was a soldier in the Confederate Army has been introduced. These ingenious devices are rendered necessary by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that the "right of citizens to vote shall not be abridged by the United States or any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Except for this provision the States have power to fix their own qualifications. A few States permit women to vote. The election laws of most States contain provisions under which a person who suspects that another is illegally attempting to vote may challenge the latter's right to do so. Under such circumstances the person challenged is generally permitted to 'swear in' his vote, that is, state under oath that he possesses the qualification which the challenger denies, and his vote is counted subject to rejection later if the courts subsequently decide that he had no right to vote. See ELECTORAL REFORM; VOTE. tion. If the voter finds that he has turned the key in the wrong hole, he can reinsert the key and by turning it back cancel his vote. He may now make a new choice with the same limitations as before. The voter leaves the machine at the opposite end to which he entered. passing out he raises a bar, which resets the VOTING MACHINE. A mechanical device which automatically records and counts votes. Besides preventing repeating and other fraud, an ideal voting machine has the additional advantages over the paper ballot system of greater secrecy, simplicity, rapidity, and cheapness. The first State law authorizing the use of automatic machines was passed by New York in 1892, allowing towns to use the Myers automatic ballot cabinet at elections of town officers. In 1893 Michigan and Massachusetts permitted the use of voting machines at local elections, and in 1894 New York authorized their use at all elections. Michigan passed a similar law in 1895, Massachusetts in 1896, Minnesota in 1897, Ohio in 1898, and Indiana and Nebraska in 1899. During 1900 Rhode Island created a voting machine commission to examine machines and make regulations for their use by cities and towns. In Iowa the use of voting machines has been authorized at all elections, and a commission to examine voting machines created. In 1895 Connecticut authorized the use of McTammany and Myers machines at local elections. The first perma nent State voting machine commission was established in New York in 1897. Massachusetts and Ohio followed in 1898. In California a constitutional amendment adopted by the people allows voting by other means than by ballot. During the Presidential election of 1900, 78 United States voting machines were in use, and they had been used at five preceding annual elections. This machine has the party lines arranged in horizontal rows, the candidates in each row being numbered consecutively. To vote the straight ticket a key is pulled out, but the vote is not registered until the voter swings the gate on the voting machine. Before he swings his gate he can rearrange his ballot to any extent he desires. The Bardwell votometer consists of a series of sections of interchangeable form, except in the sections designed for the questions 'Yes' and 'No,' or for the selective' or 'multiple' votes, which differ only as to the interlocking or safety devices. The voter finds before him the complete ballot, and he is at liberty to make any selection of names he sees fit. If he desires to cast a vote for all the nominees of any one party at a single motion, he makes his selection in the 'Straight Ticket' column, and, inserting the key in the hole in the centre of the card bearing the party name, he gives it a turn to the right. This actuates a register at the back. Simultaneously with the turning of the key a blank disk, or indicator, located at the right of and one inch from the keyhole changes, and a cross or X appears, indicating his vote. It is now impossible to turn the key in any other hole in that column-that is, to vote for an additional 'Straight Ticket'and it is likewise impossible to vote for any individual on the chosen ticket or any other ticket. But the 'Optional Column' remains open, and in it the voter is free to make any choice he may desire. The affirmative and the negative of a question have corresponding keyholes. After having voted the straight ticket and on the questions, all one can now do is to correct any mistakes that become evident upon inspec In machine and at the same time locks it. The bar at the entrance end of the machine cannot be raised till the exit bar has been operated, so that it is impossible for two to have access to the machine at the same time. The Standard voting machine is about 4 feet square and 10 inches deep, and is supported by legs. The top is a little over 6 feet from the floor. A semicircular bar projects from the upper corners, on which is hung a curtain which forms a booth. An operating lever extends from the centre of the top of the machine, the outer end of which is attached to the curtain. When the voter advances to vote he throws the lever by a dependent handle to the opposite side of the and inclosing himself in a booth. machine, thus carrying the curtain behind him The voter first selects his party ticket, and by pulling the straight ticket knob over the party emblem down to the right, moves all the pointers for that ticket. If he desires to split his ticket, he can move the pointer back from over the name that does not suit him, and in the same office line move the pointer over the name he wishes to vote for. He now registers his vote by throwing the curtain open by means of the operating lever with which he closed it, thus casting and counting his vote in perfect secrecy. The Standard machine had its first trial April 12, 1898, in a town election. During the Presi dential election of 1900 it was used in a large number of cities and towns in New York State, including Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, Ithaca, and Poughkeepsie. Consult "The Voting Machine," in Municipal Journal and Engineer (New York, December, 1900). VOTKINSKY ZAVOD, vôd′kên-ské zå-vôd. An industrial settlement in the Government of Vyatka, East Russia, 380 miles southeast of Vyatka. It has extensive crown iron works and machine shops. There are also manufactures of agricultural machinery and other iron and steel products, and a mining school. Population, in 1897, 21,000. VO TYAKS. A Finno-Ugrian tribe, neighbors of the Permiaks, living between the Vetluga and Kama, tributaries of the Volga, in Northeastern Russia. Other groups are found in the gov ernments of Ufa, Kazan, and Samara. They number about 360,000, and are skillful hus bandmen, stock-breeders, and apiarists. Their height is 1.619 meters and their cephalic index, 82.0. They have high cheek bones, straight, small nose, small lips, blue or gray eyes, blond or red hair and beard, and a slender, thin-muscled physique. Their intellec tual culture is undeveloped and they are given to drink. Polygamy is practiced, and, though nominal Christians, they still secretly continue their pagan cult. Their speech is closely allied to that of the Zyrians (q.v.), and they have some little Russian admixture. Consult: Buch, Die Wotjaken (Helsingfors, 1882); De Baye, Notes sur les Votiaks (Paris, 1897); |