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ing through a territory almost waistdeep in mud. There was There was no very strong effort to prevent the movement, although the enemy kept up a sort of guerrilla attack throughout the day, causing the loss of a number of men. On the next morning San Fernando, Aguinaldo's second capital, was occupied, and he was again in flight with his archives and treasury to farther north and deeper into the jungles of Luzon.

During MacArthur's advance against Malolos, General Lawton made a raid against Santa Cruz in order to capture a gunboat and some launches possessed by the insurgents. This was successfully done, but no effort was made to establish a force at Santa Cruz, as General Otis sent word to Lawton, April 15, to return to Manila, as his command was needed in other parts of the field of war. He was accordingly directed to organize a movement against the main body of the insurrectos, who were now stationed in the neighborhood of San Isidro, about thirty miles from Malolos. With his men in light marching order, General Lawton on April 22 began his advance to the north. Taking advantage of his experience gained in the Indian wars, this daring soldier began a whirlwind campaign that was in effect the death-blow to the cause of Aguinaldo. He took in succession Novaliches, San Juan del Monte, Norzagaray, Angat, Balinag, San Luis, Maasim, Ildefonso, Arayat, and on the 17th of May Aguinaldo was fleeing from the victorious columns, his last

capital, San Isidro, in the hands of the American forces. On May 24 Lawton joined General MacArthur's command, within one month having marched 120 miles, fought 22 battles, taken 28 towns, destroyed 300,000 bus.els of rice, with a loss of only 5 killed and 35 wounded.

The chief characteristic of the Filipino is his elusiveness. The transition from a harmless peasant to an active insurgent apparently could be instantaneous, so as the insurrection was being hammered out of existence in the north, it sprang up anew in the south. At Las Pinas, only four miles from Manila, it became known that a strong force was being gathered

under command of the notorious General Pilar. General Lawton, after his astonishing campaign against San Isidro, was directed to take the field against Pilar. With him were the brigades of Wheaton and Ovenshine, the advance being towards Paranaque, a few miles south of Manila, and just across Bacoor bay from Cavite. The position of the enemy being on the coast, the Monadnock, the Helena and the Napidan joined with the soldiers in the attack. After a short conflict, General Ovenshine's brigade entered Paranaque. This, however, was but the prelude to the real battle. On June 13, General Lawton with two companies of the 21st Infantry made a reconnoissance towards Bacoor, finding the enemy strongly entrenched at Zapote bridge. Reinforcements were sent for, and at this point occurred what General

[graphic]

No. 3 from Stereograph copyright by Underwood & Underwood.

1. GROUP OF AGUINALDO'S SOLDIERS, IN ACCOUTREMENTS FURNISHED BY SPANISH WHEN THEY WERE MEMBERS OF THE SPANISH NATIVE GUARD. 2. BRIGADIER-
GENERAL CHARLES KING RECEIVING COMMISSIONERS WHO SURRENDERED PASIG. 3. WASHINGTON VOLUNTEERS ADVANCING AGAINST FILIPINOS AT TAGUIG.

4. FILIPINO PRISONERS AT FORT SANTIAGO, SHOWING IGORROTES (BOW AND ARROW MEN) IN THE FOREGROUND. 5. GENERAL MCARTHUR AT BRIDGE OVER
CALUMPIT RIVER, DISMANTLED BY FILIPINOS, FLEEING BEFORE MCARTHUR'S DIVISION, MOVING ON TARLAC. 6. SOUTH DAKOTA INFANTRY NEAR THE OLD CHINESE
CEMETERY CALOOCAN.

Lawton called in one of his dispatches, "a lovely battle." The. enemy, to the number of 3,000, were entrenched along the river in trenches that were virtually bomb-proof, and in addition were led by a man who was impelled by the bravery of fanaticism. By the aid of the gunboats, however, the Filipinos were finally driven from their position, but instead of taking to their heels as was their wont in other engagements, they stood their ground and contested every inch. Their opponents, however, were not less brave and pressing forward finally drove the enemy a mile to the rear of their original position. The Filipino loss was heavy; the American forces losing 9 killed and 30 wounded.

After this serious defeat the Filipinos fell back to Imus, which, however, was occupied without resistance by General Wheaton's brigade on June 18. The next day, a mile from Imus, occurred the last collision of importance in the Tagalog revolt. At this place General Wheaton's brigade engaged a force of 2,500 Filipinos, which was utterly dispersed. As the result of this last campaign of Lawton, the territory surrounding Manila was cleared of organized opposition to American authority, and it is one of the strangely tragic facts of the war, that the man who should have done most to bring it to an end should lose his life in a trifling skirmish with a small body of the enemy at San Mateo. By the death of General H. W. Lawton, the United States lost a

soldier of the most perfect type. His nature, his training, his life, and his death were consistently that of the soldier, and though his death was a serious blow to the army, yet the work he did in the Civil War, on the plains, at El Caney and San Juan, and in the far-off Philippines is sufficient. What he did was done modestly, but perfectly, and, like the soldier he was, according to directions. The esteem with which his memory was held, was shown by the gift of $100,000 made by the people of the United States to his family when it was learned that Lawton had died a poor man.

For two years the insurgents held out against the American authority, keeping up guerrilla warfare until by wounds, disease and disaffection all organized opposition was destroyed. The situation is best expressed by the letter written by General Wheeler (December, 1899) in tendering his resignation as a general in the volunteer army:

"The insurgent government is virtually destroyed. Aguinaldo is a fugitive in the northern provinces; his Cabinet and Congress are scattered. The president of the Filipino Congress is here, and from what he says I think it will be impossible for their Congress ever to reconvene. The various commands of the insurgent generals are reduced to mere skeletons and fly before us so fast that it is almost impossible to get within gun range."

The last chapter of the Tagalog revolt was closed by the capture of Aguinaldo by Colonel Funston, who by the means of a subterfuge, justifiable perhaps in war, captured the Filipino leader and brought him in

triumph to Manila. It was clear, however, that Aguinaldo had had enough punishment; his dreams of a Philippine republic or dictatorship were all dissipated, and therefore on April 2, 1901, he took the oath of alle

giance, and became a citizen of the country he had fought so long. With this he disappears from history. In reward for this and other daring enterprises Colonel Funston was made a brigadier-general.

CHAPTER XV.

1899-1901.

THE END OF AN ERA.

Expansion of the United States - Porto Rico - Reforms in Cuba and the establishment of the Cuban Republic - Partition of the Samoan Islands, and the annexation of Guam-Dewey's welcome" Embalmed beef" hearings, and the Schley Court of Inquiry - The Boxer uprising -The situation in the Philippines - The campaign of 1900, and re-election of President McKinley - The effects of the War with Spain — The currency act of 1900- The assassination of President McKinley.

The theory that a nation is only an aggregate of individual units held together by some sort of an expressed or implied compact is denied by history. The one fact that stands forth clear and definite, when all accessory facts are eliminated is that a nation is organic, reproducing in a larger sense the conditions that hold with respect to the individual; and like the individual, it also passes through the periods of childhood, youth, manhood and old age. The duration of these periods vary from a generation to centuries, depending partly upon external conditions, but mainly upon the spirit and quality of the people itself. It is evident, in addition, that the passing from one plane to another brings to the nation new responsibilities and new perils. Never has a nation developed with such tremendous

swiftness as the United States. During the course of a single century, with the exception of the small strip on the eastern coast comprising the original thirteen colonies, it has passed through all the stages of development that other nations have taken long periods of time to experience. In America today the primitive cabin of the pioneer still stands side by side with the palace of the promoter of enterprises beyond the dreams of conquering spirits of the past.

It was clear from the very beginning that the spirit of America could not be restricted by any very definite boundaries. Almost in spite of itself, and in spite of vast territories unused by its people, the area of the United States has gradually extended westward and southward, first by the Louisiana purchase, then by the ac

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