U

The twenty-first letter of the English alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet ended with t (q.v.) and u was the first of the letters developed in Greek and added to its alphabet to supply the deficiency of the Phonician. Originally U was the uncial and cursive form, and V the capital form. The two were differentiated about the fifteenth century A.D., when V was limited to representing the consonant sound. Before the fifteenth century small v and u were used interchangeably. In English u represents a variety of sounds besides its original value, which is that of a rounded back vowel, the u in rude. It stands also for the sound yoo, as educate, mule, value. It is pronounced like oo in rule, ruby, ruin; ŏŏ in full, pull, push; as in Turk, turnip, turpentine, urge; ŭ (unrounded) in tub, up, muff. A u is always written after q (q.v.). In this case it has the consonantal value of w, which it has also often after other consonants, especially g and s, as in quick, quartz, quote; language, anguish, guava; suave, dissuade. It is silent in guard, tongue, build, etc.

The sources of u are as follows: Anglo-Saxon й, as sun from sunne; begun from begunnen; nut from hnutu; Anglo-Saxon ū, as us from ūs; but from būtan; up from up; Anglo-Saxon ō, as must from mōste.

In chemistry U stands for uranium. UAKARI, wå-kä'rê. See OUAKARI. UARAYCU, wà-ri'kōō. A peculiar tribe on the Lower Jurua and Jutay rivers, and the adjacent portion of the Amazon, Western Brazil. They whip their youths to test their manhood, and try the fortitude of their maidens by hanging them up in a net over a smoking fire, where they are kept without food until unable to endure any longer. Girls are betrothed in childhood and the young man must hunt game for his bride long before he is permitted to marry her. They burn their dead and bury the ashes in their huts.

UARDA, 00-är'då. The second of the Egyptian historical novels by Georg Ebers (1877). The action takes place in Egypt during the reign of Rameses II., and it gives a masterly picture of Egyptian life of that period.

UAUPÉ, wå ́σo-pa'. An extensive group of tribes, probably remotely of Arawakan stock (q.v.), residing on the Uaupés River, a headstream of the Rio Negro, in Southeastern Colombia. They derive their name from a small water

bird with a smooth and glistening forehead, in allusion to their habit of rubbing the face with certain leaves to render it smooth and shining. They cultivate corn, tobacco, manioc, cane, and bananas, are experts with the bow, lance, and blowgun, and are great fishermen. They live in large communal houses, sometimes nearly 100 feet square, with a roof nearly 40 feet high supported by columns hewn from the trunks of trees. They make hammocks, pottery, and baskets, and use canoes hollowed out from tree trunks. men wear the G-string, feather head-dresses, and amulets of white quartz suspended from the neck. The women go entirely naked. Those of the same clan are not allowed to intermarry. Each communal household has its hereditary chief. In physique they are tall, stout, and well made, and are reputed to be among the most industrious tribes of the Amazon region.

The

UAUPÉS, wä'oo-pas'. A large tributary of the Rio Negro, considered by some geographers as the true head-stream of that river (Map: Brazil, D 3). It rises in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, descends from the highlands in a series of falls and rapids, and flows southeastward to its confluence with the main stream in Northwestern Brazil. It is over 700 miles long, and navigable in its lower course over the plains.

UBALDINI, σ0′bål-dē’nè, PETRUCCIO (1524 ?1600?). An Italian illuminator and scholar of in the reign of Edward VI. fought in the ScotTuscan birth. He went to England in 1545, and tish waters. At this period of his life he wrote

Relatione delle cose del regno d' Inghilterra English manners and institutions. (1551), wherein he records his experiences of In 1580 he visited Ireland and compiled an account of the unsuccessful Spanish-Italian invasion of Kerry. His Vita di karlo Magno Imperatore (1581) was the first Italian book printed in England.

UBANGI, ū-bănʼgi. A river of Central Africa, the largest northern tributary of the Congo (Map: Congo Free State, C 2). It is known also as the Mobangi (near its mouth), the Dua (19° to 20° E.), the Koyu (21° to 22° E.), and the Makua and Welle (in its upper course). The river, probably rising in about 3° N. and 28° E., touches a point about 5° 10' N. and 19° 40′ E., here turns south, soon forming the Zongo rapids, and finally joins the Congo in about 0° 30' S. and 17° 50' E. after a course of about 1500 miles.

From its mouth to its confluence with the Mbomu at Yakoma, about 22° 40′ E., the Ubangi forms the boundary between French Congo and the Congo Free State. That part of the river known as the Welle was first discovered by Schweinfurth in 1870; some ten years later Junker explored the Makua; in 1884 Hanssens discovered the mouth of the Mobangi; in 1885-86 Grenfell went up as far as the Zongo rapids, and within half a dozen years the several parts of the river already discovered were identified as the Ubangi. In great part the river flows through a populous country. Ubangi is also the name of a district in the northwestern part of the Congo Free State. UBASTET. An Egyptian goddess, called also Pasht or Pakht and, from the Greek form of the name of the city where she was especially worshipped, Bubastis or Bast. She was the wife of Ptah (see MEMPHIS), and was identified by the Greeks with Artemis (see DIANA). Her son was Tum, the solar deity of the western horizon. Beside her main seat of worship at Bubastis (q.v.) she was honored at Thebes (q.v.) and together with Ptah, at Memphis. Ubastet is usually represented as a woman with a cat's head, but in the earlier monuments she more frequently has the head of a lion. Her annual festival, held at Bubastis, was characterized by revelry which implies by its phallic accompaniments a fertility-concept in the nature of the goddess. The cult of Ubastet does not appear to have been very ancient, but from the reign of Rameses III. (q.v.), in the thirteenth century B.C., it became one of the most important in Egypt. See BUBASTIS, and for illustration see Pakht in the plate of EGYPTIAN DEITIES in the

article EGYPT.

UBEDA, 00-Bã’Då. A Spanish town of the Province of Jaén, in Andalusia, in the midst of the fertile Loma de Ubeda. It is 74 miles east of Cordova (Map: Spain, D 3). The country abounds in vineyards, olive plantations, and pasturages devoted especially to the rearing of horses. The town contains a castle with more than twenty towers, the sixteenth-century Church of San Salvador, and the Gothic San Pablo and San Nicolas of lesser note, together with the Palacio de las Cadenas, in which are the municipal offices and the edifice of the Colegio de Escolapius. The streets are broad and well paved and with the plazas well kept. The chief manufactures are pottery, leather, soap, and woolens. The population in 1900 was 19,395.

or

UBERTI, 00-běr'tê, FAZIO DEGLI (c.1310c.1370?). An Italian poet, born probably in Pisa. His love lyrics show the influence of Petrarch. His political verse is strongly Ghibelline in sentiment and bitter against the Papacy. His most noted work is the unfinished didactic poem entitled Dittamondo (i.e. dicta mundi, things worthy of note in the world), which in its methods imitates the Divina Commedia of Dante. Like Dante, converted to righteousness in the middle of the path of life, Fazio feigns himself guided on a fantastic journey by the ancient geographer Solinus, from whose work he borrows largely. He traverses nearly all the known world save Asia, and in connection with all that he imagines himself as seeing he narrates fables, traditions, and legends which imitate, but poorly, episodes of Dante's poem.

Consult the first edition of the Dittamondo (Vicenza, 1474) and that of Monti and Perticard (Milan, 1826); an edition of the Liriche edite e inedite (Florence, 1883) was prepared by Renier. A commentary on the Dittamondo by G. Cappello (1437) remains unedited.

UBIQUIST (from Lat. ubique, everywhere). A plant which grows in practically all habitats. The common dandelion, which grows naturally in light or shaded, moist or dry conditions, may be regarded as a typical example. The term cosmopolite refers to existence in all climates rather than all habitats.

UBIQUITY (from Lat. ubique, everywhere, from ubi, where). A term applied in theology to the doctrine that the Lord's body, in consequence of its personal union with the divine, by a 'communication of properties,' is everywhere present. This use of the word has its origin in the teachings of Luther, who, to defend the real presence of the entire Christ in, with, and under the elements of the Lord's Supper, taught consistently that Christ's body could be everywhere, although he called this presence 'illocal.'

UCAYALE or UCAYALI, σo'kî-ä'lê. A large river of Peru (Map: Peru, C 5). It is one of the main headstreams of the Amazon, and, judged by length and volume, it should be considered as the true upper course of that river. It is formed by the junction of the Apurimac (q.v.), or Tambo, and the Quillabamba at the eastern base of the Andes on the boundary between the departments of Junin and Cuzco, and flows northward in a much winding course till it joins the Marañón in the northeastern corner of Peru to form the Amazon. The length of the Ucayale proper is about 1000 miles, and with the Apurimac the total length is nearly 1500 miles. Some of their sources are near Lake Titicaca, while that of the Mantaro, a tributary_of the Apurimac, is in Lake Chinchaycocha or Junin (q.v.) within 100 miles of Lima, on the Pacific coast, and over 13,000 feet above the sea. So rapid is their flow, however, that at their confluence the Ucayale proper is less than 1000 feet above sea level. From this point its course through the densely forested and sparsely populated montaño is very sluggish, falling only 500 feet in nearly 1000 miles. Its banks are here very low, and it divides repeatedly into side channels, while large adjacent areas are periodically submerged. The Ucayale is navigable for the largest vessels, maintaining a depth of 40 to 70 feet for over 600 miles. Steamers can also ascend the Pachitea, the principal tributary below the confluence of the headstreams, over 200 miles to a point about 300 miles from Lima and 3600 miles from the mouth of the Amazon. The Ucayale thus affords an easy means of communi

cation between the Atlantic Ocean and the heart of Peru.

UCCELLO, 00-chell, or UCCELLI, PAOLO (c.1397-c.1475). A Florentine painter of the Renaissance, the first of the naturalists. He was properly Paolo di Dono by name, but was called Uccello on account of his fondness for birds. He was a pupil of Ghiberti and was also influenced by Donatello and by Domenico Venezi ano. Under Manetti he acquired the facility in perspective which became the main feature of his work. His rare paintings are found chiefly in

Florence, where he frescoed scenes from Genesis in Santa Maria Novella (1446-48). There is also in the Uffizi a battle scene, one of four painted for the Bartolini. In Paris there are portraits by him of Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giotto, Manetti, and himself. In the Metropolitan Museum of New York City there is a portrait of a lady, attributed to him.

UCHARD, y'shär', MARIO (1824-93). A French playwright and novelist, born in Paris. After following for some time the business of a stockbroker, he married in 1853 Madeline Brohan (q.v.) of the Théâtre Français, where he produced the drama La Fiammina (1857), which was very successful. His other plays attracted much less attention, but his novels won much favor. They include: Raymond (1861); Le mariage de Gertrude (1862); La comtesse Diane (1864); Une dernière passion (1866); Mon oncle Barbasson (1876); Inès Parker (1880); Antoinette ma cousine (1891); and others.

UCHATIUS, OOG-ä'tse-oos, FRANZ, Baron (1811-81). An Austrian general of artillery and inventor, born at Theresienfeld. Entering the Second Regiment of artillery in 1829, he became commandant of the ordnance works in the arsenal at Vienna in 1871, was made a major-general in 1874, and lieutenant-fieldmarshal in 1879. He introduced an improved process of manufacturing steel in 1856, constructed several ballistic ap paratus, especially one for measuring the pressure of gas in gun-barrels, invented the so-called steel-bronze (Uchatius metal), now exclusively used for the equipment of the Austro-Hungarian field-artillery, and in 1875 constructed the ringgrenades, adopted since then by nearly all artilleries. He died by his own hand, in Vienna.

U'CHEE, or YUCHI. An interesting tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, formerly centring on the middle Savannah River, in Georgia and South Carolina, but afterwards incorporated with the Creek confederacy. Very little is known of them as a distinct people, but all the evidence tends to substantiate their own claim that they were the autochthones of eastern Georgia and the adjacent region, antedating its occupation by the Muskhogean tribes (see MUSK HOGEAN STOCK) by many years. They call themselves children of the sun, which, according to one of their sacred myths, was their mother, and was worshiped with elaborate ceremonies. In 1739 Governor Oglethorpe concluded a treaty with the Uchee at what was then their principal town, situated on the Savannah River about 30 miles above Savannah. Before the end of the century they had all removed to the Creek country, where in 1799 they had four towns with about 250 warriors, or, perhaps, 800 souls. Their main town was on the western (Alabama) side of the Chattahoochee, a few miles below the present Columbus. They participated in the treaties, wars, and reverses of their Creek allies, and removed with them in 1835 to the Indian Territory, where they still constitute a distinct town, the largest in the Creek Nation. In physique they are smaller than the Creeks, but more wiry and athletic, as well as extremely pugnacious. Their language is remarkable for the number of arrested sounds, which give their conversation a jerky effect. The older ones adhere to their an

cient religion and are greatly under the influence of their priests.

VITCH, Prince (1861-). A Russian author and poet, born near Oranienbaum, of an old princely race descended from Rurik. Frequenting the University of Saint Petersburg, he gave his attention chiefly to philosophy and literature and in 1884 was appointed to a position in the Ministry of the Interior. He made three journeys to the East, the last in 1890-91, accompanying the present Czar, then heir apparent, which he described in Oriental Trip of the Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovitch of Russia (1893-97), a splendidly illustrated work, published also in English, French, and German. Besides many lyric poems, he contributed book-reviews and critical and historical essays to various periodicals, and in 1896 assumed the editorship of the Sanktpeterburgskija Viedomosti, in which he advocates particularly an energetic policy of Russia in Eastern Asia.

UCHTOMSKY, uк-tôm'ské, ESPER ESPERO

UDAIPUR, oo'di-poor', or ODEYPORE, called also MEWAR, or MEYWAR. A native State of India, under British protection, in Rajputana (Map: India, B 4). Area, 12,861 square miles. Population, in 1891, 1,844,360; in 1901, 1,021,664. The capital, Udaipur, situated 120 miles southeast of Jodhpore at an altitude of 2064 feet; had 45,595 inhabitants in 1901. Here is an imposing royal palace of marble and granite. Just south of the city is the fortified hill Eklingarh. The roads leading to the city are guarded by a series of fortresses, but these have fallen into a state of decay.

UDALL, ú'dal, NICHOLAS (1505-56). An English schoolmaster and playwright. He was born in Hampshire. In 1524 he was graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and elected a fellow. He took an early and active part in the Reformation, but he trimmed his sails in the reign of Mary. From 1534 to 1541 he was head master of Eton, and from 1554 to 1556 head mas ter of Westminster School. The fame of his various translations, pamphlets, and Latin and English verse has been eclipsed by his Ralph Roister Doister, an English comedy on the Roman model. It seems to have been composed for the boys at Eton before 1551, though, so far as is known, it was not published until 1566. It is the earliest English comedy now extant. Consult the reprint by E. A. Arber (London, 1869); and A. W. Ward's English Dramatic Literature (vol. i., rev. ed., ib., 1899). See GAMMER GURTON'S NEEDLE.

UDAL RIGHT. Under the old Scotch law, a species of freehold interest or title to land, independent of the ordinary feudal dues, and corresponding somewhat to an allodial title to real charter or deed, but by continuous possession for property in England. It was not acquired by a a long number of years, which fact could be established by the testimony of witnesses.

UDDEVALLA, ood'de-väl'lå. A port of Sweden, situated at the head of the Byfjord, 48 miles north of Göteborg (Map: Sweden, D 7). It has a school of navigation, and manufactures cotton goods and furniture. There are also sugar refineries, wood-pulp mills, and granite quarries. Population, in 1901, 9442.

UDINE, oo'dê-na. The capital of the Province of Udine, Italy, in a fertile, highly cultivated plain on the Roja Canal, 84 miles by rail northeast of Venice (Map: Italy, H 1). It consists of an inner and an outer town separated by fortifications. The streets are crooked and narrow, but it is an agreeable city. In the centre of the town rises a hill crowned by a castle, now used as a barracks, dating from 1517. The chief square lies at the southern base of the hill. The imposing municipal palace, in the style of the Doges' Palace of Venice, contains a large marble statue of Ajax, and some excellent mural paintings. The Romanesque cathedral possesses a finely sculptured portal. Udine has a handsome theatre, a splendid archiepiscopal palace with historic memories, a school of industrial arts, and a technical institute. There is a small public garden, and the artistic house of the painter Giovanni da Udine is shown. In the Palazzo Bartolini there are a mu

nicipal museum of antiquities, paintings by Giovanni da Udine, and a library of over 27,000 volumes. Udine has one of the most unique and beautiful countries in the world. The city manufactures silks, velvets, leather, metal-ware, paper, and sugar. The chief trade is in flax and hemp. Population (commune), in 1881, 32,020; in 1901, 37,942.

Udine, the ancient Utina, was an important city in the Middle Ages. In the thirteenth century it became the capital of Friuli. In 1420 it passed to Venice. Near Udine is the small but interesting town of Cividale del Friuli (q.v.), the ancient Forum Julii.

UDINE, GIOVANNI DA (c.1485-1564). An Italian painter, born at Udine. He was the pupil of Giorgione in Venice and of Raphael in Rome. The latter he assisted in decorating the loggie of the Vatican. The arabesques and borders of conventional design are almost entirely the work of Giovanni. His work is principally in Rome. It includes the garlands which surround the "History of Cupid and Psyche" in the Farnesina (designed by Raphael), decorations of painting and stucco in the Palazzo Madama, decorations in Clement VII.'s Torre di Borgia and in the Palazzo Massimi alle Colonne. Of the easel pictures atributed to him, the only authentic one is a "Madonna Enthroned" (1517) in Bergamo (Frizzoni collection).

UEBERWEG, 'ber-vãG, FRIEDRICH (182671). A German philosopher, born at Leichlingen, Prussia. He was educated at Göttingen and Ber: lin, and in 1862 was made professor of philosophy at Königsberg, where he remained till his death. His most important works are his System der Logik und Geschichte der logischen Lehren (1857; 5th ed. 1882; Eng. trans. of the 3d ed. by Lindsay, London, 1871), and his Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie (186366; 8th ed., rev. by M. Heinze, 1894-98; Eng. trans. of the 4th ed. by Morris, New York, 1871). Consult F. A. Lange, Friedrich Ueberweg (Berlin, 1871); M. Brasch, Die Welt- und Lebensanschauung Friedrich Ueberweg's nebst einer biographisch - historischen Einleitung (Leipzig, 1889).

UECHTRITZ, uк'trits, FRIEDRICH VON (180075). A German dramatic poet and novelist, born at Görlitz, Silesia. He studied jurisprudence at Leipzig and held various judicial positions at

Treves and Düsseldorf. Of several tragedies, Alexander and Darius (1827), with a preface by Tieck, was produced in Dresden, Berlin, and Vienna. Das Ehrenschwert also met with a favorable reception. The dramatic poem Die Babylonier in Jerusalem (1836), while little adapted to the stage, is distinguished by brilliant diction. His best known novels are Der Bruder der Brant (1860), a religious-patriotic tale, and Eleazar (1867), a romance of the great Judean war. He also published Blicke in das Düsseldorfer Kunstund Künstlerleben (1839-42). Consult Erinnerungen an Friedrich von Uechtritz und seine Zeit in Briefen von ihm und an ihn (Leipzig, 1884), with a preface by Sybel.

UECHTRITZ, KUNO VON (1856-). A German sculptor, born at Breslau. He studied at the Vienna Academy under Tilgner, to whose influence is to be attributed his fondness for the

Baroque and Rococo style, manifest in his early chrome work, carrying it from softer tints to portrait busts. Subsequently he turned to polythoroughly naturalistic treatment, of which an "Italian Pifferaro with His Monkey," in the National Gallery, Berlin, is an example. After his and monumental sculpture, earning reputation removal to Berlin in 1886 he took up decorative ological ideal, and genre figures, and animals, and with several fountain designs, enlivened by mythdisplaying a subtle sense of humor. Siegesallee he executed the group with the statue Breslau the Moltke Monument, with the Norse of Elector George William (1899), and for goddess of Victory offering the laurel to Moltke.

For the

UFA, σo'få. A government of Eastern Russia. Area, 47,130 square miles (Map: Russia, J 3). The eastern portion has a mountainous surface, being traversed by offshoots of the Ural Mountains, running in densely wooded ridges parallel to the main mass. The western part has a steppe-like appearance with an incline toward the Kama. This river forms the western

boundary line of the government and its navigable tributary, the Byelaya, intersects it in a direction from southeast to northwest. The climate is severe, but very healthful. Ufa is a highly mineralized region containing deposits of iron, copper, coal, petroleum, sulphur, etc. The mining industries, however, are as yet little developed. tion, as the inhabitants are largely nomadic and Agriculture employs only a part of the populaengaged in stock-breeding. About 35 per cent. of oats, and wheat. The holdings are generally the area is under cultivation, chiefly under rye, large, and the use of improved machinery is on kumiss. The manufacturing industries are conthe increase. A very important dairy product is nected to a large extent with mining, and the chief iron and steel works are situated at Zlatoust (q.v.). Other manufactures are spirits, leather, soap, and candles. The population in 1900 was estimated at 2,420,652, of whom the Russians constituted about 45 per cent., the remainder consisting of Bashkirs, Tatars, and Meshtcheryaks.

UFA. The capital of the Government of Ufa, in Eastern Russia, situated on the Byelaya, near its junction with the Ufa, 326 miles by rail east-northeast of Samara (Map: Russia, J 4). Population, in 1897, 49,961.

UFFIZI, PALAZZO DEGLI. A celebrated Florentine palace, containing one of the finest collections of sculpture and painting in the world. It was erected in 1560-76, after the designs of Giorgio Vasari for the Government offices of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The ground story is one of the most beautiful open halls of Italy; it is roofed with barrel vaulting supported by heavy Doric pillars which extend the height of the entire façade. The top story, now containing the gallery, was originally an open loggia. In the vestibule and court are many statues of celebrated Tuscans.

The nucleus of the gallery was a part of the celebrated collections made by the Medici in the fifteenth century. Additions were acquired or inherited by many of the Medicean dukes, and the collection was bequeathed to the State by the last representative of the line in 1737. It is especially rich in antique statuary, possessing the celebrated Niobid group, the "Boy Drawing Out a Thorn," the "Apollino," the "Medicæan Venus," "Satyr," "Wrestlers," the "Grinder," and "Dying Alexander." The collection of paintings possesses numerous works by artists of the early Florentine Renaissance, such as Fra Angelico, Filippo and Filippino Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandajo, and especially Sandro Botticelli. The High Renaissance is well represented by Michelangelo, Fra Bartolomeo, Andrea del Sarto, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, and Correggio, the gallery being especially rich in masterpieces of Titian and Raphael. There is also a fine collection of Flemish and Dutch masters. The cele brated "Tribuna" of the Uffizi is a small room containing many of the masterpieces of painting and sculpture. An interesting feature of the gallery is a unique collection of portraits of great masters by themselves. A passageway connects the Uffizi with the Pitti Collection. (See PITTI PALACE.) The second story of the Uffizi contains the Biblioteca Nationale, containing 300,000 volumes and 14,000 manuscripts. Its nucleus was the Maglialecchiana Collection, to which, in 1862, was added the Royal Library of the Pitti Palace. The Uffizi also houses the Florentine State archives, one of the richest collections of documents in the world.

UGANDA (00-gün'då) PROTECTORATE. A British protectorate in British East Africa, consisting of the native kingdom of Uganda and several adjacent States. It is bounded by the parallel of 5° north latitude (Egyptian Sudan) on the north, the Congo Free State on the west, and the German East African frontier (in part following the parallel of 1° south latitude) on the south (Map: Congo Free State, F 3). The eastern boundary is marked by a line drawn through the middle of Lake Rudolf, and by what is known as the Eastern Province. The protectorate covers 80,000 square miles (estimated).

Uganda is very mountainous, its mean altitude being given as over 3000 feet. It is a remarkably diversified country, with snow peaks, elevated plains, vast forests, and low swamps; and it also embraces the very arid depression around Lake Rudolf. The variey of climate it offers is likewise exceptionally great. The Lake Rudolf region has an average altitude of 2000 feet, is tropically hot, and is the most barren and hopeless section. The Mount Elgon region and that north of the Victoria Nyanza are much more

favorable to development, owing to the ample rainfall and well-watered conditions. But the climate here is generally damp, hot, and productive of malarial fevers. This region, westward of the extinct volcano Mount Elgon-a gigantic mass 14,000 feet high, with a crater several miles wide-has an average elevation of some 4000 feet, and possesses dense forests, marshes, and many good agricultural districts. The course of the Nile from the Ripon Falls (its exit from the Victoria Nyanza) to Lado is within or contiguous to this region. The western part of the protectorate, distinguished by the Albert and Albert Edward lakes, the magnificent snowy Ruwenzori (thought to exceed 16,000 feet in elevation), and the deep-forested valley of the Semliki, forms a remarkable region rich in possibilities. Splendid plateaus and charming small lakes here abound. Cooling breezes make Ankori and Toro not only habitable, but inviting. In the Nile Valley to the north the heat is extreme, the rainfall abundant. The northern part of the protectorate is generally forbidding. The waters of the many lakes which characterize the protectorate are partly fresh and partly salt. KiogaKwania and Deveru may be mentioned in addition to the lakes already named.

Except in the Rudolf district, the flora, which is in general kindred to that of West Africa, is rich and abundant, but there is no oil palm. Papyrus covers the swampy Nile Valley. The lofty mountains explain the presence of the alpine vegetation in the higher parts, and of the witch-hazel and trees of kindred classes on the plateaus. Uganda has a peculiar long grass, from 10 to 15 feet high, which is used for building purposes by the natives. The fauna is allied to that of equatorial Central Africa and the Congo Basin, in conformity with the moist and forested character of the region. A list of the birds and quadrupeds would include most of those of Africa which are not strictly desert or seacoast forms. Lions and leopards are numerous, living upon antelopes and wild and tame cattle; and the rivers and lakes abound in crocodiles, feeding upon the fish, many of which are wholesome for food. There are no anthropoid apes, but many monkeys, of which the guerza (q.v.) is most notable. Large collections of insects and land shells have been made, but much remains to be learned of the smaller life of the region.

In the eastern sections of the protectorate granite and gneiss are prominent; in the central regions, quartz, sandstone, and basalt are added; around Lake Rudolf lava and tuff are superimposed on the foregoing formations. Iron ore abounds. Gold has been discovered in the north, and there are promising indications that many varieties of precious stones and metals will be found. The soil is of great fertility. Coffee of an excellent kind is indigenous, and much of it is being cultivated. Not a little has been done toward improving the country by building substantial houses, making good roads, etc. Rubber, ivory, and hides are the leading articles of trade. The commerce is chiefly in the hands of Germans, British Indians, and native dealers, and is slowly developing. The total value in 1901-02 was about £550,000, £50,000 being exports. Steamers ply between the northern boundary and Khartum. The so-called Uganda Railway lies wholly within the British East Africa Protectorate (q.v.).