No one has a vested interest or property right in the rules of the common law as such, or the law as contained in statutes, and, therefore, the law may be changed by statute, even though the amendment may cause damage and hardship to persons who may have taken action relying upon the continuance of the existing law. For example, a great business may be established and built up under a high tariff act, which would be rendered very unprofitable if the tariff was reduced, but the owners of such an enterprise have no constitutional right to object to an amendment of the tariff act. Thus, also, the rules of descent may be changed, as the living have no heirs, but such a change would not affect the rights of persons who inherited property upon the death of ancestors before the amendment.

Consult Cooley, Constitutional Limitations; PROPERTY, and the authorities there referred to. VESTERÅS, võs'tĕr-ōs'. The capital of the Province of Vestmanland, Sweden, on a northern bay of Lake Mälar, 69 miles by rail northwest of Stockholm (Map: Sweden, G 7). The handsome Gothic cathedral, built by Birger before 1271 and since then twice restored, has a tower 309 feet high, the loftiest in Sweden. The Episcopal library of more than 12,000 volumes contains the books taken by the Swedes from Mainz in the Thirty Years' War. There are iron and copper mines in the vicinity of the town. Vitriol The vegetables raised here are in high repute. Population, in 1900, 11,999. During the Middle Ages Vesterås was of commercial prominence. At a diet held here in 1527 Gustavus Vasa secured the establishment of Protestantism in Sweden.

is manufactured.

VESTIBULE (Lat. vestibulum, fore-court, entrance, probably connected with Vesta, goddess of the hearth and home, Gk. dorv, asty, city, Skt. vas, to dwell; less plausibly associated with Lat. ve, apart + stabulum, abode). An entrance lobby preceding the more important entrance-hall or other interior space for general circulation and communication. In dwellings and small buildings it is the space between the outer or 'storm' door and the inner entrance door. Its function is, first, to provide an intermediate space between the out-door air and the interior of the building, so that the wind, rain, heat, or cold from out of doors may not penetrate the building with every entrance or exit of one or more persons; secondly, to form an approach or gradual transition from the exterior architecture to that

of the interior; thirdly (this especially in ancient Roman buildings), to provide a waiting place sheltered and inclosed for persons awaiting admission to the house or hall. In this sense the term is also often applied to an ante-room intervening between a public hall, corridor, or lobby and an important office or suite of offices, and to the lobby intervening between the public hall of an apartment-house and the general private hall or corridor of any of the apartments. The narthex of a church or basilica is also called the vestibule.

VESTIGIAL (from Lat. vestigium, footprint) OR RUDIMENTARY STRUCTURES. Organs which in some plants and animals appear not to function, but which resemble functional organs in others, especially lower, groups. They are believed to be phylogenetic and formerly use

ful. There are reasons for believing that vestigial structures are rarely, if ever, present in plants.

VESTMENTS, SACRED. See COSTUME, EC

CLESIASTICAL.

VES'TRIS,

MADAME

(LUCIA ELIZABETH MATHEWS, née BARTOLOZZI) (1797-1856). An At sixteen English actress, born in London. years of age she was married to Armand Vestris, a celebrated dancer and ballet-master at the King's Theatre. She then studied singing under Corri and made her début in Winter's Il Ratto di Proserpina in 1815 at the King's Theatre, London. She became a favorite artist with the public at large and appeared with varying success at different places in England and France. A large part of her success was undoubtedly due to her good fortune in securing great artists to For instance, in Paris she appear with her. played Camille in Les Horaces with the celebrated Talma as Horace. Her greatest English success was as Tilla in the Siege of Belgrade (LonLondon as a popular favorite. Here again she don, 1820), which permanently established her in had the advantage of introducing a number of very popular ballads such as Cherry Ripe, I've She accumulated a considerable fortune and beBeen Roaming, and Meet Me by Moonlight Alone. Garden, and Lyceum theatres. Her husband decame manager in turn of the Olympic, Covent

serted her in 1817. She married in 1838 Charles

Mathews the younger, and together with him produced at Drury Lane the most important operas in London. and musical productions of the period. She died

The repre

VESTRY (OF., Fr. vestiaire, from Lat. vestiarium, wardrobe, neu. sg. of vestiarius, relating to clothing, from vestis, clothing; connected with Gk. oons, esthés, clothing, évvúval, hennynai, Skt. vas, to clothe, Goth. wasti, clothing, wasjan, AS. werian, Eng. wear). sentative and administrative body in parishes of the Church of England and of the Episcopal Church in the United States. In England vestries are either general or common, i.e. composed of all the parishioners who are ratepayers, or select, i.e. composed of certain select parishioners, the number being fixed by custom or statute. Anciently all the affairs of a parish, as such, whether ecclesiastical or civil, were regu lated in vestry. At the present time, however, the only duties of an ecclesiastical nature which a vestry has to perform are the election of a church warden (q.v.), the levying of church rates, and the reception of the accounts of church trustees. A vestry cannot interfere (except by observation and complaint) with the manner in which the services in the church are conducted. Although the minister is the proper head of the vestry, and, if present, is entitled to preside at all meetings, he is not an essential part of it.

The vestry in American parishes is a much more highly developed body with wider powers. The number of vestrymen is fixed by the statute law of each State. They, together with two wardens, are elected by the members of the congregation at the annual parish meeting to serve for one year. The rector is ex officio a member of the vestry, and is entitled to preside, if present, at all its meetings. The function of the vestry is to represent the congregation in law, to have

charge and care of its property, and to collect and disburse its revenues. The vestry, acting for the parishioners, and under the jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese, choose and call a minister to be rector of the parish and make provision for his support. In the absence of the rector they are bound to see that no person ministers to the congregation without sufficient evidence that he is duly qualified to do so. If the rector prove unworthy or incompetent, they, in the interests of the parishioners, make complaint to the bishop of the diocese. In some dioceses the vestry, instead of the body of parish ioners, elect the lay deputies to represent the parish in the convention or council of the diocese. VESUVIANITE, or IDOCRASE. A mineral basic calcium-aluminum silicate crystallized in the tetragonal system. It has a vitreous lustre and is brown to green, sometimes light-blue, in color. It was originally found among the masses ejected from Vesuvius and Monte-Somma, Italy. But it has also been abundantly discovered in limestone, serpentine, gneiss, and other rocks. The crystallized varieties are sometimes cut as gems, especially in the form of the letters and i. VESUVIUS. A volcano, situated near the eastern shore of the Bay of Naples about 10 miles from the city of that name. It is a solitary mountain rising from the plain of Campania, with a base of about 30 miles in circumference, and surmounted by two summits. The higher of these is a nearly perfect cone known as Vesuvius proper. The other, of ridge-like outline, partially inclosing the central cone, is called' Somma. Up to the year A.D. 79 Vesuvius was looked upon as a truncated mountain, its volcanic origin being unsuspected. The crater formed a deep depression in the summit, and its sides were forestclad. Suddenly on August 24th of that year an eruption began with the appearance of a huge black cloud which rose from the mountain, accompanied by an explosion that blew off the top and rained a mass of ashes, lapilli, and mud on the towns and cities in that region. No lava was ejected in this eruption, nor in fact during any other eruption within historic times until the year 1066. In the first historic eruption Pompeii was buried under a thickness of 20 feet of loose ashes, and Herculaneum was covered by a torrent of mud. The elder Pliny, who commanded the Roman fleet at Misenum, sailed to help the distracted inhabitants. He landed near the base of the mountain and was himself suffocated by the vapors emanating from the volcano. The younger Pliny gives a graphic account of the eruption in two letters to Tacitus (written long after the event), which are well known.

Since the year 79 there have been a number of eruptions. One occurred in the year 203, and another in the year 472, during which the ashes were carried as far as Constantinople. Other outbursts were noted in the years 512, 685, 983, and 1066. In 1631 the villages at the base of Vesuvius were covered with lava and torrents of boiling water. During an eruption of 1779 showers of ashes, scoriæ, and stones were thrown to a great height, and streams of lava poured down the side of the cone. In 1794 another violent outburst took place which destroyed much of the town of Torre del Grecco, and in the eruption of 1822 the mountain is said to have lost 800

feet of its height, but most of this loss has been made up by subsequent eruptions. Previous to this eruption of 1822 the summit is said to have been a rough and rocky plain, covered with blocks of lava and scoriæ, and rent by numerous fissures, from which issued clouds of smoke; it was then altered to a vast elliptical chasm, 3 miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet deep. Another remarkable eruption took place in May, 1855, and a series of outbursts began in 1865. More recent eruptions have occurred in 1872, 1878, 1880, and 1895. The present height of Vesuvius is a little over 4000 feet, and that of Somma 3730. The lavas of Vesuvius belong to the acid types, and among the gases hydrochloric acid has been detected in considerable quantities. Ferric chloride often forms a yellow crust on the lava, especially in the vicinity of fumaroles. A railroad has been built from the base of the cinder cone to the summit near the edge of the crater.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bonney, Volcanoes (New York, 1899); Shaler, Aspects of the Earth (ib., 1890); Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii. (11th ed., ib., 1889).

See VOLCANO; POMPEII.

VESZPRÉM, věs'prām (Ger. Veszprim). The capital of the County of Veszprém, Hungary, on the Séd, 60 miles southwest of Budapest (Map: Hungary, E 3). It has a fine cathedral, a Piarist college, a gymnasium, and an institution for disabled priests. The vine, fruits, and tobacco are cultivated; there are cos1-mines, iron-works, and Population, 1900, 14,114, large cattle-markets. mostly Magyars.

VETĀLAPANCAVIMŚATI, vâ-tä'lå-pän'chȧ-vim'shȧà-tê (Skt., twenty-five stories of a demon). A collection of Sanskrit novelettes. According to the framework of the tales, King Vikrama (q.v.) is bidden by an ascetic to carry a corpse which hangs on a certain tree to a graveyard where certain magic rites are to be performed which will give the monarch supernatural powers. While bearing this corpse, complete silence is enjoined on the King. A Vikrama carries the body, a Vetala, or demon, which enters corpses, tells him a story, which ends in a problem that he asks the King to solve. Vikrama, forgetting the prohibition laid on him, answers, and the corpse returns immediately to the tree again. This takes place until the Vetala has told twenty-five stories. The tales are of much interest and the entire Vetalapancaviṁšati bears a marked resemblance to the two other principle Sanskrit collections of like genre, the Simhāsanadvatrimśikā, or Thirty-two Stories of the LionThrone (also called Vikramacarita, or Adventures of Vikrama) and the Sukasaptali (q.v.), or The VetalapanSeventy Stories of a Parrot. cavimsati has been edited by Uhle (Leipzig, 1881) and translated by Burton, Vikram and the Vampire (new ed., London, 1893).

VETANCURT, vā'tån-koort (or VETANCOUR), AUGUSTÍN DE (1620-1700). A Mexican historian, born in the City of Mexico. He joined the Franciscan Order at Puebla, became a member of the provincial chapter, and when he died was commisario-general of the Indies. He was a profound Aztec scholar, and published Arte de lengua mexicana (1673), and Teatro Mexicano, Descripción breve de los sucesos exemplares,

VETCH (OF. veche, vesse, vesce, Fr. vesce, from Lat. vicia, vetch; connected with Gk. Bixiov, bikion, vetch, Lat. vincire, to bind). A name properly applied to the genus Vicia, but also loosely related to other genera of the natural order Leguminosa. There are numerous species, mostly climbing annual, biennial, and perennial herbs, natives of Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia, and America. Their cultivation for seed and for forage dates back to the Romans. At the present time they are cultivated to a considerable extent in Europe and certain species are gaining favor in the United States. The crop can be grown on a wide variety of soils, but heavy well-tilled soils produce the best yields. They are generally grown with a cereal crop which serves as a support and keeps them off the ground. The annual species most commonly cultivated in Europe is the common or spring vetch or tare (Vicia sativa). In the United States this species, which is very susceptible to dry and hot weather, has not given general satisfaction. One of the best species introduced into the United States is the hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), an annual which has been successfully grown in various sections of the country. Hairy vetch is sown in August and September when intended for winter forage, and in regions where the winter is not too severe it will grow again in the spring and produce a very early crop. For summer forage it is sown from the middle of April to the middle of May. The yield of hay

HAIRY VETCH (Vicia villosa).

varies from 2 to 4 tons per acre. See Plate of

USEFUL LEGUMES.

Some of the most important species not belonging to the genus Vicia are kidney vetch, or horned pod clover (Anthyllis vulneraria), winter vetch (Lathyrus hirsutus), and Dakota vetch (Hosackia Purshiana). Kidney vetch is a perennial found wild in Europe on dry, thin soils with calcareous subsoil. Its cultivation originated in Germany about 40 years ago. The yield of hay is usually quite small. Winter vetch is a valuable species in southern latitudes, where it furnishes forage late in autumn and early in spring. In the United States it is not hardy north of the, latitude of 40°. Dakota vetch is a

common bushy annual, native to the Rocky Mountain region of the Northwest, affording pasturage and hay in its wild state. Both green and cured vetches are fed to farm animals. Uncured spring vetch cut in bloom and seed has the following average per cent, composition: Water, 83.9; protein, 4.0; fat, 0.6; nitrogen-free extract, 6.3; crude fibre, 3.2; and ash, 2.0. Hairy Vetch: Water, 68.7; protein, 5.2; fat, 1.3; nitrogen-free extract, 14.7; crude fibre, 7.7; and ash, 2.4. Vetch hay contains: Water, 11.3; protein, 17.0; fat, 2.3; nitrogen-free extract, 36.1; crude fibre, 25.4; and ash, 7.9 per cent. Like other leguminous crops, vetch is comparatively rich in protein.

VETCH, SAMUEL (1668-1732). The first British Governor of Nova Scotia, born near Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1705 he was sent by Governor Dudley of Massachusetts to Canada to negotiate a treaty of neutrality and arrange for an exchange of prisoners. A plan for the capture of Canada proposed by him in 1708 was accepted by the British Government, but was never carried out. Subsequently, as the representative of the colonists, he induced the Government to undertake an expedition against Arcadie. Vetch was one of the commanders of this expedition, and after the capture of Port Royal in October, 1710, he became Governor of the conquered territory, part of which was now renamed Nova Scotia.

In 1711 he was besieged in Port Royal by the French, but was relieved by the approach of a British squadron. In 1712 he was superseded as Governor by Sir Francis Nicholson, but was again Governor in 1715-17. He died a prisoner for debt in London.

VETERAN LEGION, UNION. A patriotic organization, organized in Pittsburg, Pa., in March, 1884. The simple requirements for admission to the Grand Army of the Republic (q.v.) had led to criticism, and in consequence the Union Veteran Legion requires for admission to membership that the applicant must have volunteered prior to July 1, 1863, for a term of three years and have served his full term of enlistment unless discharged by reason of wounds. There are organizations in 21 States and the District of Columbia, and about 150 local bodies known as encampments, with a total membership of nearly 20,000. It has as an auxiliary an or ganization of women known as Ladies of the Union Veteran Legion.

VETERAN UNION, UNION. A patriotic society founded in Washington, D. C., in 1886. Membership is extended to veterans who served honorably in the army, navy, or marine corps of the United States between April 12, 1861, and April 30, 1865, who participated in one or more engagements or battles, and received an honorable discharge. There are about 70,000 members.

VETERINARY MEDICINE (Lat. veterinarius, relating to beasts of burden, from veterina, veterinum, beast of burden, old, experienced, from vetus, old). In the earliest historical times men depended closely on domesticated animals for food and transportation. Much attention was therefore devoted to a study of the nature and means of combating animal plagues. From the first the causes of animal diseases were grossly misunderstood, on account of the prevalence of super

stitions regarding these matters, but certain men acquired considerable reputation from their practical skill in the treatment of diseases by the application of empirical therapeutics. Some of the earliest veterinary literature is found in the ancient writings of India. Among the Greeks considerable literature was produced on the anatomy and diseases of animals. Hippocrates found hydatids in the lungs of animals, and described articular dislocations, dropsy, epilepsy, and gid. Xenophon in his work on the horse mentions a number of diseases of that animal. Aristotle described with accuracy the chief symptoms of angina, tetanus, glanders, and various other diseases. Among the Romans there were many writers on veterinary topics. Special mention may be made of Censorinus, Varro, Celsus, Columella, Pliny, Galenus, Apsyrtus, Pelagonius, and Vegetius Renatus. The last-named writer called attention to the great similarity in certain animal and human diseases, and suggested the possibility of intertransmission. He described glanders as occurring under seven forms, and recommended that healthy horses be prevented from coming in contact with diseased ones, and that the carcasses of horses dead of glanders be deeply buried. The symptoms and course of many other diseases were carefully described by this writer. The anatomical knowledge of the Greeks and Romans was largely based on the dissection of domesticated animals. Animal dissection was extensively practiced by physicians and veterinarians alike. The organs and parts of the animal body were well understood and accurately described by such writers as Aristotle, Herophylus, Erasistratus, and Galen. Concerning the nature and occurrence of animal plagues in ancient times we have many records. Mention of destructive epizootics among domestic animals is made in Deuteronomy and by Ovid, Homer, Thucydides, Vergil, Columella, and many other Greek and Roman writers.

In ancient times the practice of veterinary medicine was largely in the hands of physicians or the attendants of domestic animals. There were veterinarians attached to the Roman armies, but Vegetius states that their work was not skillful and that the profession was not held in high esteem. During the Middle Ages the Arabs made some progress in the treatment of diseases of the horse. In general, however, little real advance was made in veterinary medicine from A.D. 500 to 1500. Empiric 'horse doctors' were found in considerable numbers among the Germanic and Celtic peoples. Quite elaborate treatises on horse-shoeing were also published, particularly the works of Jordanus Ruffus, Bonifacius, and Laurentius Rusius. The extensive movements of various peoples, especially the nomadic races, during the Middle Ages were responsible for the enormous distribution and destructiveness of animal plagues at this period. Not less than 32 epizootics spread over the greater part of Europe during the Middle Ages and affected not only all domestic animals, but also man. During the first part of the Middle Ages the study of human anatomy was greatly neglected. With the revival of this study in the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, veterinary science was crowded into the background.

The Anatomia

del Cavallo, by Carlo Ruini, however, marked a distinct advance in the study of animal anatomy.

The

While much information regarding animal diseases was thus accumulated in ancient times and during the Middle Ages, this knowledge was mere empiricism, a collection of experiences without any formulation of underlying principles. Modern veterinary medicine, however, has been placed upon the same basis as human medicine and by similar methods of investigation. veterinary investigator has found a most fruitful field in the pathology of organic, constitutional, functional, and infectious diseases of animals, as well as in bacteriology, methods of vaccination and immunization, and animal hygiene and methods of disinfection. Systematic investigations have been made in veterinary pharmacology and toxicology (including mineral and plant poisons).

The field of veterinary medicine now includes meat and milk inspection, the establishment of quarantine, regulating traffic in live stock, and stamping out animal plagues, as well as general practice on miscellaneous diseases. While in the past there was most demand for the practitioner's services in connection with the horse, the raising of more improved stock and the increased value of live stock in general have caused greater attention to be given to their ailments and to providing proper conditions of hygiene and ventilation for them. In large cities there is demand for specialists in the diseases of dogs, cats, and other pets. The establishment of veterinary schools has done much to promote the study of animal diseases and to place the science on a firm basis. The first veterinary school was established at Lyons, France, in 1762. The names of some of the later and more important schools, with dates of establishment, follow: Alfort (1766), Copenhagen (1773), Vienna (1777), Marburg (1789), Berlin (1790), London (1792), Madrid (1793), Saint Petersburg (1808), Stockholm (1820), Edinburgh (1825), New York (1857), and Montreal (1866). In the United States the best veterinary schools are connected with State universities or other institutions of learning. Among the more important of these are the Universities of Pennsylvania, Cornell, and Harvard. In connection with a number of the agricultural colleges courses in veterinary science are given and veterinary degrees granted.

In

Until recently the entrance requirements and standard of instruction in veterinary schools have not been as high as they should be. some schools no previous academic training was required of entering students and the entire course of study consisted merely of two sixmonth sessions. With such low entrance requirements and defective instruction the graduates were little if any better prepared to diagnose and treat animal diseases than the empirical 'horse doctors' found everywhere in both cities and rural districts. The veterinary profession was accordingly considered distinctly lower than that of human medicine. The persistent efforts of the more progressive veterinarians, however, have brought about the gradual elevation of entrance requirements in the better class of veterinary schools, the extension of the course so as to include three or four years of regular academic length, and a decided improvement in the social and scientific standard of the veterinary profession. The American Veterinary Medical Association wields a strong influence in the same direc

tion, since graduation from an approved school is required for eligibility to membership.

As a good example of a four years' veterinary course that recently organized at the Iowa Agricultural College may be cited. The entrance requirement is a certificate of graduation from an accredited high school, or examination in subjects covering an equivalent course. The subjects taught during the veterinary course include the following: Comparative anatomy, histology, physiology, pharmacy, materia medica, therapeutics, structural botany, chemistry, poisonous plants, entomology, pathology, bacteriology, physical diagnosis, vertebrate zoology, animal parasites, animal husbandry, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, ophthalmology, surgery, embryology, horse-shoeing, milk inspection, meat inspection, sanitary science, obstetrics, jurisprudence, etc. It will readily be seen that such a course offers instruction not only in the subjects immediately concerned in veterinary practice, but also in related fields, so that the student receives a rounded, comprehensive education.

Within recent years great changes have taken place in veterinary practice. In place of the indiscriminate use of firing iron, purgation, and bloodletting, we have a more rational system of treatment on a humane basis. Moreover, the excessive use of drugs has been abandoned and more attention given to the proper care and diet of animals and to preventive medicine. The course and severity of most diseases may be greatly modified by the use of pure water and wholesome food in reasonable quantities. Careful attention to the temperature and ventilation of stables is also important, especially in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory organs. It is along the line of preventive medicine, however, that the greatest progress has been made. Successful methods of vaccination and immunization have been devised for the prevention of anthrax, blackleg, hydrophobia, hog cholera, tetanus, and tuberculosis. (See these articles.) The period of incubation of various diseases has been definitely determined and upon the data thus obtained quarantine regulations for dealing with infectious diseases have been formulated. The importance of isolating diseased animals and thoroughly disinfecting the premises after the occurrence of animal plagues is well understood. The adoption of such measures tends to restrict the spread of any epizoötic. Sometimes great losses to the animal industry of a country have been avoided apparently by the application of very drastic methods of eradication, including the destruction and innocuous disposal of all affected animals. Such measures are usually accompanied with the payment of an indemnity by the Government. Great advances have recently been made in methods of disinfection by means of formalin, live steam, lime, copper sulphate, lysol, carbolic acid, and other antiseptics. The development of antisepsis has yielded as important results in veterinary practice as in human surgery. In ordinary veterinary practice, however, the observance of strict antiseptic precautions is an exceedingly difficult matter.

In veterinary surgery a much larger proportion of operations are made without anesthesia than in human surgery. It is generally believed that minor operations cause less pain and inconvenience to the animal than the struggles during

the process of etherization and the after-effects of anæsthesia. Ether or chloroform is used in general anesthesia of the larger animals, and ether alone for cats and dogs. In minor operations and in determining the location of lameness cocaine is extensively used and with satisfactory results. In veterinary practice drugs are ordinarily administered in the allopathic form, while homoeopathy is seldom practiced. Medicines are administered by way of the mouth in the form of balls, boluses, pills, capsules, and drenches; by hypodermic, intratracheal, intravenous, intra-abdominal, or intragastric injections; or per rectum in the form of an enema. The actual drugs used in veterinary medicine are for the most part the same as those used in human medicine, and are classified in the same general manner. The doses, however, are usually larger than for man and vary according to the size of the animal.

As a rule veterinary dentistry is merely one branch of the ordinary practitioner's work, and is confined almost entirely to equine practice. There are but few locations where there is demand for specialists to devote their whole time to this work. Decayed molars are usually pulled from the side by trephining the maxillary bone. Some horses require frequent attention to their teeth on account of the tendency to develop sharp points and other irregularities.

The importance of veterinary science to animal industry can scarcely be overestimated. The veterinary inspection and quarantine service makes it possible to import high-bred stock from foreign countries without danger of introducing infectious diseases among the home herds. The improvement of the dairy and beef industries in the Southern States was not possible until a method was discovered for immunizing Northern cattle to Texas fever. Before this was accomplished high-bred dairy and beef cattle were not imported into the South, for the reason that from 70 to 90 per cent. of them died after exposure to infection. In South Africa the method of bile inoculation devised by Koch has greatly reduced the losses from rinderpest, and put the business of cattle-raising on a stable basis. As long as animals affected with tuberculosis had to be destroyed the improvement of our dairy and beef herds was a difficult and expensive matter. The Bang method for controlling tuberculosis, however, makes it possible to utilize full-blooded tuberculous animals for

breeding purposes without danger to the future of the herd. In short, animal industry in its present proportions, particularly the production of blooded stock, is impossible without the existence of an effective veterinary service.

The relation of this service to human health is best shown in the inspection of milk and meat. Since many diseases are considered intertransmissible between man and animals, it is deemed necessary to exercise some control of the milk and meat supply. The importance of sanitary regulation of the traffic in milk and meat is gradually gaining the recognition of legislators, and inspection of these products is required in Montana, New York, and Pennsylvania, and in many large cities. In Germany there is a federal inspection of all meat and meat products, and in the United States export meat is inspected by the