easy reach; to take cattle to Baltimore occupied six weeks in the transit. He therefore undertook the laborious business himself, driving the first cattle over the mountains from Ohio to an eastern sale. While on one of these journeys in 1809, he writes as follows:

"Saturday, August 12.-Conclude to leave Hamill's, who has treated us with friendship and kindness. Lose cattle: Charles went back and found all but two. The prospect in descending Alleghany is very pleasing; there are about thirty farms on George's Hills under view at one time a beautiful house and fine farm apparently two or three miles off. We stop at a Dutchman's at the mouth of Savage, named John Brant, newly come there. The woman came out and tripped down the river to call her husband. The house looked very shabby and I expected poor fare. I thought if we could get a little milk it would be the best we could get, and expected to lie on the floor and be a prey to the fleas. But appearances are deceitful. We went in after taking care of our cattle, and found everything orderly and clean, and asked for supper. The woman had four small children, and no help. She inquired which we would have, coffee or tea. I told her coffee, and in a few minutes she had a chicken killed, dressed, and on the table, with bacon, coddled apples, pickles, cucumbers, apple pie, and I know not what all. The table was set with the neatest china, and everything had a most exquisite taste; coffee clear as amber— and all done in the twinkling of an eye. In the room where we lodged was a nice bed, an elegant clock, a handsome beaufet, well filled."

6

In passing through Pennsylvania he describes the Dutch farm-houses and the peculiarities of the people. On the first day of September, 1809, he writes: "I went out this day among the farmers to sell cattle. Mr. Updegraff was not at home, but two young ladies, his daughters, gave me a polite invitation to come in and sit down. They were Quakeresses; their manners were extremely easy. From thence I went to Mr. Rittle's. He too was absent, but his wife, a proper Dutch woman, told me she should not buys no cattles for de drout.' I asked the way to Mr. Amit's. She told me to go the road till I met two houses, and then I would come to a brick storehouse by de mills, then go to de right, and then to de left, to Amit's.' Well, to Amit's I went, but did not find him at home. His wife and family were at dinner, of which they invited me to partake. She told me Mr. Amit wanted to buy, and would come and see my cattle. Sunday, September 3.-If ever a person was homesick I am. I cannot see the end of my journey or of my toils. When I came here yester day I hoped to be ready to turn my face homeward by Monday, but am still disappointed. Our fat landlady sits constantly on the piazza. She

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is loquacious enough, but I can understand her with difficulty. O my Got!' says she, 'what a little hand. You don't work. There!' she thrust out her own toward me, 'dat's more big dan two of dat,' and fell into a loud laugh. I thought so too. Hers looked as hard as a wood-chopper's, and as black as a squaw's. She has two maids to assist her, and the house is clean and victuals good. The man appears like an honest fat Dutchman, and has an excellent farm. The Dutch are remarkable for having selected the very best lands. They have strong judgment, and are generally moral and industrious; but when they are polished they shine equal with any-for instance, the two Misses Updegraff."

Having disposed of his cattle, Judge Cutler returned to Ohio on horseback, and the money received during his absence went far toward aiding many of the pioneer families to secure titles to their homes.

Senator John Sherman refers to this period as the "Age of the Logcabin." He says: "Many of the settlers thought it was the happiest time in their lives. We talk about hard times now! Then the pioneer was glad to get thirty-two cents a bushel for wheat; eggs and butter could not be sold for money. The only way they could get money was to drive hogs, cattle, sheep, and horses over the Alleghany mountains, and there sell for money-York money as they called it. Every homestead was a log-cabin. No brick houses then; no frame-houses except in the towns. What did they encounter! the deadening of the trees, their gradual falling, the logging and burning, the clearing, the rude plowing amidst the stumps and roots-what exciting, toilsome times! Custom made the solitude and independence of their life happiness."

In a brilliant oration, on the occasion of the celebration of the first settlement in Ohio, the Hon. John W. Daniel said: "The founders did not come as the Spaniards went to the Mississippi, in search of gold. They taught a lesson of history in the character of their laws. They taught a lesson of courage in the very nature of their bold adventure. They taught a lesson of prudence in the sedate and organic way in which they went about their business. They came here as home-seekers and home-builders. They came bringing their household gods, their wives and their children. The mustard seed which fell here in this beautiful soil a hundred years ago has now expanded into a great tree, whose branches spread over the continent, and the birds of the air from all nations of the earth do lodge therein."

Errand Offences

Mannel

THE BLUE AND BEAUTIFUL NARRAGANSETT

ITS HISTORIC ASSOCIATIONS

Narragansett bay is without doubt the most remarkable of the picturesque features with which the proud little state of Rhode Island abounds. With numerous arteries, it extends for twenty-eight miles through the very heart of the state; having on the east one-fifth of its entire area, and four-fifths on the left-a goodly heritage of land and water, the dwelling-places of a population of nearly three hundred thousand souls. Within the bay a dozen islands, great and small, are of easy access; and the shores on either side, dotted with hamlets and villages, are guarded night and day by slumbering forts and watchful lighthouses.

During the summer season every form of marine life and architecture is here visible, from the formidable man-of-war to the puffing tug-boat, from the leviathan Pilgrim down to the steam-launch. Every yacht club on the Atlantic makes its rendezvous here, and the flags and pennants of foreign lands find a welcome haven on these lovely waters.

The historic associations connected with Narragansett bay are not less. remarkable than its natural beauties. In 1764 a boat's crew from the English schooner St. John, in attempting at Newport to carry off a deserter, was forcibly resisted. This was the first overt act of rebellious opposition to British supremacy in the colonies, the first blow struck for American independence-a verification of the old proverb, that "Rhode Islanders loved to fight, if they could fight on the sea."

When in 1875 Admiral Wellesley of the British navy anchored in Newport harbor in command of the Bellerophon, he remarked that this famous arm of the ocean-“The Blue and Beautiful Narragansett ”—was one of the finest sheets of water he had ever beheld. From the quarterdeck, with its surroundings, it realized to him a scene of tranquil beauty. When, however, the gallant admiral called to mind that on these waters the English once reigned supreme, he had not forgotten that it was from this very port Burgoyne, in 1778, sailed for England after his defeat at Saratoga.

As points of observation, Halidon hill and the surrounding heights are very favorable, the sweep of vision, including glimpses of the Atlantic, being practically unlimited. Here at our feet a spacious and stately home is now in course of erection; the foundations being laid on the identical site of "Fort Chastellux," constructed in the memorable year of 1780, the

name of the noble marquis who labored in the work having been gracefully assigned to the abutting avenue on the west.

At the base of the hill are the "Lime Rocks," associated with deeds of heroism that, within recent years, were graciously recognized by personal visits from the President and Vice-President. Not far distant are the diminutive landmarks well known to mariners as the Spindle and the Dolphin. Here in Brenton's cove, which forms the eastern boundary of Fort Adams, was finally dismantled and left to decay the famous ship Endeavour, in which Captain Cook, accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, circumnavigated the globe. On the communicating heights, a modern Croesus, with ideas borrowed from the antique, has now in course of construction a succession of domestic temples, hewn from the solid rock, to which, for want of a better, the designation of the "Newport Acropolis" has been popularly assigned.

The erection of Fort Adams, on a reservation of a hundred and sixtyfive acres, was not commenced until 1824. It is capable of mounting four hundred and sixty-eight guns, with a fire-proof barrack for three thousand men. Located on the northerly limit of a point of land which helps to form the harbor of Newport, it is also the limit of a grant from King Charles the First to William Brenton, that will be forever known as Brenton's Neck. On the parade the air is generally very cool, and the views from the parapet superb. On Redoubt hill are the quarters of the commanding officer. Always in sight is Conanicut island, incorporated in 1678. Jamestown, the original settlement, has become a thriving summer resort. Not far distant, on a government reservation of seven acres, is that picturesque ruin known as Fort Dumplings, perched on a projecting and almost insular rock. Previous to the war this elliptical stone structure was used as a target for artillery practice by the erratic John Magruder.

On the southern point of Conanicut stands Beaver Tail lighthouse, commanding a broad view of the Atlantic ocean, with Block island thirty miles distant and Narragansett pier in sight. Originally erected in 1749, it is said to be the first lighthouse ever built on the American coast. Destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1754, it was burned down by the Hessians during their ignoble retreat from Rhode Island. Beaver Tail tower was successfully lighted with gas in 1817. Rose island, on a tract of twentythree acres, being so long and so low, appears to float upon the bay. This little isle owes its attractive name to a British man-of-war wrecked upon its shore. Neither Fort Hamilton, located here near the lighthouse, nor the tower at the Dumplings has ever been completed or garrisoned. In the centre of the harbor reposes the graceful form of Goat island, the

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site of the earliest colonial fort. From this little isle was fired, in 1790, the first salute announcing that Rhode Island had at length joined in the confederation of states. It is now utilized by the war department.

As seen by night the harbor acquires manifold attractions, when the floating palaces of the Old Colony line are illuminated from stem to stern. On gala occasions the beautiful art of the pyrotechnist and the wondrous aid of electricity have here an unrivalled field for their operations and display. "Dear Old Newport" is seen gently sloping toward the bay, still containing many buildings of colonial foundation, which housed the British as enemies, and sheltered the French as allies. Originally laid out into two or three parallel streets, Thames street, the principal thoroughfare, still retains a name that not even a revolution has been able to efface.

Very prominent and very beautiful is that graceful landmark, the spire of Trinity church, being of the same architecture with which Sir Christopher Wren adorned the city of London after the great fire. Long wharf, now neglected, was once a stirring place of business, on which were the dwellings, factories, and stores of worthy citizens. The shore-end was called "Queenhithe" in grateful memory of Queen Anne, who in 1709 sent across the Atlantic a fine-toned bell for the church, that did duty almost a century. A once fashionable and ever delightful quarter of the city lies north of Long wharf, inscribed on the map as Washington street, but familiarly known as "The Point." In days gone by it was considered the court end of the town. When Newport could boast of an extended foreign commerce, her merchants lived and prospered there. At the end of the street the remains of Fort Greene may be seen, resting on strata known as the Blue Rocks. The rising land on the north, called Tammany hill, was formerly the camping grounds of the Narragansett Indians, the owners of the soil. Gould island, in the central passage up the bay, is quite remarkable for its bold and fort-like appearance.

Coasters' Harbor island, in the northern confines of the city, was the first landing-place of the original settlers in 1639. For two centuries it was a refuge for the poor. However, the city of Newport has recently conveyed to the federal authorities the entire island with its appurtenances, who have converted the asylum for the poor into a national war college; a naval training school has been erected on the shore, and two venerable old frigates keep watch and ward over all.

Clement Ferguson