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S. HRG. 100-1012

THE WAR POWER AFTER 200 YEARS:
CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT
AT A CONSTITUTIONAL IMPASSE

HEARINGS

BEFORE THE

SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON

WAR POWERS

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE

ONE HUNDREDTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

JULY 13, 14, AUGUST 5, SEPTEMBER 7, 15, 16, 20, 23 AND 29, 1988

Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations

93-280

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1989

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

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CONTENTS

Eagleton, Hon. Thomas F., former Senator from Missouri..
Mathias, Hon. Charles McC., Jr., former Senator from Maryland
Fascell, Hon. Dante B., U.S. Representative from Florida
Broomfield, Hon. William S., U.S. Representative from Michigan.

Tower, Hon. John G., former Senator from Texas, and former chairman,
Senate Committee on Armed Services.....

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Jones, Gen. David C., USAF-Ret., former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff...
Vessey, Gen. John William, Jr., USA-Ret., former Chairman, Joint Chiefs of
Staff

115

Scowcroft, Gen. Brent, USAF-Ret., former National Security Adviser.
Emerson, J. Terry, former Legislative Assistant to Senator Goldwater.

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Chayes, Abram, former Legal Adviser, Department of State, current Felix
Frankfurter Professor of Law, Harvard Law School.........

Franck, Thomas M., Professor of Law and Director, Center for International

Studies, New York University School of Law; and Editor in Chief, the

American Journal of International Law

183

Halperin, Morton H., Director, Allan Adler Legislative Counsel, and Gary M.
Stern Research Associate, Washington Office, American Civil Liberties
Union, and Director, Center for National Security Studies....

Rotunda, Ronald D., Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law,

Champaign, IL.....

224

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Bont inmes Bay. Sean. Shiversity of Puget Soundt School of Law, Tacoma, *&...

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Frnage
Edwin B. College of Law. Chiversity of Chah. Salt Lake City, UT..........
Gennon, Michael 1. Professor of Law, University of California, Davis. Law
School Davia CA

290

292

Turner Robert F. Associate Director Center for Law and National Security,
Laverty of Va rena Law School Charlottesvile. VA.......

295

Reyssey. Wam Taylor. III. Esq, practicing attorney and author. Richmond,
VA

Friedman, Dand S. Esq, practicing attorney and author. New York, NY
Nathan, James, Professor of International Relations. Department of Political
Science University of Delaware, Newark, DE

300

322

326

Ricz, Charles E. Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame Law School,
Notre Dame, IN

329

Weiss, Peter, Reg. Vice President, Center for Constitutional Rights, New
York, NY

331

APPENDCX

The War Powers Resolution, 1973.

341

Proposed War Powers Resolution Amendments of 1988. S.J. Res. 323, text of....
Pell, Senator Claiborne, prepared statement, July 13, 1988.

346

363

Eagleton, Thomas F., prepared statement, July 13, 1988.

364

Adams, Senator Brock, prepared statement, July 13, 1988.
Pressler, Senator Larry.

367

Prepared statement, July 14, 1988...

368

Prepared statement, July 16, 1988

Rotunda, Ronald D., et al.:

369

Treatise on Constitutional Law, 1988 pocket part, chapter 6.
Treatise on Constitutional Law, chapter 6.

371

383

Glennon, Michael J., United States Mutual Security Treaties: The Commitment Myth, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 24, 1986, No. 3....... Reveley, William Taylor, III:

447

Prepared statement, September 29, 1988...

491

War Powers of the President and Congress: Who Holds the Arrows and Olive Branch? chap. XI, University Press of Virginia, 1981, excerpt from.......

517

Friedman, David S.:

Prepared statement, September 29, 1988...

567

Waging War Against Checks and Balances-The Claim of an Unlimited
Presidential War Power (article)...

574

Weiss, Peter, prepared statement, September 29, 1988.

634

Mathias, Senator Charles McC., prepared statement, July 13, 1988

641

Lakeland, Albert (Peter), prepared statement, September 7, 1988.

653

Vance, Cyrus, prepared statement, September 16, 1988...

664

Richardson, Elliot L., prepared statement, September 16, 1988.

669

Chayes, Abram, prepared statement, September 20, 1988...

738

Crowe, Adm., William J., Jr., prepared statement, September 23, 1988.
Henkin, Louis, prepared statement, September 23, 1988...

746

758

Turner, Robert F., prepared statement, September 29, 1988

769

Report of the Committee on Federal Legislation of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York.......

872

Temp, Geoffrey, Lessons of Lebanon: A Guideline for Future U.S. Policy article)..

916

ell, Hon, Dante B., prepared statement, July 13, 1988
mfield, Hon. William S., prepared statement, July 13, 1988.

928

1029

anld

st, A Mirror for Presidents (article)....

1038

Page

Sofaer, Abraham D., prepared statement (with attachments), September 15, 1988.

1046

Halperin, Morton H., prepared statement, September 20, 1988.
Carlucci, Hon. Frank C., prepared statement, September 23, 1988
Glennon, Michael J., prepared statement, September 29, 1988.
Nathan, James, prepared statement, September 29, 1988.
Rice, Charles E., prepared statement, September 29, 1988.
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., prepared statement, July 14, 1988.
Emerson, J. Terry, prepared statement, September 7, 1988.
Franck, Thomas M., prepared statement, September 20, 1988
Firmage, Edwin B., prepared statement, September 29, 1988.

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1146

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Silber, John, "Presidential Handcuffs," The New Republic, February 18, 1985. 1293
Goldsmith, William M., prepared statement, September 23, 1988.
Congress Versus the President: The Formulation and Implementation of
American Foreign Policy, by John G. Tower, from Foreign Affairs, winter
1981/82...

Suppose Congress Wanted a War Powers Act That Worked, by John Hart Ely.
Questions asked by Senator Pell, responses of J. Terry Emerson to
Questions asked by Senator Biden, responses of Abraham Sofaer to..
Questions on Youngstown decision asked by Senator Biden:

Letter to Louis Henkin, et al

Response of Louis Henkin to...
Response of Michael J. Glennon to.

Response of Thomas M. Franck to..

Response of Edwin B. Firmage to

Questions asked by Senator Helms:

Responses of Prof. Ronald D. Rotunda to.

Responses of Morton H. Halperin to

Questions asked by Senator Pressler, responses of Robert F. Turner to

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