1859); Théologie pastorale (1850; Eng. trans. 1852); Homilétique (1853; Eng trans. 1853); Etudes sur la littérature française au XIXème siècle (1849-51); Histoire de la littérature française au XVIIIème siècle (1853); Moralistes des XVIème et XVIIème siècles (1859); Poètes du siècle de Louis XIV. (1862). Vinet's letters were edited by Secretan and Rambert (Paris, 1882) and by Pressensé (ib., 1890). There are biographies by Rambert (ib., 1875), Molines (ib., 1890), and Lane (Edinburgh, 1890).

VINEYARD SOUND. A passage 20 miles long and 3% to 7 miles wide between the Eliza beth Islands, off the southeast coast of Massachusetts, and the island of Martha's Vineyard (Map: Massachusetts, F 5). It is the customary course for coasting vessels.

VINGT ANS APRÈS, văn'tän ́så'prâ' (Fr., twenty years after). A romantic novel by Alex. andre Dumas (1845). It is a sequel to Les trois mousquetaires, the incidents it narrates being supposed to take place after a lapse of twenty years in the lives of D'Artagnan and his companions. It was, in turn, succeeded by Dix ans plus tard, ou le vicomte de Bragelonne (1848-50). VINGT-ET-UN, văn'tâ'en' (Fr., twentyone). A card game of French origin, played with a complete pack of cards and by any number of players. The cards have no rank, but, instead, have a counting value, all the court cards having an equal value of ten points each, and the ace reckoned as eleven or one at the option of the holder. The question of who shall be dealer and banker is determined by dealing the pack to the players one at a time, the first player receiving an ace becoming the dealer. The object of the game is to secure as near 21 as possible in the total pip value of the cards held. Each player deposits an equal stake in the pool, after which two cards are dealt, one at a time, to each player. The cards all dealt, the dealer first examines his hand, and if he has exactly 21 (called a 'Natural') exposes it at once and claims the pool; or, if they are playing for stakes, the players pay him twice the amount of their stake. Should another player also have a Natural, it is declared a stand-off. If, after examination, the dealer has not a Natural, each player in turn, beginning with the eldest hand, examines his hand to see how nearly its total value approaches 21. If he has a Natural he shows it immediately, and the dealer pays him double the amount staked, or he takes the pool or any other winning which may have been determined upon beforehand. When none of the players has a Natural, each player in turn may draw another card or trust his fortunes to the two already in hand, which are not shown under any circumstances. If a player desires to draw a card, the dealer gives it to him face upward, and if the pips on the card drawn, added to those already in his hand, brings his total greater than 21, he is crevé, and passes over to the dealer his stake. The only skill required in the game is for the player to know what hand to stand on, and what to draw to.

MACAO is another variety of vingt-et-un, in which but one card is dealt to each player; the ace value is fixed at one, and court cards and tens count nothing. The number to be secured is 9 instead of 21.

VINIEGRA Y LASSO, vē'nê-ā'grå ê läs'sô, SALVADOR (1862-). A Spanish painter, born in Cadiz. He was a pupil of José Perez, and also studied under Hernandez and Villegas in Rome, which he made his home. His first important picture was "Blessing the Fields in 1800" (1887), which, after being exhibited in Madrid and elsewhere, found lodgment in the National Gallery of the Spanish capital. This was followed by several genre pictures of Spanish and Moorish life, brilliant in color and careful in detail, but more appreciated abroad than at home. Viniegra then painted "The Procession of the Dew" (1897), representing an Andalusian religious festival, which reëstablished his popularity in Spain. "Before the Bull-Fight" is in the New Pinakothek at Munich, and "Prayer of the Bull-Fighters" in the collection of the German Emperor.

The name

VINLAND, or WINELAND. given to that part of the continent of America visited by the Vikings of Norway. This coast was sighted in 986 by Bjarne Herjulfson (q.v.), who, in attempting to reach Greenland from Iceland, was carried out of his course by storms and the Arctic current. The land was not explored and named until 1000, when it was visited by Leif Ericson, who sailed along the coast from Labrador southward and gave the name of Wineland to one portion of the country because of the number of grapes he found growing there. Leif spent the winter felling timber with which to load his ship, and when spring came returned to Iceland. In 1002 Leif's brother Thorwald visited the land and spent the greater part of two years in exploration. He attempted a settlement, but was attacked and killed by the natives, whom the Norsemen called Skrellings. In 1007 a colony of 160 men sailed from Greenland to establish themselves in the new land. They put up houses, but were discouraged by the persistent hostility of the natives, and after one winter returned to their own country. Occasional later voyages to America were made in search of timber or for the purpose of fishing. The last which is recorded was in 1347.

The Icelandic historian, Are the Wise, who wrote in the early part of the twelfth century, mentions the discovery of Vinland, and he is authority for the accounts dating from the three centuries next following. Rafn (q.v.), in his Antiquitates Americana (1837), sets forth such evidence as exists respecting colonization in America by the Norsemen. This work attracted great attention in America, and to it may be traced the extended popular belief in the statements that the 'Old Mill' at Newport, the 'Dighton Rock,' and other supposed remains can actually be ascribed to the Viking settlements. Professor Horsford, of Harvard, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, revived interest in these settlements by a series of publications in which he tried to prove that the Norsemen visited the Charles River above Boston. The actual sources of documentary information are best given in Reeves's Finding of Wineland the Good (London, 1890). Consult also Anderson, America Not Discovered by Columbus (Chicago, 1874); and De Costa, PreColumbian Discovery of America (Albany, N. Y., 1901).

VINNITZA, vên'nyê-tså. A district town in the Government of Podolia, Russia, situated on the Bug, 100 miles northwest of Kamenetz-Podolsk (Map: Russia, C 5). It has a Jesuit college founded in 1649. Population, in 1897, 28,995.

VINSAUF, vǎN'sôf', GEOFFREY DE (called also ANGLICUS). A poet and rhetorician, who lived in England about 1200. His name, de Vino Salvo, seems to have been derived from a work on the vine preserved in a manuscript at Cambridge, and once attributed to him. He was the author of a poem on the art of poetry, variously known as Poetria Novella, Nova Poetria, and Ars Poetica. It is written in Latin hexameters and contains about twenty-one hundred lines. By example, Geoffrey sought to teach the various kinds of writing. His specimen of an elegy, having as subject Richard I., was playfully alluded to by Chaucer in the Nun's Priest's Tale. Chaucer there ironically addresses Geoffrey as his 'deere maister souerayn.'

VINSON, văN’SÔN, JULIEN (1843–). A French philologist, born in Paris and educated in the Nancy School of Forestry. For some time he was sub-inspector of forests, but devoted himself more and more to linguistic study, became editor of the Revue de Linguistique, and in 1879 was made professor of Hindustani in the Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes. But his especial study was the languages of the Dravidian stock, especially Basque, and the dialects of Central and Southern America. He wrote Le Basque et les langues mexicaines (1875); Le verbe dans les langues dravidiennes (1878); Eléments de la grammaire générale hindoustani (1883); Les religions actuelles (1887); Essai d'une bibliographie de la langue basque (1891-96); Manuel

of the guitar, were placed on the neck of the instrument. There was great variety in the number of strings: in Germany, 3, 4, and 5 were all common; in Italy there were usually six. The strings were tuned by fourths and thirds. The bridge was but slightly arched, so that in the case of instruments with many strings it was very difficult to play upon the strings in the centre. But, on the other hand, this low-arched bridge was but slightly arched, so that in the were treble, alto, tenor, and bass viols, and they were often played together.

VIOLA (It., viol). The tenor violin. An instrument which in size and compass is midway between the violin and the violoncello. It

VIOLA D'AMORE.

has four gut strings, the lower two covered with silvered copper wire. It is tuned in fifths, c, g, d', a', which is exactly an octave above the violoncello. The compass is from c to g2, or even higher, and the music is written in the alto clef. In the orchestra and string quartet the viola is a fixture, but, in spite of its clear, mellow tone, very little use has been made of it as a solo instrument. The viola d'amore is an obsolete stringed instrument which was very popular during the early eighteenth century. It had from five to seven strings of catgut, and below them, passing under the bridge, were an equal number of wire strings, which were tuned in unison and vibrated sympathetically

VINTAR, ven-tär'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Ilocos Norte. It lies 5

miles northeast of Laoag, in a well-watered plain, surrounded by mountains (Map: Philippine Islands, E I). Population, 11,809.

VIN'TON. The county-seat of Benton County, Iowa, 25 miles northwest of Cedar Rapids, on the Red Cedar River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad (Map: Iowa, E 2). It is the seat of the Iowa College for the Blind, and of the Tilford Collegiate Academy. There are creameries, canning establishments, and manufactories of pearl buttons, sheet iron, bricks, etc. The surrounding country is engaged in farming and stock-raising. The water-works and the electric light plant are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2865; in 1900, 3499.

VIOL (OF. viole, violle, It. viola, viol, probably from OHG. fidula, Eng. fiddle, from ML. vidula, vitula, fiddle, from Lat. vitulari, to keep holiday, originally probably to sacrifice a calf, from vitulus, calf; connected with Gk. iraλóc, italos, Skt. vatsa, calf, yearling, from vatsa, Gk. Tor, etos, year). A musical instrument, which was the immediate precursor of the violin. It is to be seen represented on monuments as far back as the close of the eleventh century. The belly and back were flat; there were larger bends in the sides than in the violin; and frets, like those

and a half.

VIOLA. The heroine of Shakespeare's captain, on the coast of Illyria, secures an inTwelfth Night. She is wrecked, with a friendly

troduction into the love-sick Duke's retinue, and is sent by him to plead his cause with Olivia. She is forced to reveal her identity by the appearance of her brother and finally weds her sentimental master, whom she has long since inspired with an unconscious passion.

VIOLACEÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. violaceus, relating to a violet, from viola, violet), or THE VIOLET FAMILY. A natural order of dicotyledonous plants, of which about 15 genera and 300 species are known, natives both of temperate and tropical countries, those belonging to the former being generally herbaceous, those of the latter generally shrubby, the herbaceous species being either annual or perennial. The best known species are the violets. leaves of the lobolobo (Alsodeia physiphora) are used in Brazil as spinach. The chief genera are Viola, Alsodeia, and Ionidium.

The

VIOLET (OF., Fr. violette, diminutive of Lat. viola, violet; connected with Gk. tov, ion, violet), VIOLA. A genus of mostly perennial herbs of the order Violacea. The widely distributed and numerous species are confined to temperate climates. Among the extensively cultivated species are Viola tricolor and Viola odorata. Viola tricolor, a native of the Old World,

is the wild species from which the common pansy or heart's-ease seems to have been developed. It has innumerable varieties and forms which surpass the natural species in beauty and diversity of color. The pansy runs in strains rather than in varieties, and florists frequently group the varieties according to different arbitrary schemes. This species belongs to the leafy-stemmed violets. The name pansy is derived from the French word pensée, thought. A strain of this species known Viola tricolor arvensis has become naturalized in some places in the United States. The sweet violet (Viola odorata), one of the stemless species, is common in grassy places in

as

SWEET-SCENTED VIOLET (Viola odorata). Europe and Northern Asia. The flowers are either deep blue or more rarely white. Under cultivation many varieties have been obtained, including dwarf and double forms with a great diversity in the color of the flowers. The wild plants are not as fragrant as the improved garden varieties. Viola Canadensis is an American species of which the cultivated varieties are frequently grown on sloping banks and rockeries. The bird's-foot violet (Viola pedata), another American species, is the parent of several handsome cultivated varieties. Viola altaica, a species native to Siberia, has been introduced into cultivation, and by itself, or by hybridization with Viola tricolor, has become the parent of many garden violets. Viola biflora is a pretty species widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. It produces small yellow flowers usually in pairs from April to June. Dogtooth violet is the common name of the genus Erythronium (q.v.), a genus unrelated to the violets proper.

Violets are of easy cultivation on various soils, but they prefer cool, shady positions, a rich, moist, sandy loam, with good drainage to keep the roots free from water. They are propagated chiefly by cuttings or divisions. Cuttings are made from vigorous shoots in the spring and set in fine sandy soil in a cool greenhouse or frame, and the resulting plants are transplanted to their permanent quarters in the fall. Propagation by division consists in dividing the plants after the flowering period and replanting them immediately. Such plants flower the following spring.

There are several so-called diseases that attack violets. Rust or spot (Cercospora viola) causes the formation of circular grayish spots with dark centres upon the leaves. Mismanagement seems to aid in the spread of this disease. Badly infested plants and affected leaves should be destroyed to prevent the ripening of the spores. A

spot disease attributed to Alternaria violæ attacks the parts above ground and is most troublesome upon rapidly growing plants. The spots have light-colored centres surrounded by darker zones, which become lighter in old spots. Care in the selection of plants, careful culture. removal of all diseased leaves and plants, and propagation of stocky, vigorous plants are suggested as preventive means. An anthracnose (Gloeosporium viola), which is often quite destructive, begins at the edge of the leaf and continues to spread until the whole plant is affected. Many of these diseases can be prevented by proper management of the plants. Fungicides may be used, but they usually discolor the leaves by the deposit of copper. Nematoda (q.v.), which are sometimes troublesome, may be destroyed by steam sterilizing the soil before the plants are set.

VIOLET FAMILY. See VIOLACEÆ.

VIOLET SNAIL. A small pelagic pectinibranch gastropod mollusk of the genus Janthina, nearly related to the wentletraps (q.v.). Several species are known, all inhabitants of the open sea, where they cling to floating seaweeds and the like. Their shells are fragile, purple in color, and in shape like small turbanshells (q.v.). They are especially interesting from the curious float which they construct to support showing its bubble raft of eggs. their egg-capsules. This is a gelatinous raft in which a cluster of eggs is entangled with air bubbles, buoying them up; and thus the collection is dragged about by the mollusk until the young hatch. They occur in shoals and feed upon jelly-fishes.

VIOLET SNAIL. A Janthina seen from above,

VIOLIN (It. violino, diminutive of viola, viol). The most popular of stringed instruments played with the bow. In its primitive form it is a development of the lyre and monochord (qq.v.), the strings from the former, and the principal parts, the elongated resonant-box with its soundholes, finger-board, and movable bridge, from the latter. The true history of the violin begins with the invention of the bow, which was first applied to the crwth, or crowd (q.v.), some time before the thirteenth century, when the viole, or vielle, of the troubadours made its appearance. The rebic (q.v.), the geige, the fidel, and many kinds of viols and violas underwent various changes until toward the middle of the sixteenth century the true violin model appeared, and superseded all other instruments of the same class, except the viola, the violoncello, and the double bass. The primitive violins had no contour, and it was not until the thirteenth century that the body of the vielle was scooped out at the ribs, forming a kind of waist. The corner blocks were added about the fifteenth century, and it is supposed they originated in Germany. The foundation on which violin-making was to rest was the viol with the double corners. These produced a new constructive feature, the 'bouts,' the ribs which