city as early as the twelfth century, and had become very prosperous by the close of the Middle Ages. In 1530 the city accepted the Reformation, and the majority of the people have since been Lutherans. In 1802 Ulm was attached to Bavaria, and became part of Württemberg in 1810. Here on October 17, 1805, the Austrian general Mack surrendered to the French with about 23,000 men. Consult: Pressel, Ulmisches Urkundenbuch (Stuttgart, 1873); Loeffler, Geschichte der Festung Ulm (Ulm, 1883); Schultes, Chronik von Ulm (ib., 1886). ULMIN. See HUMUS.

UL'PIAN (DOMITIUS ULPIANUS). A distinguished Roman jurist, a citizen of Tyre, who lived in the latter part of the second and the first part of the third century. Under Septimius Severus (A.D. 193-211) be became assessor in the auditorium of Papinian (q.v.), i.e. he was an associate justice when Papinian was prætorian prefect or Chief Justice of the Empire. Under Caracalla, who put Papinian to death, Ulpian retained his position; but Elagabalus stripped him of his dignities and exiled him from Rome. On the accession (A.D. 222) of the youthful Alexander Severus, to whose mother he was related, Ulpian was recalled, appointed guardian of the Emperor and prætorian prefect, and became the virtual Regent of the Empire. He was slain in B.C. 228 in a rising of the Prætorian Guard. Ulpian was one of the most prolific of the Roman legal writers. Besides voluminous commentaries on the civil law and on the prætorian edict, he published collections of cases

('opinions,' 'responses,' etc.), books of 'rules' and 'institutions,' treatises on the powers and duties of different magistrates, and many monographs. On account of the lucidity of his style, Justinian's compilers drew more largely upon his writings than upon those of any other jurist. Excerpts from his works constitute one-third of the Digest. Outside of Justinian's Digest, only one of Ulpian's books has been even partially preserved, viz. his monograph on rules (Liber Singularis Regularum), which appears to have been a hand-book for practitioners. It is frequently printed with the Institutes of Gaius, as in Muirhead's edition (Edinburgh, 1880), and in that of Abdy and Walker (3d ed., Cambridge, Eng., 1885). See CIVIL LAW; JURISCONSULT.

of

ULRICH, ool'rik (1487-1550), Duke Württemberg. He was the son of Count Henry IV., and at the age of eleven succeeded to the dukedom, assuming personal power in 1503. He added to the territory of Württemberg, but so impoverished the peasantry that in 1514 they rose in revolt. This he quelled only after many important concessions. By the murder of Hans von Hutten, brother of Ulrich von Hutten, he aroused the enmity of the dukes of Bavaria and the nobility. He was placed under the ban of the Empire, and was driven from the country by the Swabian League in 1519, and his possessions were sold by the League to Charles V., who transferred them afterwards to his brother Ferdinand. Ulrich went over to the Protestants, and with the aid of Philip of Hesse won back his dukedom, at the head of an army of 20,000 men (1534), but only as a fief of Austria. He then carried on the work of the Reformation, joined the Schmalkaldic League, and fought against

Charles V. in 1546. He bought a precarious peace from the Emperor at great cost, and died in 1550 just as he was again threatened with deposition. Consult Kugler, Ulrich, Herzog zu Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1865).

ULRICH, ŭl'rik, CHARLES FREDERICK (1858 -). An American painter, born in New York City and educated at the Cooper Institute and the National Academy of that city. Afterwards he studied in Munich. In 1883 he was awarded the Thomas B. Clarke prize for his picture "In the Land of Promise," and was elected an associate of the National Academy. His pictures include "The Carpenter," "A Dutch Typesetter," "The Glass-Blowers," and "The Wood Engraver."

ULRICH VON HUTTEN, oōl'rik fôn hụt'ten. See HUTTEN, ULRICH VON.

ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN, lik'tenstin (c.1200-76). A German minnesinger, born in Styria, of an ancient noble race, and who was Landeshauptmann of Styria in 1245, headed the refractory Styrian nobility, and went through a terrible imprisonment in his own castle of Frauenburg. His chief work, Frauendienst, is invaluable for the history of civilization. In it he describes adventurous tournaments which he, a married man, undertook in the service of a high-born mistress. It is a sort of rhymed memoir work, covering the period from 1211 to 1255, interspersed with his own graceful lyrics.

ULRICH VON TÜRHEIM, turʼhim. A Swabian noble and epic poet of the thirteenth century. Of the details of his life nothing is known. He continued, using other sources, Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan und Isolde, and Wolfram von Eschenbach's Willehalm. The former is conjecturally dated 1240, the latter, entitled Der starke Rennewart, 1250. Consult: Bechstein, Tristan und Isolde (Leipzig, 1875); and Lohmeyer, Die Handschriften des Willehalm Ulrich von Türheim (Halle, 1882).

German philosopher, born at Pförten, BrandenULRICI, ool-re'tsê, HERMANN (1806-84). A burg. He studied at Halle and Berlin, and after a brief career as a lawyer devoted himself exclusively to literature and philosophy. In 1834 he was appointed professor of philosophy at works are to be mentioned: Geschichte der helHalle, where he resided till his death. Among his lenischen Dichtkunst (1835); Ueber Shakespeares dramatische Kunst (1839; Eng. transl., 1864); Ueber Princip und Methode der Hegelschen Philosophie (1841); Das Grundprincip der Philosophie (1845-46); System der Logik (1852); Gott und die Natur (1862); Gott und der Mensch (1866-72). He was an opponent of the Hegelian philosophy, and endeavored to establish an empirical idealism.

UL'STER. The northernmost province of Ireland, comprising the nine counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Total area, 8613 square miles. Population, in Londonderry, Monaghan, and Tyrone (qq.v.).

1861, 2,389,263; in 1891, 1,619,814; in 1901, constitute more than half of the inhabitants. 1,581.350. The Presbyterians and Episcopalians

pigment originally obtained from the mineral lazulite, or lapis lazuli (q.v.). The finest specimens of lazulite come from various localities in Persia, Siberia, and Chile, and when ground form the pigment; but, as only a very small proportion of that mineral is available, the pigment is very expensive. In 1828 Guimet, of Toulouse, was successful in producing it on a commercial scale, and almost simultaneously a synthetical method for its preparation was announced by Gmelin, of Tübingen. For the manufacture of artificial ultramarine, sodium sulphate, china clay, and carbon are ground to gether and heated in crucibles at a red heat for from six to nine hours. The resulting raw ultramarine, which is of a somewhat dull green color, is then crushed, mixed with powdered sulphur, and placed upon a roasting furnace, where it is heated with excess of air until the sulphur has been entirely burned off, when the mass assumes a bright blue color. A so-called direct method, which is said to yield better results, consists in using a mixture of sulphur 110 parts, china clay 100 parts, soda ash 90 parts, charcoal 20 parts, with some infusorial earth. These materials, after being carefully ground, well mixed, and pressed, are calcined in a muffle-furnace and yield, after heating from 12 to 18 hours, a blue ultramarine, which is then washed, ground, and dried. The pigment finds extensive use in the arts as a coloring material, owing to its brilliancy as a body color and high coloring power, especially in calico printing, in the manufacture of blue printing ink, for the printing of wall paper, in the making of blue writing paper, as a paint, and in the manufacture of blue mottled soap. It is also used as a whitening agent, correcting the yellow tinge in writing and printing papers, in cotton and linen goods, sugar, etc. Cobalt ultramarine, or Thénard's blue,' is a pigment prepared by mixing freshly precipitated alumina with cobalt arsenate or phosphate, drying the mixture, and then slowly heating it to redness. Yellow ultramarine is a pigment consisting of barium chromate.

ULTRAMONTANISTS (from Lat. ultra, beyond+montanus, mountainous, relating to a mountain, from mons, mountain; so called in allusion to the geographical position of Italy relative to the countries north of the Alps, and hence applied to the Italian party in the Roman Catholic Church). The name applied to those who recognize the Papal claim of supremacy over all national churches and sovereigns. Since 1870 it has been used also as a designation of all who accept the decrees of the Vatican Council, and in a broader sense it has been applied to the most conservative element in the Roman Catholic Church. In a purely political sense it has come to be used to designate the extreme Catholic party in almost every nation of Northern Europe. The Ultramontanists as a Church party first appeared in the Papacy of Gregory VII. (q.v.), who advanced the theory that the Pope had the power to depose and absolve temporal rulers. The enforcement of this theory would have had the effect of entirely superseding the freedom of action of the various churches, and its assertion aroused the opposition of powerful parties in the churches of Germany and France. After the Council of Constance

(1414-18) (q.v.) the struggle between the Ultramontanists and the champions of the liberties of the various churches became the principal point of dispute within the ecclesiastical body. The opposition in the Gallican Church was particularly active, and has so continued to the present day. After the reconstruction of Europe, following the Napoleonic wars, the actual influence of the Ultramontanists was considerably decreased, although their principles were still tenaciously maintained and reasserted at every opportunity. In 1869-70, in connection with the meeting of the Vatican Council and the discussion of the doctrine of Papal infallibility, the political aspects of Ultramontanism assumed new importance. In Germany, Austria, and France the Catholic and Belgian parties in Parliament are designated by the name of Ultramontanes.

ULTRA VIRES, ŭl'trå vi'rêz (Lat., beyond one's powers). A legal term employed to indicate the acts of, or contracts entered into by, corporate bodies beyond the scope of the powers given to them expressly or by implication by their charters or the general law under which they were created.

ULTRA-VIRES CONTRACTS. Ultra-vires contracts of corporations should be distinguished from those which are illegal either by statute or some rule of the common law. Strictly an ultra-vires contract of a corporation is without legal validity to bind the corporation because the act is without or beyond the legal powers of the corporation, and therefore has no legal existence. Illegal contracts, on the other hand, are without such validity because of the positive prohibition of such contracts by the statute or common law on grounds of public policy. This distinction is important because of the difference in the consequences which flow respectively from ultra-vires contracts and illegal contracts of corporations. (For a fuller discussion of this subject, see QUASI CONTRACTS.) It is held by the English courts, by the Federal courts of the United States, and by the courts of some of the States that neither party to an ultra-vires contract can acquire any true contract rights under it. In each of these courts, except the English courts, it is also held that in case either party has given his performance under such a contract, he may recover the property or thing so given in an appropriate action, or the value of the performance so given, on theory of quasi contract. The distinction beteen rights on the contract and in quasi contract in case of ultra-vires contracts is often of the greatest importance.

The second view with reference to ultravires contracts, and the one which is held in most of the States, is that SO long as such contracts remain executory neither party to the contract acquires any rights under it, it being a complete answer to an action brought by either party either for damages or specific performance that the contract is invalid because ultra vires. If, however, either party has performed the contract on his part, the other is held to be estopped to deny its validity, and the plaintiff may recover as though the contract were originally valid. The application of the doctrine of estoppel to such cases is anomalous and in many cases practically does away with the doctrine of ultra vires. In the

case of negotiable paper issued ultra vires by a corporation, it is everywhere held that ultra vires is a personal and not a real defense (see NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS), and cannot be set up against a bona fide purchaser for value, although it may be a valid defense against the original taker or holder of the paper. In determining what contracts are ultra vires, the courts have applied liberal rules of interpretation, holding not only that contracts expressly authorized were within the powers of the corporation, but that it has all the power to contract which can fairly be implied from the language of its charter and from the character of the business which it is authorized to conduct.

TORTS AND CRIME. Strictly all torts committed by the agents of a corporation while acting for the corporation are ultra vires, since a corporation has no express or implied authority to commit tortious acts. Following this course of reasoning, the early tendency of the courts was to hold that corporations could not be held legally responsible for torts. Governed, however, by considerations of policy, the courts hold that corporations are liable for all torts of their agents and employees committed by them within the scope of their authority. When malice is an essential element in the tort, the malice of the agent is imputed to the corporate principal. Upon similar principles corporations have generally been held responsible for minor criminal offenses, and in many States there are now special statutes governing the criminal responsibility of corporations. See LAW, CRIMINAL.

Courts of equity will take jurisdiction to restrain ultra-vires acts at the suit of a stock holder upon his showing that the directors or trustees of the corporation refuse to act. There is also statutory authority in some States for proceedings brought in behalf of the State by the Attorney-General to restrain ultra-vires acts when they are working a public injury, and at common law the State may proceed on the relation of a private individual to compel forfeiture of the charter of a corporation by quo warranto (q.v.) on the ground that the corporation is committing ultra-vires acts under such circumstances as to amount to a departure from the business or purposes for which it was organized. Consult the authorities referred to under CORPORATION; CRIMINAL LAW; EQUITY; QUASI CONTRACT.

ULUA, 60-loo'à, WOOLWA, or SUMO. A group of tribes including the Sumo proper, the Cookra, the Poya, and others, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, occupying the headwaters of the streams which empty along the east coast of Nicaragua. They call themselves Sumo, the other names having probably been bestowed by their enemies, the Mosquito (q.v.). In physique they are below middle stature, of light brown complexion and handsome features, with chests and arms strongly developed. They live in huts consisting of palm-leaf roofs raised upon posts and sufficient to accommodate four families. The women wear only a short skirt of bark fibre, and both sexes are much given to painting. They also flatten the head. They plant fields of corn, cacao, sugar-cane, and chile, and the women are potters, while the men are especially expert

boatmen and lumberers. Polygamy is common, and girls are frequently betrothed almost in infancy. Boys are subjected to various ordeals on arriving at manhood. Their principal ceremonial is a festival lasting several days and nights, during which they drink large quantities of mishla, a liquor prepared from the manioc root. Their dead are buried under sheds, and they have the curious custom of unwinding a long thread from the former owner's house to the grave, sometimes even for miles through the forest or across rivers.

ULUGH-BEG, oo'lug-beg (1394-1449). A Persian prince and astronomer, the grandson of Timur (q.v.). He succeeded, in 1447, to the Imperial throne of Samarkand on his father's death. He was a successful warrior, but happening to conceive suspicions of the loyalty of his eldest son, that prince rebelled, defeated and captured his father, and soon after caused him to be put to death.

Ulugh-Beg was the founder of the observatory at Samarkand, as a patron of astronomers and himself a diligent observer. His most important contribution to astronomical science is his star-catalogue, the first original one since that made by Ptolemy. The astronomical works of Ulugh-Beg were written in Arabic, afterwards translated into Persian, and thence the chronological portion of them into Latin by Greaves (London, 1650), and the geographical part (1652). An independent version in Latin and Persian was published by Hyde (Oxford, 1665). The latest edition of the star-catalogue was edited by Baily in 1843, and published in volume xiii. of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (London, 1843).

UL/VERSTON. A seaport in Lancashire, England, 22 miles northwest of Lancaster (Map: England, C 2). Its parish church dates from 1111. It stands in an extensive agricultural and mining district, and has manufactures of cotton goods, iron, boilers, linen, paper, ropes, boots, and woolen yarn. Population, in 1901, 10,064.

ULYS'SES (Lat. Ulysses, Ulixes, Olixes, Athen., Boot., Corinth. Gk. '0λvooɛús, Olysseus, 02vTTEús, Olytteus, general Gk. 'Odvodec, Odysseus, probably of Illyrian origin, influenced by popular connection with odúcocoa, odyssesthai, to be hated). A legendary Greek hero. According to the oldest legend, the Homeric, he was the son of Laertes, Prince of Ithaca, and of Anticleia, daughter of Autolycus. According to a later account, his father was the crafty Sisyphus; whence he is sometimes called, by way of reproach, Sisyphides. He married Penelope (q.v.), by whom he became the father of Telemachus. When the expedition against Troy was resolved on, Agamemnon and Menelaus prevailed on Ulysses, though with difficulty, to take part in it. Later traditions represent him as feigning madness-an artifice which failed through the skill of Palamedes. Once enlisted, Ulysses devoted himself to the success of the expedition; with Nestor's aid he secured the help of Achilles, and with Menelaus he undertook a fruitless embassy to Troy to demand the return of Helen and her treasures. When the Greek fleet assembled at Aulis, Ulysses brought twelve ships. In the narrative of the Iliad Ulysses plays an important part. In prudence and in

genuity of resource he is the foremost of the Hellenic chiefs, while in courage he is inferior to none. His later trait of trickery is seen in the episode of Dolon, but in the Homeric poems he is generally represented as a model of the older, as Achilles is of the younger, hero. After the fall of Troy, the Homeric narrative of his long wandering on his return to Ithaca is contained in the Odyssey. Setting sail for home, his ships were driven by a storm on the coast of Thrace, where he plundered the land of the Cicones, but lost a number of his crew. Having reembarked, a north wind blew them to the country of the Lotophagi (the 'Lotus-eaters'), on the coasts of Libya, where some of the companions of Ulysses ate of the wondrous fruit, and wished to rest forever. But their leader compelled them to leave the land, and, sailing north again, they touched at the island of goats,' where Ulysses left all his ships but one. Thence he proceeded to the land of the Cyclopes,' where occurred the adventure in the cave of Polyphemus (q.v.). With his reunited fleet he now visited the island of Æolus, ruler of the winds, who gave him a favoring breeze, and the unfavorable winds tied in a skin. This his companions, in search of treasure, opened, and at once they were swept back to the island, from which they were now sternly excluded. They then reached the land of the Læstrygonians, a race of cannibals, who destroyed all the ships but one. Escaping with his solitary ship, he next landed on the island of Exa, inhabited by the sorceress Circe (q.v.). After a year's sojourn he was sent by Circe to the Kingdom of Hades, to inquire about his return from the blind seer Teiresias. Teiresias disclosed to Ulysses the fact of the implacable enmity of Poseidon, whose son, Polyphemus, he had blinded, but encouraged him at the same time with the assurance that he would yet reach Ithaca in safety, if he would not meddle with the herds of Helios (the sun-god) in Thrinacia.

He passed in safety the perilous island of the Sirens (q.v.), but in sailing between Scylla and Charybdis the monster that inhabited the first of these rocks devoured six of Ulysses's companions. He next came to Thrinacia, where his crew insisted on landing, and while storm-bound killed, in spite of their oath, some of the cattle of Helios while Ulysses was asleep. When they

had sailed away, a fierce storm arose, and Zeus sent forth a flash of lightning that destroyed the ship. Every one on board was drowned except Ulysses himself, who, clinging to the mast, was finally washed ashore on the island of Ogygia, the abode of the nymph Calypso, with whom he lived for eight years. The nymph offered him immortality if he would remain, but his love for Penelope and longing for his home were too deep, and at the entreaty of his special guardian, Athena, Zeus sent Hermes to command his release. Sailing eastward in a skiff of his own building, he was seen by the implacable Poseidon, who roused against him a terrible storm, which wrecked his ship and from which he barely escaped with his life by the aid of Leucothea to the land of the Phæacians. Naked and worn by fatigue, he fell asleep, but was awakened by the sport of Nausicaa, daughter of the King, Alcinous, and her maidens. She received him kind

ly, and brought him to the city. Entering the palace under Athena's protection, he was entertained by the King, who promised him safe convoy to his home. On the magic Phæacian ship he fell asleep, and was landed, with the rich presents of the Phæacians, while still unconscious.

Disguised as a beggar, he repaired to the hut of the swineherd Eumæus, where he met and revealed himself to Telemachus. The next day he was brought by Eumæus to the palace, where he was recognized by his old dog, Argus. Here he was harshly treated by the suitors of his wife, who were living riotously on his estate. After an interview with Penelope, to whom he foretold her husband's return, he was recognized by his old nurse, Eurycleia, whom he bound to silence. When the suitors all failed to string the great bow, he took it, easily strung it, and shot the arrow through a row of twelve axes, thus accomplishing the test Penelope had proposed for the suitors. Then, aided by Telemachus, Eumæus, and the neatherd Philotius, he slew all the insolent suitors. The last book of the Odyssey records his recognition by his father, Laertes, and a final reconciliation with the friends of the suitors, brought about by Athena's aid. The Homeric poems have a tradition of further wanderings to appease Poseidon, by introducing his worship among a people who knew not the sea, and finally a happy old age and painless death. Allusions show that to Ulysses was also given a prominent place in other episodes of the Trojan War, such as the battle over the body of Achilles, the invention of the device of the wooden horse, and the final sack of Troy. The other epics enlarged these episodes and added others, in which Ulysses frequently played but a mean-spirited part. This degradation of his character continued in many of the plays of the Attic tragedy, and was further developed in later writers, especially the comedians. His death in these narratives was usually attributed to his son by Circe, Telegonus, who had been sent by his mother in search of his father. Landing in Ithaca, he was met in arms by Ulysses, and slew him with a spear tipped with the sting of a ray, thus fulfilling the prophecy that death should come to him from the sea.

UMĀ, σo'må. In Hindu mythology, one of the principal names of the consort of the god Siva (q.v.), also called Durga, Devi, Kali, Parvati, Bhavani, and, less frequently, Katyayani, Ambika, and Haimavati. The myths relating to this goddess, who is worshiped in various parts of India, but especially in Bengal, are recounted in the great epic poems and Puranas (q.v.), and in poetical works, but the text-book of her worshipers is the Dēvimahātmya, or the majesty of Devi, and a portion of the Markandōya Purāṇa. In the Ramayana (q.v.) she is the daughter of the nymph Mena and of Mount Himalaya, whence her names Parvati, Haimavati, Adrija, Girija, and similar ones, meaning 'the mountainous' or 'the mountain-born.' According to the Puranas, in a former life she was Sati, the daughter of Daksha (q.v.), but it was only as Uma that she bore to Siva Ganesa (q.v.), the god of wisdom, and Kartikeya (q.v.), the god of war. According to the Harivansa (q.v.), in another life she was born as the daughter of Yasoda, and

exchanged for Vishnu (q.v.), when, in his incarnation as Krishna, he was born as a son of Devaki. On that occasion she was killed by Kansa, and became a divine virgin, to whom the gods addressed their praises, whence she was called Kanya, or Kumari, the virgin. The principal myths concerning her were her destruction of the demons Madhu, Kaitabha, and Mahisha, or Mahishasura, her defeat of the army of Chanda and Munda, two demon servants of Sumbha and Niśumbha, and her destruction of the demons Raktavija, Sumbha, and Niśumbha. In commemoration of her victory over Mahishasura, a festival called the Durgapuja, or Durgotsava, is annually celebrated in Bengal. Three weeks later another festival, the Kalipuja, is held in honor of her destruction of Chanda and Munda. In her aspect of Uma, Parvati, and Devi, this deity is essentially benignant. As Kali or Durga, however, she is malignant. She dwells with Siva on Mount Kailasa, a peak of the Himalayas. Consult: Moor, Hindu Pantheon (London, 1810); Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, vol. iv. (2d ed., ib., 1873); Wilkins, Hindu Mythology (ib., 1900). See Pārvati in the Plate of HINDU DEITIES. UMAN, 00-mänʼ. A Russian town in the Government of Kiev, on the Umanka, 170 miles south of Kiev (Map: Russia, D 5). It has two palaces belonging to the Counts Potocki. Population, in 1897, 28,628, of whom about three

fourths were Jews.

U'MATILʼLA. A tribe of Shahaptian stock (q.v.) formerly occupying the country about the junction of the Umatilla and the Columbia in northeastern Oregon, and now gathered with the Cayuse and Wallawalla upon a reservation in the same neighborhood. Like all the tribes of the same region, they subsisted originally on fish, game, roots, and berries, and did not practice agriculture. They were visited by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and about forty years afterwards by Jesuit missionaries, by whom some converted and civilized. By a treaty of 1855 they agreed to come upon their present reservation. In 1903 they numbered only about 180.

were

UMBA'GOG LAKE. One of the Rangeley Lakes (q.v.).

anists. Sprengel, De Candolle, Koch, and others have devoted much attention to this order. The North American species have been described by Coulter and Rose. Engler divides the genera into three suborders: Heterosciadieæ, Haplozygieæ, and Diplozygieæ, with nine tribes. The genera of economic importance include, Daucus, Pastinaca, Apium, Crithmum, Foeniculum, Carum, Ferula, Coriandrum, Pimpinella, Petroselinum, Archangelica, etc. Of succulent-rooted Umbelliferæ the carrot and parsnip are the best known examples. Skirret, earthnut (Conopodium), and arracacha are also of some value. The roots of Annesorhiza capensis and Carum capense are used as esculents at the Cape of Good Hope. The roots of Charophyllum tuberosum, or sham, are used in the Himalayas. The herbage of Prangos pabularia is used in the temperate parts of the East Indies for feeding cattle, and made into hay for winter fodder. The blanched stems of celery, enlarged by cultivation, are a favorite salad, and those of alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) were formerly used in the same way. The candied stalks of eryngo were once much esteemed, and those of angelica are still used. The leaves of parsley, chervil, fennel, etc., and the seeds of anise, caraway, coriander, etc., are used for flavoring. Lovage (Levisticum officinale) is sometimes cultivated as a salad plant.

UMBER (from Fr. ombre, from Lat. umbra, shadow, shade). A mineral pigment resembling ochre, but differing from true ochre in containing some oxide of manganese. It is soft, earthy, and of a dark brown color. It occurs at many localities in Europe, notably in the island of Cyprus, and is also mined in Illinois, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and New York. Raw umber yields a brown paint, while burnt umber has a redder tinge. Both are stable and can be mixed with water or oil. See MINERAL PAINTS; OCHRE.

UMBILICAL CORD (from Lat. umbilicus, navel; connected with Gk. Bupaλos, omphalos, OIr. imblin, OHG. nabalo, Ger. Nabel, AS, nafela, Eng. navel), or NAVEL STRING. The bond of communication between the fœtus (which it en-. ters at the umbilicus, or navel) and the placenta, which is attached to the inner surface of the maternal womb. It consists of the umbilical

UMBEL. A form of inflorescence (q.v.). UMBELLIFERA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. umbella, umbrella, umbel, diminutive of umbra, shadow, shade + ferre, to bear). The PARSLEY FAMILY. A large and important natural order of dicotyledonous herbs and a few shrubs containing about 200 genera and 1500 species generally characterized by the inflorescence, an umbel which is often compound. The species abound chiefly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They generally have divided or compound, rarely simple, leaves, and usually abound in a resinous secretion, and volatile oils, on account of which many are reputed poisonous. Acridity is their general characteristic. Some are pleasantly aromatic, others have a powerful and disagreeable smell. In the roots of some, especially when enlarged by cultivation, starch and sugar are stored, so that they become useful for food. The systematic arrangement of the Umbelliferæ has been found difficult by bot

VOL. XVII.-3.

arteries winding from left to right round the vein. Contrary to the usual course, the vein conveys arterial blood to the fœtus, and the arteries return venous blood to the placenta. These vessels are imbedded in a yellow gelatinous matter, known from its first describer (in 1659) as the jelly of Wharton. Nerve filaments have been traced into the cord; but the presence of lymphatics is doubtful. The whole is invested by a membrane (the amnion), and its ordinary length is about 20 inches. As soon as a child is born, and its respiration fairly established, the umbilical cord is tied, and divided near the navel, which spontaneously closes, the fragment of See FETUS and PLACENTA. cord dying away.

UMBILICAL HERNIA. The term applied to the protrusion of intestine at the navel or umbilicus. It is of most frequent occurrence shortly after birth; but it is not uncommon in women who have been frequently pregnant. If the hernia is reducible, and the patient an infant, the ordinary course of treatment is, after return