case.

with Rome, are allowed to retain a number of their traditional local peculiarities in discipline and worship. As a rule they have their own liturgies in the Eastern tongues, not in Latin; they use leavened bread in the Eucharist (with the exception of the Maronites and the Armenians); their priests are allowed to marry once; and they have a body of canon law of their own, partly consisting of ancient conciliar decrees and partly of Papal decisions made for their special Their government is cared for by a special committee of the Propaganda super negotiis Orientalium organized by Pius IX. in 1862. The United Greeks may be divided according to the languages employed in their worship. Those with a Greek liturgy are found principally in Greece, European Turkey, Italy, and Russia, besides some 10,000 adherents in the United States. The Melchites (q.v.) employ the Arabic. There are also Rumanians with a vernacular liturgy; the Slavic is employed by the Ruthenians and Bulgarians. Under the name of Uniates are also comprehended the United Copts, descendants of the ancient Egyptians in Egypt and Abyssinia, the old Patriarchate of Alexandria; they have been united with Rome since 1732, and number some 30,000. To the Syrian rite belong the Maronites (q.v.), the Syrians proper in Asiatic Turkey, and some Syro-Chaldeans in the same region and in India. There are also Armenians in Turkey, Egypt, Russia, and Galicia; these returned to communion with Rome in the first half of the fourteenth century, and now number 150,000.

UNICORN (OF., Fr. unicorne, from Lat. unicornus, one-horned, from unus, one cornu, horn). A fabulous animal mentioned by ancient

Greek and Latin authors as a native of India, and

described as being of the size of a horse, or larger, the body resembling that of a horse, and with one horn of a cubit and a half or two cubits long on the forehead, the horn straight, its base white, the middle black, the tip red. The body of the animal was also said to be white, its head red, its eyes blue. It was said to be so swift that no horse could overtake it. The unicorn is perhaps best known as a heraldic charge or supporter. Consult: Brown, The Unicorn (London, 1881); Gould, Mythical Monsters (London, 1886).

UNICORN-FISH. (1) A marine fish (Lophotes cepedianus), related to the oarfish

UNICORN-FISH.

and ribbon-fishes (qq.v.). It has been taken both in the Eastern Atlantic and off the coast of Japan, in rather deep water. It is about five feet

long and silvery in color, with lighter spots and rosy fins. All the fins are minute except the dorsal, which extends the whole length of the back, and is preceded by the elevation of the crown of the head into a high crest, surmounted by an exceedingly long and recurved spine, from which the fish receives its name. Its habits are unknown. (2) One of the filefishes (Alutera scripta) common in the West Indies, and known there as 'lija trompa.' It is two or three feet long, olivaceous in color, streaked and spotted with blue and black, and has the snout produced, and a long and slender spine rising from the top of the head. Consult Günther, Study of Fishes (Edinburgh, 1880).

UNICORN PLANT. See MARTYNIA.

UNIFORMITARIANISM. In geology the theory which seeks to account for the past history of the earth in the light of the present. It assumes that the great changes which the earth has undergone are the results of slow-working but persistent processes rather than of catastrophic agencies. The theory was first clearly stated by James Hutton and found its ablest important influence in the development of geoadvocate in Sir Charles Lyell; it has had an logical science.

UNIFORMITY, ACT OF. See ACT OF UNI

FORMITY.

UNIFORMS, MILITARY AND NAVAL. A distinguishing dress or costume (q.v.) appropriate to a certain group or organization, as an army, society, etc. It is necessary to go back to the Crusades to obtain authentic record as to the employment of costume devices. Armor (q.v.), partly because of its expense, but more especially because it was a badge of caste, was the property possibility of distinguishing one armored knight and privilege of the nobleman. Just as the imshields, and what are now known as heraldic from another had compelled the adoption of devices, mottoes, etc. (see HERALDRY), so the difficulty of distinguishing the men-at-arms and followers of a king or nobleman, especially in battle, brought about the introduction of a distinct badge or pattern of dress. In the Second Crusade (twelfth century), for example, the French wore red crosses on the sleeve and the English white. Feathers were first worn in the fifteenth century by the French; cloaks and tabard of arms by military men over their armor. Later, Henry VIII., with characteristic love of pomp, at the siege of Terouenne, had as a guard six hundred archers wearing white gaberdines and caps, and in 1526 he arrayed the yeomen of his household in red, the first appearance, it is said, of red as the English national color. In the same reign all the soldiers of the King were ordered to wear a blue uniform trimmed with white and a Saint George's cross upon the sleeve. In 1544 an order required "every soldier to have a coat of blue guarded with red cloth and a pair of hose, the right hose to be all red, the left to be blue with one stripe of three fingers broad of red upon the outside of his leg." The cloaks of the cavalry were red. In 1584 sod green or russet was chosen for the Irish service, and in 1585 the English soldiers wore red coats during their service in the Low Countries. During the Civil War uniforms varied according to the colors of the leader under whom the soldier served. Red was the color chosen by King

Charles and Prince Rupert for their bodyguards, but it was not definitely adopted as the English color until Queen Anne's reign. In 1693 the infantry wore gray and the drummers scarlet. By the close of the seventeenth century nearly the whole of the land forces of Great Britain were uniformed in scarlet or blue, varying in the facings only. Helmets appeared in 1812 and the red stripe on the trousers in 1834.

The idea of facings (q.v.) in military and naval uniforms grew out of the custom of pinning back the long coat tails for convenience in action, thus showing the lining of a different color. Epaulets (q.v.) of gold bullion were evolved from the metal shoulder pieces used in armor, and appeared in 1795.

In 1603 James I. ordered all shipmasters to dress in scarlet cloth, but a regular naval uniform was not used until 1746. A group of naval officers who were accustomed to meet at Wells Coffee House, in London, decided to place the question for a dress uniform for the naval service before the King and Admiralty, through the Duke of Bedford. The colors suggested were red and blue, the national colors, but the King preferred blue with white facings, which was adopted. Patterns of these earliest uniforms are to be seen at the United Service Institution, London. Under William IV. the naval colors were blue with red facings, and under Queen Victoria and King Edward as originally, blue and white.

Uniforms were first worn in France by the entire army in the reign of Louis XIII. Under Louis XIV. regiments were distinguished by the

colors of their colonel. In 1670 Louvois by proclamation made the wearing of uniform compulsory in the army, and gave definite instructions as to its details. The infantry were ordered to wear white coats faced with red, white waistcoats, and white breeches. The officers' uniforms were distinguished by difference in material and trimmings of gold lace. A small cap was worn with this uniform. The cavalry had similar uniforms, but with leather breeches, plumed hats, and high boots.

De Choiseul modified these uniforms in color,

making the infantry wear white, the cavalry blue, and the dragoons green. Under Louis XVI. the regiments were divided into six classes, distinguished by the color of the facings. With the French Revolution uniforms were simplified, and consisted of long blue coats, breeches, and high gaiters. Powder and queues were prohibited, but this order was not strictly enforced. Napoleon attempted, on account of the difficulty and expense of procuring indigo dye, to restore the original white uniforms, but, a substitute for this dye having been found, the blue coat was retained, though shortened. A sleeved waistcoat, trousers, and a shako helmet were added to the uniform. In 1815 the white uniform was again taken up, but gave way to the blue in 1820. In 1843 the tunic became almost a waistcoat, and a long gray cloak for protection against cold and wet was brought into use. The trousers were loose and confined by gaiters at the knee; belts were worn round the waist instead of over the shoulder.

The dress of the United States Army prescribed in orders has been marked in practice by irregular and unauthorized modifications. This has arisen partly from the American tendency to

sacrifice ornament to utility, and to the want of a suitable dress for field service, in which the troops have been almost constantly engaged since the formation of the Government. During the Revolution it became necessary at times to call upon the inhabitants to contribute cast-off clothing to cover the nakedness of the patriot army; yet efforts were made to establish some degree of military uniformity. Thus in 1777 the Commissioners at the Court of France were "directed to use their utmost endeavors to send, without delay, 80,000 blankets, 40,000 complete suits of clothing for soldiers, of green, blue, and brown colors, with suitable facings and cloth of the same colors, with trimmings sufficient for 40,000 suits more, and 100,000 pairs of stockings fit for soldiers."

In 1780 it was announced that "the different military ranks should be distinguished from each other"-"major-general to wear a blue coat with buff facings, two epaulets with two stars upon each" and "a black and white feather in the hat; brigadier-general, the same as major-general, with one star; captains one epaulet on the right shoulder and lieutenants one on the left shoulder; staff officers to be distinguished by hat feathers of various colors." In 1782 it was ordered "that the uniform of the American cavalry and infantry shall in future be blue ground with red facings and white linings and buttons." The close of the Revolution found the troops, generally, in a condition as to uniform not unlike Falstaff's recruits.

In 1794 the green coat of the cavalry was changed from white to black facings, a leather helmet with black horse-hair plume, and leather breeches. In 1802 Jefferson ordered the French leather cap with a strip of bear-skin on the top; officers of artillery wore gold and of infantry silver epaulets; the coat was a cutaway showing the waistcoat; the infantry wore double and the cavalry and artillery single cross belts; the gorget worn during the Revolution was replaced by a single oval brass plate on the belt. Prior to 1801 the hair was worn tied in queues, but in that year General Wilkinson ordered the limited to the bottom of the ear and beards were hair cut short; the length of whiskers was not allowed until 1853. In 1808 general officers were required to wear single-breasted coats, with very high collars embroidered in gold. In 1810 all coats were single-breasted without facings, and there was worn that remarkable head-dress, the civilian 'silk hat' with a pompon prescribed, which had but a short life. In 1812 the changes were the abolition of the sash, boots for all mounted officers; in 1814 the cocked hat was succeeded by the black leather bell-crowned shako of the French Army; on social occasions, kneebreeches and shoes were permitted with yellow knee-buckles.

In 1821 chapeaux bras were ordered for all but company officers, who continued to wear the bell-crowned cap; captains wore a chevron above the elbow on each arm; subalterns, one below the elbow. In 1825 a blue cloth shako or high forage cap was prescribed, each arm of service being distinguished by the color of the pompon; light artillery, yellow with red top; light infantry, white with red top. In 1835 colored facings were revived; general officers had doublebreasted coats with lapels, with buff facings. In

1857 the large black felt hat, turned up at one side, with an ostrich feather curled around the crown, appeared; this was the dress hat until the close of the Civil War. Divested of the feather, it became the campaign hat of the period and the ancestor of the drab felt service hat of 1898-1903.

At the beginning of the twentieth century the question of uniform has become almost as important in its relation to military success as is the rifle or ammunition. The difficulty of crossing the fire zone of the modern rifle demands that the troops thus engaged be uniformed as inconspicuously as possible; but, in the universal effort to attain this result, the nations are practically adopting the same type of uniform, and the same color of material. The great disadvantage of this was frequently seen in the BoerBritish War of 1899-1903, when the British troops were sometimes unable to distinguish groups of the enemy from similar bodies of their own forces, owing to the fact that both sides employed Khaki uniforms.

Uniforms of this material came into use about 1880 in the British-Indian Army. At first the Khaki dye was not fast color, and regiments on parade presented a somewhat mottled appearance. In 1884 two Englishmen named Lemann and Gatti secured a fast dye and thus obviated the difficulty. This dye is used equally well for cotton or woolen materials, an important factor in view of service in different climates. In 1885 Lord Roberts investigated the matter and ordered accoutrements, gun wheels, and carriages to be painted in the Khaki color. With the helmets or turbans, haversack covers, and water bottles as well as the uniforms, in this dull shade, the soldier is practically invisible in the field. It was decided to do away with the distinguishing marks of officers in the field on account of the great losses among them in the South African War, but the difficulty of inaugurating any changes in the uniforms of the British Army stands in the way of any radical reform. instance, in the Boer War the Highland regiments consented to wear Khaki helmets and jackets, but refused to give up their kilts. Similarly, every regiment in the British Army possesses its own traditions and privileges. These privileges are regarded as inalienable rights, and as they conduce very strongly to esprit de corps, they have a value which in a degree offsets the strictly utilitarian views of the War Office.

For

The service uniforms of the armies of the military powers are now selected primarily for their usefulness under actual war conditions but the main characteristics of the ordinary uniforms are indicated in the following summary:

AUSTRIA. Infantry, a frock of dark blue cloth, the collar bearing patches with the regimental colors. Rifle regiments, light gray. The Bosnian infantry wear a frock coat of light color. Cavalry: Dragoons, Uhlans, wear a single breasted tunic of light blue cloth. Hussars, light and dark blue. The various regiments are distinguished by their head-dress or the color of their facings. The dolman is of the same color as the tunic, is lined with fur, and has a black astrachan collar. Engineers, light blue.

ENGLAND. Infantry, generally scarlet. Rifle regiments, dark green. The Royal regiments and guards are distinguished by their dark blue facings. Cavalry, scarlet or blue. Artillery,

blue with scarlet facings. Engineers, scarlet with blue facings.

FRANCE. The radical change which took place in 1903 was largely due to General Andrée. Instead of the red full trousers and double-breasted coat, a tunic of dark Prussian blue cloth with a single row of buttons is worn. The trousers are of dark bluish gray. The head-dress consists of a large, broad-brimmed felt hat, looped up at the side with a red, white, and blue cockade, somewhat similar to those worn during the Directory. The only decorative portion of the uniform is the red epaulets. Cavalry, cuirassiers, and dragoons wear a dark blue tunic, with the number of the regiment marked on the collar. Artillery, dark blue tunic and scarlet facings. Engineers, dark blue tunic, scarlet facings, and dark blue trousers.

Lan

GERMANY. Infantry, single-breasted dark blue tunic with scarlet facings, the Guards regiments being distinguished by the lace on their cuffs. Rifle regiments wear dark green tunics with scarlet facings and a leather shako. Cavalry, cuirassiers, and dragoons, metal or leather helmet, white or light blue tunics. The hussars, tunics of various colors, dark blue breeches, fur busbies, Hessian boots, and gray cloaks. ciers, lancier caps, dark blue tunic (Bavarians, dark green), dark blue breeches, long boots, gray cloaks, and white belt. Artillery, dark blue tunics, black facings. Saxon regiments wear dark green tunics with scarlet facings. Engineers, dark blue tunic, with black facings, white buttons, and scarlet shoulder straps. Early in 1904 the field dress of the German Army was changed in color and material like that now worn by the United States Army. See below.

ITALY. Infantry, dark blue tunic, gray trousers. Cavalry, dark blue tunic and light gray trousers. Artillery, same tunic as cavalry, but with yellow edging and dark blue trousers.

RUSSIA. Infantry, green tunic fastened by hooks instead of buttons, loose-fitting for men. No facings are worn, but a line of red piping goes around the top of the collar. Trousers, green with red facings for officers; men, green, without facings. Knee boots are worn, into which the trousers are tucked. Grenadiers wear the same uniform as the infantry except that the shoulder straps are always yellow and the regimental number on the cap is followed by the initial letter of the word grenadier. The infantry of the Guard wear a tight-fitting tunic, with facings of white, red, or orange, according to their divisions. Cavalry, grenadiers, and dragoons wear green tunics with two rows of buttons, facings of red on collar and sleeves. The trousers are of gray cloth, with red stripes for the Guard only. The uniform of the Cossack troops generally consists of a coat hooked obliquely across the chest, with facings of red, blue, or yellow, according to the regiment. The trousers are of blue cloth, with wide red stripes; boots to the knee, and black sheepskin cap, with a red top. The Cossacks of the Caucasus wear the Caucasian dress of a dark gray coat under which is partly exposed a white waistcoat, full gray trousers tucked into the boots, and high round caps of sheepskin. Artillery uniforms are modeled after the infantry and cavalry.

JAPAN. The Japanese artillery, infantry, and cavalry wear the same style of uniform, except that the facings for cavalry are green, artillery

yellow, and those of the infantry red. The winter uniform is dark blue, and the summer uniform white. The campaign uniforms adopted in 1903 are of Khaki, and are modeled after the British and German types.

UNITED STATES. An important and radical alteration in the uniform of the United States Army was made in 1902. It comprised the adoption of 'full dress,' 'dress,' and 'service' uniforms (with summer and winter additions); the helmet was abolished and a cap, shaped somewhat like the British officers' forage-cap, was substituted; minute adherence to details and strict observance of times and places or 'occasions' when each kind of dress was appropriate were enjoined. In the new dress, the results of the experience of all nations as to utility and ornament were combined.

The

For all uniforms excepting overcoat and 'service dress' the traditional color-dark blue-was retained with facings or piping of red, yellow, and white for the artillery, cavalry, and infantry respectively. For the staff corps and departments colors for facings, etc., were prescribed as follows: Scarlet piped with white for the engineers: orange piped with white for the signal corps; black piped with scarlet for the ordnance department; maroon for the medical corps; and buff for the quartermaster's department. overcoat was an 'ulster' of a yellowish-brown color. The chapeau was discarded for all purposes save 'full-dress-dismounted' for generals and officers of the general staff. In 1903 a new material of an 'olive drab' shade was adopted for the 'service dress;' all insignia and metal trimmings and buttons were of bronze; and boots and leggings of russet leather were prescribed. The full-dress coat for officers is doublebreasted, with a double row of buttons, and for general officers has a velvet collar. With it are worn epaulets (by general officers) or shoulder knots, while the appropriate insignia for the corps, department, or arm of the service and the rank of the officer are indicated by devices and braid on the collar and cuffs. The dress coat for all officers except general officers is a single-breasted sack coat of dark blue cloth trimmed with black braid, but without brass buttons. Shoulder straps and appropriate corps devices on the collar are worn with this coat. The white coat is similar to the dress coat save that the insignia of rank is placed on the shoulder loop and the shoulder straps are omitted. The general officers' dress coat is a double-breasted sack coat with brass buttons. The service coat of olive drab is a sack coat with outside patch pockets and has the insignia of rank on the shoulder strap and the corps devices on the collar. These with the buttons are of dull bronze. Private soldiers have the same general classes of uniforms. The full dress uniforms are adorned with a breast cord and tassel of the corps, color of the department, or arm of the service, as are the piping of the collar, shoulder loops, and cuff. The trousers of the full-dress uniform are of sky blue with a stripe of the color appropriate to the corps or

arm.

The cap which replaces the helmet for full dress has a stripe of cloth of the proper color, while it has the appropriate insignia of metal in front. The dress cap has the band removed, while in service the well-known felt campaign

hat is worn. The various insignia worn in the United States Army are described in some detail under MILITARY INSIGNIA; CHEVRONS; EPAULETS; etc. The uniform for the cadets of the United States Military Academy (q.v.) is of gray, the service coat being a sack coat trimmed with black braid without buttons, while the dress coat is a swallow-tailed coat with brass bell buttons. The marks of ranks of the cadet officers are chevrons with the points upward.

NAVAL UNIFORMS.

Modern naval uniforms are marked by the same general characteristics throughout the navies of the world, and resemble each other quite closely. This, doubtless, is due to the fact that naval officers and men are universally exposed to the same conditions and that the ceremonies and usages at sea obtain in much the same form under different flags. The uniforms of the United States Navy, described in some detail below, may be considered fairly typical, and the deviations are usually in such details as epaulets, gold lace, insignia, etc., for which each service has its own definite and minute regulations.

The uniform for the British Navy closely resembles that of the United States Navy. For officers there are eight different suits to be worn on specific occasions, classed as follows: Full dress, ball dress, frock coat with epaulets, frock coat, undress, mess dress, mess undress, white undress. The undress uniform differs from that worn in the United States Navy in that it has a double-breasted coat with brass buttons instead of the blouse trimmed with braid. On all the uniforms the distinctive marks of rank are stripes on the sleeves and appropriate devices on the shoulder strap or epaulet. The significant degrees on the latter are as follows: Admiral of the fleet, crown, and crossed cannon surrounded by a wreath; admiral, crown, crossed sword and baton and three stars; vice-admiral, the same, with two stars; rear-admiral, the same, with one star; a commodore or senior captain has a crown and anchor and two stars, while a junior captain has the same with one star; a commander has a crown and anchor, a senior lieutenant a star and anchor, and a junior lieutenant an anchor.

The Russian Navy in its dress resembles the British, but is less elaborate and has some marked peculiarities. Officers (in winter) wear a dark blue frock coat, a reefer jacket, or a monkey jacket; in summer, white. The cap is high, flat-topped, and of the color of the dress worn. Cocked hats are required for full dress. In winter both officers and men wear a brown woolen cape, also goloshes over the boots. The Russian officer out of quarters is always in uniform. The enlisted man in winter wears a short gray overcoat, belted at the waist. On shore duty he wears a military tunic and leggings.

The uniform of officers of the United States Navy consists of three classes-dress, undress, and service dress. The dress uniforms are, special full dress, full dress, dress, evening dress A, evening dress B, mess dress. The undress uniforms are undress A and undress B. Service dress is either blue or white. The special fulldress uniform consists of a double-breasted blue broadcloth coat with standing collar and eighteen gilt buttons, nine in each row; blue trousers with a stripe of gold lace down the outside seam ;

epaulets, cocked hat, sword, and full-dress belt. The undress A uniform consists of a doublebreasted blue frock coat similar in cut to the civilian's coat, but having eighteen gilt buttons, nine each side, and with shoulder fixtures for epaulets, cocked hat, sword, and full-dress belt. with undress A); a blue waistcoat with seven gilt buttons, cap, sword, plain leather belt, and plain blue trousers. The service suit consists of a blue or white blouse with standing collar and trimmed with black braid; blue or white waistcoat with seven gilt buttons; plain blue or white trousers. The evening dress suit is similar in cut to the civilian evening dress suit, but the buttons are gilt and the coat is fitted with shoulder fixtures for epaulets; the waistcoat may be blue or white as ordered. The mess dress consists of the white mess jacket, cut like the evening dress coat without the tails, white waistcoat, and blue or white trousers.

The various styles of uniform are made up from these. The special full dress is used on occasions of special ceremony. The full dress is used on less important occasions. It consists of the frock coat with epaulets, cocked hat, fulldress belt, and special full-dress trousers. The dress uniform, used for particular official calls, consists of frock coat, epaulets, cocked hat, plain belt, blue trousers. Undress A is used for service on courts-martial, reporting for duty, etc. Undress B differs from undress A only in omitting the sword and belt. It is used for ordinary official and semi-official calls, etc. Service dress is worn at all times when some other special uniform is not provided. The mess dress is worn at dinner when ordered.

On all except white uniforms the rank of an officer is indicated by gold lace on the sleeve and devices on the collar, epaulet, shoulder strap, or shoulder mark. Ensigns and officers of that rank wear one stripe of half-inch gold lace; lieutenants of the junior grade, a stripe of halfinch lace and a stripe of one-quarter inch lace above it; lieutenants, two stripes of half-inch lace; lieutenant-commanders, two stripes of halfinch lace and a stripe of one-quarter inch lace between them; commanders, three stripes of halfinch lace; captains, four stripes of half-inch lace; rear-admirals, one stripe of two-inch lace and one of half-inch 'lace above it; admiral, two stripes of two-inch lace and one stripe of halfinch lace between them. All officers of the line or executive branch wear a gold star on the sleeve above the lace. On the overcoat and white service coat the lace is worn on the shoulder marks. The ornaments indicating rank, which are worn on the collar, epaulet, and shoulder strap, consist of the corps device and rank emblem. The former consists of a silver foul anchor for line officers, sprig of silver oak leaves for pay corps, gold oak leaf and silver acorn for medical corps, one silver oak leaf and acorn for professors of mathematics, silver cross for chaplains, two gold live-oak leaves and acorn for naval constructors, and the letters C. E. in silver for civil engineers. The rank emblem for an admiral is four silver stars with a gold foul

anchor under the outer ones; for a rear-admiral, two silver stars and a silver foul anchor or other corps device between them; for a captain, a silver eagle; for a commander, a silver oak leaf; for a lieutenant-commander, a gold oak leaf; for a lieutenant, two silver bars; for a lieutenant of

the junior grade, one bar. Ensigns and officers of that rank wear only the corps device.

White uniforms are worn in hot weather. The overcoat is of the ulster type with very broad collar and black rubber buttons. Rank is indicated by the shoulder mark. Warrant officers wear no stripes on the sleeve, and no shoulder ornaments. The collar ornaments are crossed anchors for boatswains, a bursting shell for gunners, and a gold chevron for carpenters. When commissioned after ten years' service, chief warrant officers wear a half-inch gold stripe and silver collar ornaments.

The uniform of enlisted men consists of dress, undress, and working dress; each of these may be white or blue. Chief petty officers wear doublebreasted blue or white coats with gilt buttons. Other enlisted men wear a blue shirt or white dress jumper for dress, with blue cloth trousers. Undress is merely less neat or new uniform, if blue; but white undress has a white collar instead of a blue one; working dress is old blue or white uniform and is worn without a neckerchief. Rating badges for petty officers are worn upon the sleeve. Chief petty officers wear caps with visors and an ornament consisting of a gold foul anchor; other enlisted men wear round caps with a flat top projecting beyond the band all around the head.

UNIGENITUS. A Papal bull issued in 1713 condemning the principles of Jansenism (q.v.).

UNIMAK, 00′ne-mäk'. The largest and easternmost of the Aleutian Islands (Map: Alaska, C 5). It is separated from the southwestern extremity of the Alaska Peninsula by a narrow, very shallow, and unnavigable channel. It is 70 miles long; average breadth, 20 miles. It is barren and mountainous, and contains two volcanoes, one of which, Shishaldin, has an altitude of 8683 feet and is still active. There is a very scant population of Aleuts.

UNIO. The type-genus of the family Unionidæ, which contains the greater part of the freshwater mussels (q.v.).

UNION. See TRADE UNIONS.

U'NION. A town in Hudson County, N. J., adjoining Weehawken and West Hoboken; on the Erie, the West Shore, and the New York, Susquehanna and Western railroads (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is of considerable importance as an industrial centre, being interested largely in the manufacture of silk goods. There are also breweries and a shirt factory. Population, in 1890, 10,643; in 1900, 15,187.

UNION. The county-seat of Union County, S. C., 65 miles northwest of Columbia; on the Southern Railway (Map: South Carolina, C 2). It is the commercial centre of a farming and cotton-growing region, which also has large lumber tonseed-oil mill, knitting mills, etc. The waterand fruit interests. There are cotton mills, a cotworks and the electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 1609; in 1900, 5400.

UNIÓN, σo'nê-ōn', La. A town of Murcia, Spain, near the Mediterranean coast, five miles east of Cartagena (Map: Spain, E 4). The country is a mineral region, producing iron, manganese, sulphur, and carbonate of lead. The town was founded in the second half of the nine