ana," in Romania (ib., 1901); and Payne, François Villon, Poems; rendered into English verse, in the original forms, with a biographical and critical introduction (London, 1892).

VILMAR, vil'mår, AUGUSTUS FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1800-68). A German theologian and literary historian, born at Solz, HesseCassel. He studied theology and philosophy at the University of Marburg. In 1851 he was elected by the synod superintendent-in-chief of the Church of the Electorate, but as this election was not approved he shortly afterwards accepted the post of professor of theology at the University of Marburg. His theological writings include Theologische Moral (1871; edited by Israel) and Die Theologie der Thatsachen wider die Theologie der Rhetorik (1856-76), but he is better known as a literary historian, in which field his chief work is Geschichte der deutschen Nationallitteratur (1845; 24th ed. 1894), which was continued by Adolf Stern.

VILNA, vél'nå. A government of Western Russia, lying between the Düna and the Niemen. Area, 16,420 square miles (Map: Russia, C 4). The larger part of the surface is low, and its highest point is only a little above 1000 feet. Marshes and lakes occupy a considerable proportion of the area. The chief rivers are the Niemen, the Vilia, and the Düna-all of them navigable and important for the commerce of the govern ment. The climate is moderate and steady, the precipitation ample. Agriculture is the principal occupation. The population was 1,591,912 in 1897, of whom the Lithuanians formed about onehalf and the rest was composed of Russians, Poles, and Jews. The latter numbered about 240,000. The Roman Catholics numbered nearly 1,000,000.

VILNA. The capital of the Government and the Governor-Generalship of Vilna, in Western Russia, situated at the confluence of the Vileika with the Vilia, 436 miles south-southwest of Saint Petersburg (Map: Russia, C 4). It is an old city irregularly built and unsatisfactory in its sanitary arrangements. Its most interesting ecclesiastical edifices are the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Saint Stanislaus with the silver coffin of Saint Casimir, the Greek Catholic Cathedral of Saint Nicholas, and the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Virgin. Vilna is well provided with educational institutions which include Greek a Orthodox and a Roman Catholic seminary, an archæological museum with a library, and a municipal theatre, In the suburbs are a number of ancient monasteries and churches and the ruins of the castle of the Jagellons. Vilna manufactures tobacco, knit goods, articles of apparel, artificial flowers, gloves, etc. The extensive commerce in grain and timber is favored by the position of Vilna at the intersection of three important railway lines and on a navigable river. Population, in 1889, 109,329; in 1897, 159,568, nearly 50 per cent. Jewish and the rest Lithuanian, Polish, and Russian.

Vilna was probably founded in the tenth century, but it became prominent only as the capital of Lithuania under Gedimin (about 1323). It obtained Magdeburg rights from Jagellon and had a printing press as early as 1519. During the seventeenth century it was nearly ruined in

the struggle between Russia and Poland. It was annexed to Russia in 1795. In 1803 a university was established at Vilna and suppressed for political reasons in 1832. The inhabitants of the city welcomed Napoleon in 1812 and took a prominent part in the Polish uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863.

VILVORDE, vêl'vôrd'. A town of the Province of Brabant, Belgium, on the river Senne, nine miles north of Brussels (Map: Belgium, C 4). It has manufactures of horse-hair and passementerie. Population, in 1900, 12,992.

VINA, věnȧ (Skt. viņā, lute). The principal musical instrument of the ancient Hindus. The instrument consists of a cylindrical pipe of bamboo 31⁄2 feet long with a finger-board a little less than two feet in length. At the ends of the pipe are two hollow gourds acting as resonators, each 15 inches in diameter. Behind one of these resonators are four pegs on which metal strings are fastened tuned in the following order: dominant, leading tone, tonic, subdominant. On the bamboo pipe are 18 movable bridges, somewhat lower than the principal bridge. These movable bridges can be adjusted so that the instrument can be tuned in any of the Hindu scales. Along the finger-board run three sympathetic strings acting as bourdons. (See BOURDON.) The vina has a range of two octaves with all chromatic intervals. The player assumed a kneeling atti tude, so that one resonator rested upon the left shoulder, the other upon the right knee. The strings were struck by means of the first and second fingers of the right hand, each having a kind of thimble with a flexible point.

VINCENNES, văn săn. A town of the De partment of Seine, France, five miles by tramway east-southeast from the Louvre, Paris, on the northern edge of the Bois de Vincennes (Map: Paris and Vicinity). The town is entirely given over to military purposes. There are immense barracks, a great fortress famous for its arsenal and its school of marksmanship, and depots of military supplies. The château to which the town owes its historical importance is built in the form of a parallelogram. It originally possessed nine towers, of which only one, known as the Donjon de Vincennes, with walls 17 feet thick and 170 feet high, remains. The building was begun by Louis VII. in 1164, and was used as a royal residence until 1740. In 1832 Louis Philippe fortified it and turned it into a military depot. Among its famous prisoners were Henry IV., the Great Condé, Cardinal de Retz, Mirabeau, and the unfortunate Duc d'Enghien, who was executed here in 1804. Population, in 1901, 31,405.

VINCENNES, vin-senz'. The county-seat of Knox County, Ind., 117 miles southwest of Indianapolis; on the Wabash River, and on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Evansville and Terre Haute, and the Indianapolis and Vincennes railroads (Map: Indiana, B 4). It has Vincennes University (non-sectarian), Saint Rose Female Academy, a public library, and the Cathedral Library. Other points of interest are the house occupied by William Henry Harrison, while Territorial Governor, and the old legisla tive hall, the Catholic Cathedral, the court-house, city hall, Government building, Vincennes Sana

torium, and Harrison Park. In the vicinity are several Indian mounds. Vincennes is in a coalmining, lumbering, and agricultural region, and manufactures novelties, jewelry, sewer pipe, stoves, glass, paper, furniture, tools, bridge work, spokes, handles, etc. The government, under the charter of 1867, is vested in a mayor chosen every two years, a unicameral council, and subordinate officials, the majority of whom are elected by the council. Population, in 1890, 8853; in 1900,

10.249.

Vincennes is built on the site of the principal village, Chip-kaw-kay, of the Piankashaw Indians. A fort was erected here by the French about 1702, and a regular settlement was established soon afterwards, which was called 'AuPost' or 'The Post' until about 1736. Subsequently the name 'Vinsenne,' given in honor of François Morgan de Vinsenne, an early commandant, gradually came into use. This name was finally changed to Vincennes. The British occupied the place in 1763; Col. George Rogers Clark captured it for Virginia early in 1779, and Virginia ceded it to the United States in 1783. It was the capital of Indiana Territory from 1801 to 1816, and was chartered as a city in 1856. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the State. Consult: Law, The Colonial History of Vincennes (Vincennes, 1858); "The Founding of Post Vincennes," in Magazine of American History, vol. xxii.; and Powell, Historic Towns of the Western States (New York, 1901).

VINCENNES, văN'son', JEAN BAPTISTE BISSOT, Sieur de (1688-1736). A Canadian explorer, born in Quebec. He became an ensign in 1701 and in 1704 he saw service in the Miami country. There he rescued a number of Iroquois who had been taken prisoners by the Ottawas contrary to treaty stipulations, and thus prevented a general war. In 1712 he defended Detroit against the Fox Indians and subsequently, as the lieutenant of La Mothe Cadillac, was active in the exploration of the country between the Ohio and the Great Lakes. About 1725 he built a fort and trading post on the site of the city in Indiana that now bears his name. In 1736 he participated in an expedition against the Chickasaws, but taken prisoner and burned at the stake.

was

VIN'CENT, Sir CHARLES EDWARD HOWARD (1849-). An English author and soldier, born at Slinfold, Sussex. He was educated at Westminster School and at Sandhurst. After serving with other regiments he became colonel commandant of the Queen's Westminster Volunteers in 1884, and served with that body during the South African War. He entered Parliament from Central Sheffield as a Conservative in 1885; founded the United Empire Trade League in 1891; and was chairman of the National Union Conservative Associations in 1895. His published works include: Russia's Advance Eastward (1872); Military Geography, Reconnoitring, and Sketching (1873); Law of Extradition (1880); and Police Code and Manual of Criminal Law (1882; 10th ed. 1899).

VINCENT, Sir EDGAR (1857-). An Eng lish financier. He was born in Sussex, and in 1881 became assistant to the commissioner for the evacuation of the territory ceded to Greece by Turkey. In 1882 he was appointed British, Belgian, and Dutch representative on the council

of the Ottoman public debt, held at Constantinople, and after acting as president of the council (1883), was financial adviser to the Egyptian Government (1883-89). While in that post he reformed the Egyptian currency, and later, as Governor of the Imperial Ottoman Bank (188997), freed Turkey from financial embarrassment. In 1899 he became a member of Parliament for Exeter.

VINCENT, FRANK (1848-). An American educated at Yale. He spent many years in travtraveler and author, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., and eling in almost all parts of the world, and in 1884 he presented to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art a valuable collection of IndoChinese antiquities and art and industrial objects. Among his published works are: The Land of the White Elephant (1874); Through and Through the Tropics (1876); Two Months in Burmah (1877); Norsk, Lapp, and Finn (1881); The Republics of South America (1889); In and Out of Central America (1891); and Actual Africa (1895).

VINCENT, JOHN HEYL (1832—). A Methodist Episcopal bishop. He was born at Tuscaloosa, Ala., and was educated at Lewisburg Academy and at Wesleyan Institute, Newark, N. J. He entered the New Jersey Conference (1853), and was transferred to the Rock River Conference (1857). He was pastor of churches in Chicago and established the Northwest Sunday-School Quarterly (1865) and the Sunday-School Teacher (1866). He was corresponding secretary of the Sunday-school Union of his denomination and editor of its publications (1868-87). In 1888 he was elected bishop and was appointed resident bishop in Europe in 1900, residing at Zurich, Switzerland. He was one of the founders of the Chautauqua Assembly (1874), and chancellor of the Chautauqua University from its organization (1878-1900). He published a course of graded lessons for the Sunday-school, among them The Illustrated Lesson Notes, A Commentary on the International Sunday-School Lessons (1876-87); Little Footprints in Bible Lands (1861); The Chautauqua Movement (1886); The Church School and Its Officers (1886); The Modern Sunday-School (1887); Studies in Young Life (1890); A Study in Pedagogy (1890); In Search of His Grave (1893); Unto Him (1899); and others.

VINCENT, MARVIN RICHARDSON (1834-). An American Presbyterian scholar, born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. He was educated at Columbia, graduating in 1854, and becoming the first classical instructor in the grammar school connected with the college. He was professor of Latin in Troy University from 1858 to 1862; held two Presbyterian pastorates, in Troy and New York, from 1863 to 1888, in which year he became professor of New Testament exegesis and criticism in Union Theological Seminary. Among his published works are: Faith and Character (1880); The Expositor in the Pulpit (1884); Word-Studies in the New Testament (18871900); Biblical Inspiration and Christ (1895); The Age of Hildebrand (1896); and History of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament (1899).

VINCENT DE PAUL, văN'SäN' de põl, SAINT (1576-1660). A distinguished French priest,

founder of the missionary Order of the Lazarists. He was born at Ranquines, near Pouy, in Gascony, April 24, 1576, and was sent to school at Toulouse. He became an ecclesiastical student, and was admitted to priest's orders in 1600. On a voyage which he was making from Marseilles to Narbonne his ship was captured by corsairs, and he with his companions sold into slavery at Tunis, where he passed through the hands of three different masters. The last of these, who was a renegade Savoyard, yielded to the exhortations of Vincent, resolved to return to the Christian faith, and, with Vincent, made his escape from Barbary. They landed in France in 1607. Having gone thence to Rome, he was intrusted with an important mission to the French Court in 1608, and continued for some time to reside in Paris as the almoner of Marguerite de Valois. The accident of his becoming preceptor of the children of M. de Gondy, the commandant of the galleys at Marseilles, led to his being appointed almonergeneral of the galleys in 1619. For the foundation of the Congregation of Priests of the Mission, which occupied a large part of his time from 1624, see LAZARISTS. His life was devoted to the organization of works of charity and benevolence.

To him Paris owes the establishment of the foundling hospital, and the first systematic efforts for the preservation of the lives and the due education of a class theretofore neglected or left to the operation of chance charity. The Sisters of Charity (see BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF CHARITY) were founded under his direction, and he was intrusted by Saint Francis of Sales with the direction of the newly founded Order of Sisters of the Visitation. He left nothing behind him but the Constitutions of the Congregation of the Mission, Conferences on these constitutions, and a considerable number of letters, chiefly on spiritual subjects. He died at Saint Lazare, September 27, 1660, and was canonized by Clement XII. in 1737. His festival is July 19th, the day of his canonization. Consult his Life by Adderley (London, 1901), Jones (ib., 1873), and in French by Loth (Paris, 1880), Morel (1884), De Broglie (Eng. trans., London, 1899), and Bougaud (Eng. trans., New York, 1900). VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS, bo'va' (c.11901264). A French historian. He belonged to the Dominican monastery of Beauvais, and was in high favor with Louis IX. of France, who invited him to his Court. Here he composed his famous encyclopædia called the Speculum Majus. This vast summary of the knowledge of the times is in all printed editions divided into four parts: Speculum Naturale, Doctrinale. Historiale, and Morale. This last, however, is considered by most scholars to be an addition by a different hand. The Speculum Naturale contains all that was known at that time of natural history. The Speculum Doctrinale is a compendium of the scholastic learning of the day. The Speculum Historiale begins with the creation and gives the history of the world down to 1244; this book has no intrinsic value. Consult Potthast, Bibliotheca Historica Medii Evi, vol. ii. (Berlin, 1896), for editions and secondary works relating to Vincent. VINCI, vin'chê, LEONARDO DA (1452-1519). A Florentine painter, one of the greatest masters of the High Renaissance, also celebrated as a sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. He

was born at Vinci, a Tuscan mountain town near Empoli, the illegitimate son of Ser Piero da Vinci, a Florentine notary, and Catarina, a peasant woman. His boyhood was spent under the care of his paternal grandparents at Vinci. Afterwards he lived in his father's house at Florence, and if not actually adopted, he was at least treated as a legitimate son, on the same footing with Ser Piero's younger children. His father's wealth enabled him to enjoy the very best education Florence, at that time the intellectual and artistic centre of Italy, could afford, and he speedily became the embodiment of every social and intellectual charm. He was singularly handsome in person, powerful in physique, persuasive in conversation, a fine musician and improvisatore; and his mind was possessed of a profound and insatiable love of knowledge and research, which proved the controlling factor of his life. Before taking up painting he began the studies in mechanics and in the natural sciences which went hand in hand with his artistic activity throughout life.

At what time he became the pupil of his father's friend Andrea del Verrocchio is not known. In 1472 he was entered into the painters' guild of Florence, and in 1476 he is still mentioned as Verrocchio's assistant, but in 1478 he was working as an independent master. From Verrocchio Leonardo learned modeling, as well as painting; but the reliefs which he executed during his apprenticeship are lost. The attribution to him of the wax bust of a girl at Lille is at least doubtful. According to the well-known legend he painted an angel in Verrocchio's "Baptism of Christ" (Academy, Florence) with such skill that his master resolved to cease painting. The statement concerning Verrocchio is wrong, but there are excellent critics who maintain that the angel in question is by Leonardo. The account of the terrifying shield upon which the artist painted all manner of monstrosities acquired from his studies of lizards, serpents, worms, etc., may have some basis of fact; but the "Head of Medusa" in the Uffizi is certainly a forgery based on Vasari's description. The " 'Annunciation," too, in the same gallery is not by Leonardo; the specimen referred to by Vasari is in the Louvre.

In 1478 he was commissioned by the Signoria of Florence to paint a picture for the Chapel of Saint Bernard in the Palazzo Pubblico: it is Kings," which in an unfinished state survives sometimes supposed this is the "Adoration of the in the Uffizi. The figures have not, for the most they reveal a fine scheme of composition and part, advanced further than the grounding; but

dramatic action. The Madonna sits in the midst

of a great classic ruin; and in the intense, dramatic action of the worshipers and the crowds endeavoring to approach, the artist has far surpassed the highest achievements of the Early

Renaissance. Of the other works ascribed to this

youthful period, none seem genuine, except his unfinished "Saint Jerome" (Vatican), a fine anatomical study. Berenson also attributes to him an unfinished profile of a girl, in possession of Donna Laura Minghetti at Rome.

Leonardo first visited Milan in 1482 as the bearer of a present from Lorenzo de' Medici to Lodovico il Moro, who ruled the city as guardian of his young nephew. This present was a strange musical instrument sounding like a lute, and in