triple phosphates of ammonium and magnesium, and octahedral crystals of oxalate of calcium. These changes may progress in the pelvis of the kidney or in the bladder. Uric acid gravel or calculus is found in either situation, causing much pain and a grave pathological condition, as the changes in the mucous membrane lining either cavity are important. (See CALCULUS.) Uric acid or urate calculi are generally red and quite hard. Oxalate calculi are usually found, when present, in the pelvis of the kidney, and are of such shape and color as to be called 'mulberry' calculi. Phosphatic calculi are white and soft, and often appear as dust. Calcium carbonate, cystin, and xanthin calculi are rare. Calculi may be prevented, and probably phosphatic calculi may be dissolved in the bladder by the use of lithia waters or salicylates. They cause severe inflammatory conditions in most cases. See LITHIC ACID DIATHESIS; PHOSPHATIC DIATHESIS. See MICROSCOPY, clinical and accompanying illustrations. Consult Ogden, On the Urine (Philadelphia, 1901).

URINE, INCONTINENCE OF, or ENURESIS. troublesome affection, far more common in childhood than in more advanced life. The child is in the habit of discharging its urine in bed during sleep. The habit may often be broken by proper domestic management, as withholding any excess of fluids before going to bed, and by waking it and making it discharge the contents of the bladder late at night. The most certain medicinal remedy is belladonna, given under a physician's advice. The various forms of mechanical pressure that have been suggested, with the view of preventing the passage of the urine, cannot be too strongly condemned. Incontinence of urine consists of an easily excited and frequently repeated reflex micturition. It is seen in some cases of cerebral or spinal disease, when

it is of a different nature. In these cases the

bladder becomes filled, and subsequently formed urine dribbles away, owing to a failure in the nerve mechanism to cause contraction of the

muscle fibres in the wall of the viscus.

URINE, RETENTION OF. See RETENTION OF URINE.

URTYA LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (Skt. Odra, Utkali). The language and literature of Orissa (q.v.), in Bengal, spoken by about 9,000,000 persons. Like the other modern Aryan languages of India, it is analytic in structure. It seems to be descended from the Utkali or Odra dialect of Prakrit (q.v.). In general Uriya is related to Bengali (see BENGALI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE), al though it resembles Hindi. (See HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) The vocabulary is largely composed of Sanskrit loan-words, of which Uriya possesses more than any other of its kindred languages. There are no important dialectic divisions. The standard dialect is that of Cuttack. The script, which is derived from the Devanagari (q.v.), is graceful, and noteworthy among the North Indian alphabets in that it is characterized by curves instead of angles. Uriya literature cannot be traced before the sixteenth century. It begins with Upendro Bhanj, the author of more than thirty poems, most of them religious or erotic, although he also wrote two dictionaries. Contemporary with him was

URMIA, oor-mēȧ. A lake and city of Persia. See URUMIAH.

UROCHORDA, ü'rô-kôr'då (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. ovpá, oura, tail + xopôń, chorde, chord). A class of chordate animals, the ascidians (q.v.).

oupá, oura, tail + dîλos, dēlos, manifest). An U'RODE'LA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. amphibians, or amphiumes, salamanders, and order of the Amphibia which comprises the tailed mud-puppies (qq.v.), in which both fore and hind limbs are always present, and which have teeth in both jaws; and the sirens, in which the hind limbs, maxillary bones, teeth, and eyelids are absent. This order is confined to the north temperate zone, except a few forms that extend along the highlands into Venezuela. About 100 species in seven families constitute the entire list. The geological origin of the group is uncertain; representatives are numerous in the Lower Tertiary strata; and a single Mesozoic specimen is known. Consult Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1902).

URQUHART, ĕr'kert, DAVID (1805-77). A British diplomat and political writer. He was born in Scotland, and was educated at Saint John's College, Oxford. In 1835-36 he was secretary of legation at Constantinople. Because of opposition to the Eastern policy of Lord Palmerston, whom he suspected of collusion with the Czar, he resigned his position. After traveling in all parts of the East to obtain further information respecting the commercial and political influence of Russia, he returned to England, and both in his writings and in Parliament (1847-52) openly charged the Palmerston Ministry with betrayal of British interests. His publications include:

Turkey and Its Resources (1833); The Spirit of the East (1838); The Mystery of the Danube (1844); Letters and Essays on Russian Aggressions (1853); and other books bearing on the Eastern question.

URQUHART, or URCHARD, Sir THOMAS (1611-60). An English author. He belonged to an ancient family of Cromarty in Scotland. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, and traveled in France, Spain, and Italy. He was on the Royalist side in the Revolution; was knighted by Charles I. in 1641; and fought at the battle of Worcester. He was taken prisoner and was imprisoned in the Tower and then in Windsor Castle, but was soon released on parole. Of his last years little is known. He is said to have died abroad in an uncontrollable fit of laughter

on the restoration of Charles II. He is still known for his excellent translation of Rabelais (two books of Gargantua in two vols., 1653; reissued with the continuation by P. A. Motteux in Bohn's Library, London, 1897, and in Tudor Translations series, London, 1899). Of great interest is The Jewel, in which is described a universal language (1652). In his Promptuary of Time (1652) he traced his family back to the red earth from which God created Adam. He also published Epigrams, Divine and Moral (1641); The Trissotetras; or a most Exquisite Table for Resolving all manner of Triangles, and other curious books.

URQUIZA, oor-ke'thȧ, JUSTO JOSÉ (180070). A South American soldier and politician, born at Arroyo de la China, Entre Rios, Argentina. He was educated by the Jesuits and attained great prominence in his native province as an adherent of the Federal Party. In 1844-45 he fought with sanguinary distinction in Uruguay, and in 1846 was elected Governor of Entre Rios, attaining soon to dictatorial power, and devoting his energies largely to his own enrichment. In 1851 he took the field against Rosas (q.v.), the dictator of Buenos Ayres, whose ambition was directed against the autonomy of the other Argentine States, formed an alliance with Brazil and Uruguay, and entering the latter country in June, forced Oribe, the general of Rosas, to capitulate. Urquiza then crossed into Buenos Ayres, and at Monte Caseros, February 3, 1852, defeated Rosas, who was compelled to flee. In 1853 he was elected President of the Argentine Confederation, which included all the States excepting Buenos Ayres, and by his victory at Cepeda, October 23, 1859, forced that State, too, to lend its adhesion. His term of office ended in the same year. Very soon afterwards Buenos Ayres revolted, and Urquiza, at the head of the forces of the Confederation, was defeated by General Mitré at Pavón, September 17, 1861. He subsequently became Governor of Entre Rios. He was assassinated by political enemies on his estate at San José, near Concepción.

UR'SA MA'JOR (Lat., greater bear) AND UR'SA MI'NOR (Lat., lesser bear). Two celebrated constellations in the northern hemisphere of the heavens. Ursa Major was distinguished as early as the time of Homer by the names Arktos, 'the Bear,' and 'Hamaxa,' 'the Wagon.' The Roman name Ursa was a translation of the Greek Arktos; the Romans also called the seven bright stars the Septentriones, 'the seven plowing oxen.'

The common names throughout Europe for these seven stars are the 'Plow,' 'Charles's Wain,' the 'Wagon,' evidently derived from the classical epithets above mentioned; and the 'Dipper,' from the resemblance to that utensil. The remarkable group of stars in the hinder part of the Great Bear, being within 40° of the North Pole, never sinks below the horizon of any place in a higher northern latitude than 40°. It contains a considerable number of stars, many of which are easily visible by the naked eye; but of these, only one (a) is of the first magnitude, two (and y) of the second, and eight (among which are 8, e, d, and 7) of the third. Of the seven stars constituting the 'Dipper,' a and B are known the 'Pointers,' because a line

as

drawn through them points directly at the polestar (q.v.).

Ursa Minor is less prominent in the heavens. The star a in the extremity of the tail of the Little Bear, at present the pole-star (q.v.), is the brightest in the constellation, though only of the second magnitude.

URSIDÆ. The family of the bears (q.v.).

URSI'NUS, Ger. pron. oor-se'nus (Latinized translation of his German name Bär), ZACHARIAS (1534-83). A Reformed theologian. He was born at Breslau, and studied at Wittenberg under Melanchthon, at Geneva under Calvin, and at Paris. He became professor at Heidelberg 1561, and teacher at Neustadt-on-the-Hardt in 1578. With Olevianus he drew up the Heidelberg Catechism, and wrote in its defense. His collected works appeared at Heidelberg in 3 vols. (1612 et seq.) Consult Sudhoff, Olevianus und Ursinus (Elberfeld, 1857).

She

French violinist, born at Nantes, France. URSO, ur'so', CAMILLA (1842-1902). A studied with Massart in Paris, and, about 1852, played in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other American cities. She was most successful, especially in concerts with Alboni and Sontag. Canada, and in 1866 returned to New York. She returned to France after having toured

URSUA, oor-soo'à, or ORSUA, PEDRO (c.1510-61). A Spanish soldier and explorer in South America, born in Ursua, near Pamplona, Navarre. About 1544 he went to New Granada, where he became Governor in 1545, and in 1547 and again in 1549 marched to the northeast in search of Eldorado, making several settlements, among them Pamplona. In 1559 he was sent by the Viceroy of Peru to search for Eldorado or the Kingdom of the Omaguas, on the southern Amazon, or more probably to rid the country of the many soldiers of fortune then in Peru. These enlisted eagerly, and one of them, Lope de Aguirre (q.v.), after the expedition had sailed down the Moyobamba and the Huallaga, formed a conspiracy, the outcome of which was the assassination of Pedro.

UR'SULA, SAINT. A saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic Church. She is held in especial reverence at Cologne, the reputed place of her martyrdom. October 21st is her day in the Church's calendar, and the date of her martyrdom is variously given as 237, 283, and 451. The official date, however, is 237. According to the simplest form of the legend, Ursula was the daughter of a British king, Deonatus. She was

called Ursula from Ursa, 'bear'-signifying that she was intended to kill the bear, i.e. the devil. Her hand was asked in marriage by a "certain most ferocious tyrant," for his son. The tyrant threatened to sack the country if his suit were not granted. Ursula, in consequence of a vision, in which she was shown her future martyrdom, asked for a respite of three years, during which time she with ten chosen maidens, each with 1000 attendants, should visit shrines and holy places to honor their virginity. Another condition was that her betrothed, Etherius, should become a Christian. This large company of virgins set sail, and with a favoring breeze were carried to Thiel in Guelderland, on the Waal. Thence they sailed on the Rhine by way of Cologne to Basel, where they left their ships and proceeded overland on foot to Rome. Returning to Basel, they embarked on their ships, only to be attacked by Huns at Cologne and slaughtered. They were buried by the inhabitants of Cologne with great honors, and a church was built over their remains. A late addition to the story says that Attila wished to reserve Ursula for himself. Upon her indignant refusal, he became enraged and shot her through the breast with his arrows. The controversy over this legend has continued for many hundred years. The conservative element in the Roman Catholic Church considers it probable that there was at one time a massacre of virgins at Cologne by the Huns, but that the details of the story as given at the present time are mediaval fabrica

tions. The rationalists outside of the Church follow

Schade's theory that the story of Ursula is only a Christianizing of an old German myth, and that Ursula is really Freya, called in Swabia 'Hörsel,' with the same attributes as the moon divinities in other lands. Still another solution

is that one of Ursula's companions was named Undecimilla, which might easily be read undecim milia (eleven thousand).

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consult: Crombach, Vita et Martyrium Sanctæ Ursula et Sociarum (Cologne, 1547); Schade, Die Sage von der heiligen Ursule und den elftausend Jungfrauen (Hanover, 1854). For controversial replies to Schade: De Buck, Acta Sanctorum (Brussels, 1858); Kessel, Ursula und ihre Gesellschaft (Cologne, 1863). URSULINES. A religious Order for women in the Roman Catholic Church, particularly devoted to the education of girls. They take their origin from Saint Angela Merici (q.v.). A rule, in twenty-five chapters, was projected by Angela, and finally approved (1536) by the Bishop of Brescia, Cardinal Francis Cornaro. Angela was herself chosen as the first superior, in the year 1537, the community even at that time numbering as many as seventy-six sisters. In the year 1565 a house was opened at Cremona; and with the approval of Popes Gregory XIII. and Clement VIII., it was spread over many dioceses of Italy. It was warmly encouraged by Saint Charles Borromeo, and at his death there were no fewer than eighteen convents of the Order in his diocese, comprising above 600 nuns. Soon afterwards it was established in France (1584). They were introduced into Savoy by Saint Francis de Sales in 1635; and in 1639 a convent was opened in Quebec. About the same time they were introduced into Germany-at Vienna, in 1660, and at

VOL. XVII.-12.

Freiburg, Kitzingen, and Prague soon afterwards -where they have continued to teach with great success. They now number 300 convents and 7,000 nuns and are found in all parts of the world. The Ursuline Sisters have several educational establishments in Ireland, in England, Scotland, Canada, and twenty-four in the United States with thousands of pupils. Consult: Postel, Histoire de. Sainte Angèle Merici et de tout l'ordre des Ursulines (Paris, 1878); Sainte-Foi, Annales de l'ordre de Sainte Ursule (ClermontFerrand, 1858); Les Ursulines de Québec (Quebec, 1868).

URTICACE (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. urtica, nettle, from urere, Skt. us, to burn). A natural order of about 40 genera and 450 species of dicotyledonous under-shrubs and herbs, natives of almost all parts of the world. Some species furnish valuable fibres. The chief genera in the order as restricted are: Urtica, Urena, Laportea, Pilea, Bohmeria, Maoutia, and Parietaria. See BŒHMERIA; NETTLE.

URTICARIA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. urtica, nettle), HIVES, or NETTLE RASH. An eruption of the skin, coming out quite suddenly, and consisting of firm, round, convex, or lenticular elevations of the skin, from a quarter of an inch to coming white in the centre. an inch in diameter, at first pink, and soon beThese are called pomphi or wheals. They are scattered or closely crowded over the part affected, and are not sym

metrical. In the acute form of the disorder the

wheals arise rapidly and subside in a few hours or a day at longest. In the chronic form they last longer and recur frequently. Urticaria is accompanied with intense itching.

The causes may be both local and general. Among the local causes are direct irritants such as the poison of the stinging nettle (whence the name), the stings of bees and wasps, contact with jellyfish and certain caterpillars. A popular form of urticaria is due to the bites of fleas

and bugs. General or systemic causes may be the eating of shellfish, pork, sausages, mushrooms and some fruits, such as strawberries; certain drugs, as copaiba, cubebs, quinine; general disorders, such as gout, indigestion, asthma, and in women pregnancy, menstruation, and lactation. Sometimes no cause can be found except general nervous irritability. Treatment must depend on the cause, which should be sought for and removed. Acute cases, due to articles of diet, may be relieved by an emetic, if vomiting and diarrhoa do not occur spontaneously. In the chronic form, which is often very stubborn, if the urticaria can be traced to any article of food, this should be eliminated. The digestion must be regulated, and general disorders, such as gout. treated with appropriate remedies. For the severe itching a burning alkaline bath or lotions, or mild solutions of carbolic acid or other anti

septics, may be used locally. Scratching must be avoided, since it only aggravates the affection. Where the hives are the result of nervous irritability the general health must be built up.

U'RUBITIN'GA (from Braz. urubu, vulture Tupi tinga, white, beautiful). A large hawk of the genus Urubitinga, several species of which exist in tropical America. All have bluish black plumage, marked with white on the rump and tail. One species, the Mexican black hawk (Uru

bitinga anthracina), may be found in Arizona. These hawks nest in large trees, and lay white

eggs.

URUGUAY, Sp. pron. oo'roo-gwi'. A river of South America. It rises on the west slope of the Brazilian Coast Range, and flows first westward on the boundary between the States of Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul, then southwest between the latter State and Argentina, and finally southward between Argentina and Uruguay, emptying into the Plata estuary (Map: America, South, D 5). Its total length is about 1000 miles. The greater part of its course lies on the plateau, and the upper portion, known as the Pelotas, passes through a densely forested wilderness. The banks are generally high as far as Salto, 200 miles from the mouth of the river, and at that point navigation is obstructed by a series of rocky reefs and rapids, which become falls at low water. Below Salto the land on the western bank is low and level, and periodically inundated. The Uruguay here connects by lateral branches with the Paraná. For the last 100 miles the river is very broad, and really forms the head of the Plata estuary, though the name Uruguay is continued to the Paraná confluence. The river is navigable for large sea-going vessels to Paysandú, about 150 miles, and for smaller vessels to Salto, while barges navigate the stream 300 miles above the rapids.

URUGUAY. The smallest of the South American republics, bounded on the north by Brazil, on the east by Brazil and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the Rio de la Plata, and on the west by the Uruguay River, the boundary line between Uruguay and Argentina. Its area, including some small islands off the coast and in the Plata, is 72,151 square miles.

TOPOGRAPHY AND MINERALS. The most elevated portions of Uruguay lie in the north and northwest, where a few sharp ridges attain a height of nearly 2000 feet. Along the Uruguay River are found table lands of moderate elevation, resembling the neighboring pampas of Argentina, though higher. The southeastern coast portion is low and marshy, with sandy stretches bordering the ocean, while the interior is composed of rolling plains diversified in the north and northwest by low ridges of hills. Here extensive forest regions also occur, especially near the rivers; while the southeastern portion is largely covered with grass. The hills rest upon an old crystalline foundation of gneiss and granite, with some sandstone, Tertiary and ancient eruptive rocks, and possibly Paleozoic strata. The maritime and river coast of Uruguay from Chuy to Santa Rosa is 685 miles long. After the Rio de la Plata and the Uruguay the Rio Negro, wholly within the republic, is the most important river, and for a portion of its course is navigable for small craft. On the northeastern frontier Lake Mirim, though belonging entirely to Brazil, affords an outlet to the surrounding district. But little advantage has been taken of the mineral wealth of the country, though it is certain that iron, zinc, lead, sulphur, antimony, and coal exist, and profitable gold washings. Marble and other building stone quarries are in operation, and some precious stones are sent abroad.

CLIMATE, FLORA, AND FAUNA. The almost peninsular position of Uruguay gives it a delightful climate, with temperature ranging from 32° to 88° F. Occasionally in the lowlands the temperature rises to 100° in February, while frosts are common in the upland regions, where occasional snows also occur at long intervals. Rains are plentiful throughout the year, but the greatest precipitation occurs in May and in October. During the winter months cold storms, known as pamperos, blow from the southwest. In its flora and fauna Uruguay in the northern part resembles Southern Brazil, and in the southern part its neighbor Argentina. See ARGENTINA and BRAZIL.

INDUSTRIES. During recent years there has been a steady advance in argricultural produc tion. Public companies facilitate the purchase of land by settlers. Up to 1880 most of the breadstuffs were imported, but since 1885 corn and wheat have become important articles of export. About 1,400,000 acres are in cultivation, of which 750,000 are in wheat. The grazing industries of Uruguay are, however, the chief reliance of the inhabitants. In 1901, 6,326,601 head of cattle were reported. The sheep industry is likewise of growing importance. In 1901 the number of sheep was reported as 17,624,548, and the exports of wool for 1900, 26,755 tons. The chief manufacture is flour. There are saladeros for the production of jerked and salted meats for lishment has a branch at Independencia for the foreign shipment, and the Liebig Company estab manufacture of beef extracts. In the season of 1900 these industries slaughtered 698,900 cattle. In 1901 there were 575,361 horses in the country. On an average about 70,000 grams of gold are extracted annually. The gold mines are in the northern region.

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCE. In 1901 the railway mileage of the Republic was 1210 miles, 602 of which bore a Government volved in its construction. The rivers are largely guarantee of 32 per cent. on the capital inutilized for inland communication, and in addition there are some 2250 miles of national highways and 3100 miles of departmental roads and Uruguayan steamers had a net tonnage of 10,037. paths for local traffic. In 1901 the twenty-five For foreign tonnage, see MONTEVIDEO, which is the chief port, and, owing to its recent improvements, one of the best on the coast. The value of the special foreign trade in merchandise is as follows:

The leading imports include foodstuffs, textiles, machinery, ironware, and jute; the exports, preserved meats, hides and horns, tallow, cattle, beef extracts, and agricultural products.

GOVERNMENT. The Constitution dates from July 18, 1830. The legislative department consists of a Senate, composed of one member from each of the nineteen departments, and of a Chamber of Deputies composed of 69 members-— one for every 3000 voters. The executive power is vested in a President, chosen by a majority vote of the Assembly in joint session, for a term