the Presidential primaries, and for many weeks both President Taft and Mr. Roosevelt toured the States in which such primaries were held, making pleas for instructed delegates to the National convention. The exPresident had decidedly the best of these pre-convention contests and secured many delegates, while the President added to his strength by many adherents elected in the regular State conventions. The Republican convention opened at Chicago on June 18, 1912. The machinery was entirely in the hands of the Administration. Nearly all contested cases were decided in favor of the Taft delegates, and, when the balloting began, 344 of the Roosevelt faction declined to vote. President Taft and Vice-President Sherman were then renominated without further opposition by" steamroller" methods, the Progressive element asserted, by "theft" Mr. Roosevelt charged. The disaffected faction withdrew after the balloting, and, meeting in Orchestra Hall, proclaimed Theodore Roosevelt as their choice for President of the United States. In August the new Progressive party met in Chicago and formally nominated Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate for President and Governor Hiram Johnson, of California, for Vice-President. On June 25 the Democrats held their National convention at Baltimore and, with the Progressive element finally in control, nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson, of New 66 regulation of the trusts " a prominent place, as also "social justice " under which head he included a vast number of social, economic, political, financial and judicial reforms. He bitterly assailed President Taft and many other public men who would not follow him in leaving the Republicans and forming the Progressive party. Governor Wilson conducted his campaign on entirely different lines, avoiding personalities and discussing the issues of the day in a thoughtful and forceful way. He advocated a reduction in the tariff that should so readjust the schedules as to meet actual business conditions, to the end that the tariff" shall cease to be the wellspring of oppression, monopoly, and covert taxation of the many for The debt controversy between Virginia and West Virginia The Louisiana bond dispute - The dispute between South Dakota and North Carolina over interest on bonds - Cases of fugitives from justice - Controversies over quarantine regulations - The dispute between Illinois and Missouri over water pollution. agreement. The debt amounted to $33,000,000 in 1861 and had increased considerably since then through accrued interest. In 1871 Virginia proceeded ex parte to determine her share and assumed two-thirds of the burden, leaving the rest for West Virginia. This still left a heavy burden on Virginia and gave rise to the readjuster movement in State politics. A new arrangement was made in 1892. After making repeated overtures to West Virginia and waiting 14 years, During all these years disputes between the States continued to be a source of great annoyance. The most notable of these disputes were those over boundaries, of which all save one arose over water boundaries. In 1870 Virginia lost a suit against West Virginia for the possession of three counties. The suits on water boundaries have brought out no new principles, the courts holding that boundaries change by erosion, but not by avulsion.* A suit of this kind has recently been begun by Arkansas Virginia finally (in 1906) turned to against Tennessee. the Supreme Court. West Virginia was ordered to appear and the Court held that she must assume a share of the debt and in 1908 appointed a special master to ascertain the facts necessary as a basis for an equitable distribution of the burden.† * Prepared for this History by David Y. Thomas, Professor of History and Political Science, University of Arkansas. † 206 U. S., 290; 209 U. S., 535. |