da (ib., 1900); Purvis, Handbook of British East Africa and Uganda (ib., 1900); Wilson and Felkin, Uganda and the Egyptian Sudan (ib., 1882).

UGOGO, ú-gōgo. A district of German East Africa, about 170 miles west of that part of the coast opposite Zanzibar. It is a bare, arid plateau, about 3500 feet in altitude, inhabited by the Gogo, or Wagogo, a warlike Bantu tribe (Map: Congo Free State, G 4).

inces, which are subdivided into districts or counties. There are British consular courts for

the settlement of disputes between Europeans and natives. The local revenue of the protectorate in 1903 was estimated at about $200,000; the expenditure, at $670,000. Great Britain makes up the deficits. The population is estimated to be about 4,000,000. There are less than 500 Europeans.

The natives of the protectorate may be classified as Negritos or Pygmies, Bantus (q.v.), Nilotic Negroes, Hamites, and Masai (q.v.), though most of them are probably mixtures in varying degree of these different types. The Pygmies are not numerous, a few being found in that part of the Congo forest which is included within the limits of the protectorate. The Bantus, who in general are an agricultural people, make up nearly half the population. The Hamites are represented by a few tribes in the islands and on the north shore of Lake Rudolf and by the pastoral Wa-Huma or Bahima, probably of Galla ancestry (see GALLAS), who more than 100 years ago conquered the Bantu agriculturists, and at present, more or less mixed with Bantu blood, form the aristocracy and ruling classes. They are purest in the western part of the protectorate, where there are also a few separate Bahima tribes. The Masai are met with in the Rudolf region, the Suk and Turkana tribes being good representatives. The Nilotic Negroes occupy the Nile Province and a large part of the Central Province, reaching the Victoria Nyanza in Kavirondo. Negro tribes also extend southward along the Albert Nyanza, especially on the west side, the Semliki River, and the Albert Edward Nyanza to the extreme southwest corner of the protectorate.

The Uganda Protectorate was formed initially of the once powerful native kingdom of Uganda, which has been in the British sphere of influence since 1890. The protectorate dates from 1894. The region was first visited by a European (Captain Speke) in 1862. Stanley passed through Uganda in 1875.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (Edinburgh, 1863); Taylor, The Lake Regions of Central Africa (New York, 1875); Reclus, Géographie universelle, vol. xiii. (Paris, 1888); Stanley, In Darkest Africa (New York, 1890); Richter, Uganda (Gütersloh, 1893); Kollmann, The Victoria Nyanza (London, 1900); Scott-Elliott, A Naturalist in Mid Africa (ib., 1896); Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (ib., 1902); Ansorge, Under the African Sun (London, 1899); Ashe, Two Kings of Uganda (2d ed., ib., 1897); Colville, The Land of the Nile Springs (ib., 1895); Lugard, The Story of Ugan

was influenced by Duccio and Cimabue, and who died at an advanced age in 1339, was identical mentioned in Sienese records of 1317 and 1324. with Ugolino di Neri and Ugolino di Pietro, The only work attributed to him with any degree of probability is part of an altar-piece which was painted for Santa Croce at Florence, and two panels of which are now in London. Ugolino da Siena, or Ugolino di Prete Ilario, also of the fourteenth century, painted in the Cathedral of Orvieto in 1364 and 1378.

Another

UGRIANS. A term often used to designate a subdivision (closely related to the Finns) of the Ural-Altaic stock, which included the Óstiaks, Voguls, and Magyars. See URAL-ALTAIC.

UHDE, oo'de, FRITZ VON (1848—). A German historical and genre painter, born at Wolkenburg, Saxony. He began his artistic studies at the Dresden Academy in 1866, but, totally at variance with the spirit prevailing there, entered upon a military career and served in the army until 1877, when he took up painting again, at Munich, giving his attention especially to the old Dutch masters. Unsuccessful in his attempts to gain admittance to the studios of either Piloty or Diez, he was induced by Munkácsy in 1879 to remove to Paris, where he worked for a short time in that master's studio, but principally studied from nature and his old Netherland models. A result of these combined influences was the "Family Concert" (1881, Cologne Museum). The new coloristic principles which he in the meanwhile adopted are apparent in the "Arrival of the Organ-Grinder" (1883), and, turning now to religious subjects, he gave full vent to the most uncompromising sobriety in composition in his "Suffer the Little Children to Come unto Me!" (1884, Leipzig Museum). As this scene is depicted as taking place in a poor working man's room, so is also the following subject, "Come, Lord Jesus, and Be Our Guest" (1885, National Gallery, Berlin). He next produced "Christ with the Disciples at Emmaus" (1885, Städel Institute, Frankfort), "The Sermon on the Mount" (1887), the triptych of the "Nativity" (1889, Dresden Gallery), and "The Walk to Bethlehem" (1890, New Pinakothek, Munich), a bold modern conception of the subject. Progressing in his naturalistic conception, Uhde gave rise to a complete change in German art, counting among his followers most of the younger generation. His more recent productions include: "Noli me tangere" (1894, New Pinakothek, Munich), "The Wise Men from the East" (1896, Magdeburg Museum), "The Last Supper" (1897, Stuttgart Museum), "Ascension" (1898, New Pinakothek, Munich), and "Woman, Why Weepest Thou?" (1900, Vi

enna Museum). Consult the monographs by Lücke (Leipzig, 1887), Graul (Vienna, 1893), Vierbaum (Munich, 1893), Meissner (Berlin, 1900), and Ostini (Bielefeld, 1902).

A

UHLAND, o'länt, LUDWIG (1787-1862). distinguished German poet, philologist, and literary historian. Born at Tübingen, April 26, 1787, he studied jurisprudence there, in 1802-08, at the same time cultivating mediæval literature, especially old German and French poetry, the study of which he subsequently pursued for eight months in Paris. On his return he began the practice of law at Stuttgart, worked in the Ministry of Justice, and when in 1815 Württemberg was to be granted a new constitution, his lyrics in praise of liberty were received with enthusiasm. As a member of the Legislature from 1819 to 1839 he sided with the opposition. In 1848 he was elected to the German National Assembly, but in 1850 retired from political life and settled at Tübingen, devoting himself henceforth exclusively to his literary pursuits. From 1829 to 1833 he had held the professorship of German literature at the University of Tübingen. As a lyric poet Uhland is remarkable for truth and simplicity of sentiment and his picturesque view of nature. His ballads and romances rank among the most precious ideal treasures of the German nation. During all his early life he labored to revive mediæval forms of poetry, especially the ballad, with an interest born of intimate knowledge and careful study. None has caught the spirit of the old folk-song so fully as he. Of his songs the most universally popular are "Der Wirtin Töchterlein" and "Der gute Kamerad;" of the ballads, "Das Schloss am Meer," "Das Glück von Edenhall," "Des Goldschmieds Töchterlein," "Roland Schildträger," "Der schwarze Ritter," and "Des Sängers Fluch" are in all anthologies. He was the first of the Swabian school of poets who sought to combine a classic purity of style with brevity and vigor, and to interpenetrate all with romantic sentiment. Although poetically effective, his glorifications of German faith, the dramas Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben (1817), and Ludwig der Bayer (1819) lack the power of dramatic action and had only moderate success. As a Germanic and Romance philologist, Uhland must be counted among the founders of that science. Besides the treatise Ueber das altfranzösische Epos (1812) and an essay Zur Geschichte der Freischiessen (1828), there are to be especially mentioned Walther von der Vogelweide, ein altdeutscher Dichter (1822); Der Mythus von Thôr (1836), the result of the most painstaking original investigation; and the masterly collection Alte hoch-und niederdeutsche Volkslieder (1844-45; 3d ed. 1892). His poetical works were repeatedly published as Gedichte und Dramen, while his scientific work is embodied in Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage, edited by Holland, Keller, and Pfeiffer (1865-72). For his biography, consult : Pfeiffer (Vienna, 1862), Notter (Stuttgart, 1863), Jahn (Bonn, 1863), Dederich (Gotha, 1886), Holland (Tübingen, 1886), and Fischer (Suttgart, 1887); also Mayer, Ludwig Uhland, seine Freunde und Zeitgenossen (ib., 1867), and Ludwig Uhlands Leben. Aus dessen Nachlass und aus eigener Erinnerung zusammengestellt von seiner Wittwe Lib., 1874).

UHLAND, Wilhelm HeinriCH (1840-). A German engineer and writer on technology, born in Nordheim, Württemberg. In 1865 he founded the Technikum Mittweida, the first private institution for the instruction of machinists, and in 1868 organized the Technikum Frankenberg, near Chemnitz. He invented numerous improvements in the manufacture of starch, and contributed other inventions to various industries which have found extensive application throughout the world. Der praktische Maschinen-Constructeur, and He founded and became editor of the periodical wrote: Handbuch für den praktischen MaschinenConstructeur (1883); Skizzenbuch für den praktischen Maschinen-Constructeur (16 vols., 186795); Die Corliss und Ventildampfmaschinen (1879); Die Telephonanlagen (1881); Dampfmaschinen mit Schiebersteuerung (1881); Die Woolfschen und Compounddampfmaschinen (1882); Die Hebeapparate (1882-83); Das elektrische Licht und die elektrische Beleuchtung (1884); Die Brotbücherei, Biskuit und Teigwarenfabrikation (1885).

UHLICH, 00'lik, LEBERECHT (1799-1872). One of the founders of the German 'Free Congregations' (q.v.). He was born at Köthen, Anhalt, studied at Halle, and served as pastor in various places till 1847, when he withdrew from the Evangelical Church, and thenceforth was preacher of the Free Congregation at Magdeburg. In 1841 he became the leader of the 'Protestant Friends,' or 'Friends of Light.' His liberal views frequently involved him in difficulties with the authorities. He published Bekenntnisse (4th ed. 1846); Christentum und Kirche (2d ed. 1846); Die Throne im Himmel und auf Erden (1845); Handbüchlein der freien Religion (7th ed. 1889). His autobiography appeared at Gera in 1872.

UHRICHSVILLE, ú'riks-vil. A city in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 41 miles northwest of Wheeling, W. Va.; on Big Stillwater Creek, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads (Map: Ohio, H 5). It derives considerable commercial importance from its situation in a farming and stock-raising section, and has several large sewer-pipe and fire-clay plants. Population, in 1890, 3842; in 1900, 4582.

UIGURS. A people of Eastern Turkestan, and of Turkic stock. They founded the powerful kingdom of Hiong-Nu, which reached its zenith was in a flourishing condition, and about this a northern and a southern empire. The latter was destroyed by the Tunguses in the third century, whereupon the southern Uigurs retreated to the west and founded the empire of the Huns (q.v.). In the eighth century the northern Uigurs founded a kingdom which was destroyed by the Kirghizes. In the fifth century A.D. their culture, developed on the slopes of the Tian Shan, was in a flourishing condition, and about this time they underwent considerable Buddhistic and Chinese influence, their religion having already been modified to some extent by Nestorian Christians, from whom they adopted the traces of Zoroastrianism also present among them. But they finally adopted the faith of Islam, and have been modified in blood and other characteristics by more recent Mongol-Chinese, Arab, and Turkic elements. The vicissitudes of time have deprived

the Uigurs of their independent nationality and much of their peculiar culture. It is probably due to Uigur influence that the Mongols and Manchus adopted the Syrian system of writing, and not a few other advances in the culture of the numerous tribes of Central Asia and Siberia may, perhaps, be attributed to them. Consult: Klaproth, Abhandlungen über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren (Paris, 1820); Vámbéry, Uigurische Sprachmonumente und das Kudatku Bilik (Leipzig, 1870); Schott, Zur Uigurenfrage (Berlin, 1875); Radloff, Aus Sibirien (Leipzig, 1893); id., Ethnologische Uebersicht der Türkenstämme Sibiriens und der Mongolei (ib., 1883); id., Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei (Saint Petersburg, 1899).

UIN'TATHE'RIUM (Neo-Lat., from Eng. Uintah, mountain-range in Utah + Gk. onpiov, therion, diminutive of op, ther, wild beast). An extinct and blunt-toed (amblypod) ungulate mammal, found fossil in the Eocene fresh-water deposits of the Western United States. The animal was about the size of a rhinoceros, with a large narrow head. The skull of the male is armed with two pairs of bony horn-like protuberances, of which the larger hinder pair is supported by crests of bone that slope upward toward them from points near the orbits. There are also two small knobs on the end of the nose. The upper incisor teeth are absent and the upper canines of the male are enlarged to form drooping recurved tusks. The horns and tusks are less prominently developed in the females. The eyes were small. The brain cavity is small, indicating a ratio between weight of brain and that of body of about 1 to 4000, which is exceptionally low for a mammal.

UIST, wist, NORTH and SOUTH. Two islands of the Outer Hebrides, situated south of Lewiswith-Harris and 15 to 30 miles west of Skye (Map: Scotland, A 2). They are separated by the smaller island of Benbecula. North Uist is 18 miles long and 3 to 10 miles wide; South Uist is 22 miles long and 7 miles wide. The western parts of both are fertile and productive and the inhabitants engage in agriculture and cattle-raising, as well as fishing. Population, in 1901, of North Uist, 3862; of South Uist, 5515. UJI-BECSE, σo'y' be chě. A town of Hungary.

See BECSE.

UJFALVY, 00'y'-fȧl-vê, CHARLES EUGÈNE (1842-). An Austrian philologist, anthropologist, and traveler, born in Vienna of an old Hungarian noble family. Educated in the military academy at Weiner-Neustadt, he served as lieutenant in the army until 1864, when he went to study at the University of Bonn. Going to France in 1867, he was appointed professor in the Oriental Academy in 1873, and by order of the French Government undertook three scientific expeditions into Central Asia, in 1876-82, the results of which were published in Expédition scientifique française en Russie, en Sibérie et dans le Turkestan (1878-80). Among several ethnological and linguistic essays, there are to be noted: La langue magyare, son origine, etc. (1871); La migration des peuples, etc. (1873); Mélanges altaïques (1874), and others. Since 1884 he has given himself to art-historical researches and published in that line Les biscuits de porcelaine (1893).

UJI, σo'jê. A well-known suburb of Kioto, Japan, the ancient capital of the Empire. Uji lies on the Uji River where it breaks through the gorge as it issues from Lake Biwa. The pretty village is surrounded by the most ancient and famous tea plantations in Japan. Population, less than 20,000.

UJI (Jap., maggot). The Japanese name for a parasite of the silkworm, a tachinid fly (Leskia sericaria). It is said by Sasaki that the eggs of the parasite are laid upon the mulberry leaves and are eaten by the worms, after

which the larva hatches out and feeds in the interior of the worms in the same way as do the larva of tachina-flies. The life-history is thus very abnormal, since with other species the eggs are laid upon the body of the caterpillar or other host insect. This parasite sometimes does considerable damage in Japan, but fortunately has not been introduced into other silk-raising countries.

UJIJI, oo-je’jê. A town of German East Africa, situated on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika (Map: Congo Free State, F 3). It is the terminus of the caravan route from ZanziHere Stanley found Livingstone in 1871. Popubar and was formerly an important slave market. lation, about 8000.

UJI-YAMADA, ōō′jê-yä’må-då. A town in the Prefecture of Miye, Central Hondo, Japan, 73 miles by rail south of Nagoya (Map: Japan, E 6). It is filled with inns and hotels for the accommodation of the pilgrims to the near-by Isé shrines. Population, in 1898, 27,990.

UJJAIN, 00-jin' (Skt. Ujjayini, City of Victory, Gk. 'Ozývn, Ozěně), or OOJEIN. A town of Malwa, in the State of Gwalior, Central India, on the right bank of the Sipra, 35 miles north of Indore (Map: India, C 4). It has an active trade in opium, cloth, etc. It is encircled by a wall six miles in circumference, conspicuous on account of its round towers; has a spacious bazaar, a grand palace of the Maharaja Sindhia, several mosques and mausoleums, and an observatory dating from the fifteenth century. Ujjain is said to have been the viceregal seat of Asoka (q.v.) during his father's reign at Patna, but is better known as the capital of the Samvat kingdom founded B.C. 57 by Vikramaditya. VIKRAMA.) It was the capital of Sindhia until in 1810. Population, in 1891, 34,691; in 1901, the seat of government was removed to Gwalior

39,892.

(See

UKASE (Russ. ukazu, edict, from ykazati, to order, indicate, from y, in, by, near, connected with Gk. v, en, Lat. in, in + kazati, to show, connected with Gk. Tékap, tekmar, boundary, goal, token, sign, Skt. caks, to see), or UKAS. A term applied in Russia to all the orders or edicts, legislative or administrative, emanating from the Government. The ukases either proceed directly from the Emperor, or are published as decisions of the directing senate. In either case they have the force of laws till they are annulled by subsequent decisions. A collection of ukases in 48 volumes was made by order of the Czar Nicholas in 1827, and has been supplemented from time to time. These, after the elimination of such ukases as are unimportant or of temporary authority, con

stitute the present legal code (svod) of the Russian Empire.

UKIO-YÉ, ōσ′kyō-ya' (Jap., pictures of the passing world). The name of the modern popular school of painting in Japan, founded by Hokusai (q.v.) and continued by his pupils and successors. The beginning of the movement may be traced as far back as the end of the sixteenth century, when droll sketches were made by Iwasa. Toward the close of the eighteenth century Okyo painted fowls, fishes, and monkeys, their naturalism giving an immense impulse to the popularization of art. The most common form of Ukio-yé is the nishiki-yé, brocade pictures,' and it is the art of the common people. Consult: Anderson, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of Chinese and Japanese Art (London, 1886); Brinkley, Japan; Its History, Arts, and Literature (Boston, 1901-02).

U'KRAINE. A name formerly applied to a part of the old Kingdom of Poland, comprising portions of the present Russian governments of Podolia, Kiev, Tchernigov, Ekaterinoslav, and Kherson, and the whole of Poltava. By the Treaty of Andrussovo in 1667 the portion to the left of the Dnieper and Kiev passed to Russia, and later became known as Little Russia. The remainder was acquired by Russia at the second partition of Poland in 1793.

ULCER (from Lat. ulcus, Gk. Ekos, helkos, sore, ulcer, wound). An open sore; a superficial solution in the continuity of the soft parts. The tendency of an ulcer is toward continued dissolution of the tissues in which it exists, rather than toward healing, as in the case of an ordinary open granulating wound, the latter being less frequently (though properly) called an ulcer. Ulcers are usually classified according to their character and mode of origin into two classes: In simple and specific or infective ulcers. fective ulcers may result from such infective diseases as syphilis, tubercle, leprosy, and glanders. Among the simple ulcers may be mentioned a number of varieties, such as the traumatic or inflammatory, the varicose or chronic, the erethritic or irritable, the perforating or trophic,

the callous or indolent ulcer, the hemorrhagic, the phagedenic, and the fungous ulcer.

The structures to which ulceration is usually limited are the skin and mucous membranes. Upon the surface of an ulcer a layer of inflammatory exudate is found, mingled with fragments of broken-down tissue or tissue in a state of coagulative necrosis. Beneath this tissue lies a layer of what is known as granulation tissue, which is composed of polynuclear leucocytes and epithelioid cells, with relatively little intercellular substance, but richly supplied with a network of capillary blood vessels, and forming the base of the ulcer. Below this there is usually found some of the fibrous tissue of the deeper layers of the skin. The edges of the ulcer consist of the surrounding skin, which has been more or less altered by inflammatory changes. The margins of an ulcer are occasionally undermined by the ulcerative process, or they may become firmly adhesive to the periosteum of bone or other subjacent structures. The varicose ulcer, the form most commonly seen by the surgeon, is situated usually on the front of the leg, above its lower third. Around it are generally seen

the numerous dilated and congested veins whose condition is responsible for the ulcerative process.

Passive hyperemia and its resultant enfeebled

nutrition are the fundamental causes of ulceration in this locality.

The treatment of ulceration in general may be regarded as constitutional and local. Constitutional treatment consists in fresh air, nourishing

diet, proper hygienic surroundings, the adminis

tration of iron where anæmia exists, and the appropriate medication for any specific constitutional disease that may be present. Local treatment consists in rest and elevation of the

part, antiseptic measures, and the application of special local forms of treatment adapted to the conditions present at the site of ulceration. Bandaging, strapping, and the application of generally employed. Consult Morris, How We various stimulating substances are the measures Treat Wounds To-day (New York and London, 2d ed., 1886).

ULEÅBORG, oo'la-ô-bôr-y'. The northernmost government of Finland, Russia (Map: Russia, C 1). Area, 64,000 square miles, or 44 per cent. of the area of Finland. The surface and marshes. The climate is very severe. is densely wooded and interspersed with lakes The chief industry is lumbering. There are also some metal works and tanneries. Population, in 1897, 273,290, almost exclusively Finns.

ULEÅBORG. The capital of the Government of Uleåborg, in Finland, Russia, on the Gulf of Bothnia, 498 miles by rail north of Helsingfors (Map: Russia, C 1). The town manufactures leather. Population, in 1898, 15,042.

ULEMA, l'â-mä (Ar. ‘ulamā,' plural of alim, learned, from 'alima, to know). The theoThis religion has no logian lawyers of Islam. ecclesiastical ministry, as any one of the Faithful may lead a congregation in prayer as Imam. But, inasmuch as theoretically every detail of life is to be guided by the letter of the Koran, along with all the approved traditions and orthodox interpretations, there is the necessity of a class of men learned in the canon law, who may act as the advisers of the Faithful in all these infore, correspond most closely to the class of the numerable emergencies. These Ulemas, thereScribes or Rabbis in Judaism. The province of the Ulemas is now confined to a limited field in the Turkish Empire. By dictating the details of domestic life, they wield a vast authority over the people, and stand independent of, and often opposed to, the secular Government. They are recruited mostly from the The candidates go up to the lower classes. schools or universities, where the scholar remains three or four years, passing successively through the disciplines of grammar, dogma, and law.

He may also pursue logic, rhetoric, etc. The great Mohammedan university is that of Cairo. The order is hierarchically graded. Above the lowest class stand the muftis, who have vast power in making abstract decisions on the law; above these the mollas (i.e. patrons), who constitute the governing body, having their chief centres at Constantinople and Cairo; and from this body at Cairo is appointed the Grand Mufti, or Sheikh-ul-Islam, the chief spiritual authority in Turkey.

ULEX. See FURZE.

ULEXITE (named in honor of G. L. Ulex, a German chemist). A hydrated sodium and calcium borate that occurs in rounded masses, consisting of fine fibres. It has a silky lustre, and is white. It is found in Chile, Argentina, and on the West African coast; also in Esmeralda County, Nevada, and at several localities in Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties, California. It is an important source of borax.

ULFELDT, öol'felt, KORFIZ, Count (160664). A Danish adventurer. Through marriage with Leonora Christina, the natural daughter of King Christian IV., he rose to high office, being made Governor of Copenhagen and royal steward (1643). He retained his influence after the accession of Frederick III., the enmity of whose Queen, however, forced him in 1653 to flee to Sweden. In 1657 he fought against his native country, and by the Treaty of Roeskilde (1658) was restored to his estates. After many vicissitudes he died a fugitive near Basel, February 20, 1664. His wife was kept a prisoner at Copenhagen from 1663 to 1685, and wrote an account of her captivity in Jammers Minde, a notable specimen of Danish prose. She died in 1698. Consult Ziegler, Denkwürdigkeiten der Gräfin Leonora Christina, vermählten Gräfin Ulfeldt (Vienna, 1879).

UL/FILAS, Gothic WULFILA (little wolf) (c.311-c.381). Bishop of the Goths, and translator of the Bible into Gothic. He was born in Dacia. Tradition relates that his ancestors were Cappadocian Christians who had been taken captive by the Goths and had lived many years among them. Early in life he was a lector or reader of the Scriptures among his countrymen, and in 341 he was consecrated Bishop of the West Goths by Eusebius of Nicomedia (q.v.) at a Synod at Antioch. He was then and for the remainder of his life an Arian. For seven years he worked with much success as a missionary north of the Danube. In 348 the persecution of a heathen chief induced Ulfilas and his flock to emigrate, and, with the consent of the Emperor Constantine, they settled in Mosia, in Byzantine territory south of the Danube. For more than thirty years Ulfilas continued his activity as the apostle to the Goths; he died at Constantinople, whither he had been summoned by the Emperor, probably in 381. Ulfilas had a good knowledge of Greek, Latin, and Gothic, and preached and wrote in all three languages. He is remembered chiefly for his translation of the Bible, which marks not only the beginning of Christianity among his people, but of Germanic literature as well. His plan is said to have included the entire Bible with the exception of the Books of Kings, which he thought contained too much about wars for the good of his fierce countrymen. The portions of his work which have been preserved are most of the four Gospels, the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, and other fragments, comprising the greater portion of the New Testament; of the Old Testament, portions of the Books of Nehemiah and Genesis only. The chief manuscript is the so-called Codex Argenteus, written with silver letters on purple parchment and now in the library of the University of Upsala. Editions of all the fragments have been published by Von der Gabelenz and Löbe (3 vols., Leipzig, 1843-46); Uppström, Codex Argenteus,

in facsimile (Upsala, 1854-57); Fragmenta Gothica Selecta (ib., 1861); Codices Gothici Ambrosiani (Stockholm, 1868); Bernhardt (Halle, 1875); and Heyne (9th ed., Paderborn, 1896). For the life of Ulfilas consult Waitz (Hanover, 1840), Bessell (Göttingen, 1860), and Scott (Cambridge, 1885).

A

ULLMANN, ul'män, KARL (1796-1865). German Protestant theologian. He was born at Epfenbach, Bavaria, and studied theology at Heidelberg and Tübingen. He was appointed professor at Heidelberg in 1821. In connection with Umbreit he established in 1828 the Theologische Studien und Kritiken. He was professor at Halle, 1829-36, after which he returned to Heidelberg. He was president of the supreme ecclesiastical council of Baden, 1856-61. most important works were Gregor von Nazianz (1825; 2d ed. 1867); Die Reformatoren vor der Reformation (1841; 2d ed. 1866); Ueber die Sündlosigkeit Jesu (7th ed. 1863); Das Wesen des Christenthums (5th ed. 1865), all of which were translated into English. Consult his Life by Beyschlag (Gotha, 1867).

His

A

ULLOA, ul-yỡ'à, ANTONIO DE (1716-95). Spanish statesman and scientist, born at Seville. He entered the Spanish navy, and in 1735 accompanied to South America the French scientific expedition sent out to measure a degree of the meridian at the equator. He became rearadmiral in 1760, came to Louisiana as Governor in 1764, and was made lieutenant-general of the naval forces in 1770. He was sent on a secret expedition against Florida, but his zeal as naturalist made him forget his sealed orders and brought him before a court martial (1780). He was acquitted, but lived in retirement. He wrote Relación histórica del viaje á la América meridional (1748).

ULLS'WATER. The largest of the English lakes, after Windermere, lying between the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, 10 miles east of Keswick (Map: England, D 2). Length, 81⁄2 miles; breadth, 14 to 4 mile. Its scenery is rugged and grand, and one of its chief features is Helvellyn, which rises 3118 feet at the southwest extremity.

ULM, ulm. A city of the Kingdom of Württemberg, Germany, and an important Imperial fortress, situated at the junction of the Iller and the Blau with the Danube, which here becomes navigable, 43 miles west of Augsburg (Map: Germany, C 4). Two bridges unite the city with New Ulm, a village on the Bavarian side of the Danube. The streets are narrow. The minster, which is a Protestant church, is the most important and beautiful example of late Gothic architecture in Germany, and is next to the Cathedral of Cologne the largest church in that country. It is 407 feet in length, 159 feet in breadth, and the spire (finished 1890), 530 feet high, is the highest in the world. The building was begun in 1377, and finished with the exception of the spire in 1494. The leading industries are flax, cotton, and woolen weaving; bleaching; the manufacture of paper, leather, and mixed fabrics; beer-brewing, ship-building, book-printing, etc. Ulm is famed for ornamental pipe bowls, its pastry, called Ulmer bread, and its trimmed lumber. Population, in 1895, 39,300; in 1900, 42,860. Ulm was a free Imperial