§ 6.10

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Ch. 6

1866. Marines landed at Newchwang, China to seize and punish Chinese leaders for assaulting the American consul.

1867. Marines landed and occupied Managua and Leon, Nicaragua. 1868. Warships occupied Yokohama and attacked Hiago and Nagasaki in Japan to protect U.S. lives and property.

1868. Marines and sailors landed at Montevideo, Uruguay to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1869-71. After negotiating a treaty of annexation, President Grant sent a naval force to the Dominican Republic where it remained after the Senate rejected the treaty.

1870. Marines landed in Honolulu to put the U.S. consulate's flag at half-mast in recognition of a royal death after the consul refused and the matter became a local controversy.

1871. Marines and sailors captured five Korean forts after a surveying party was attacked.

1873. After Spain captured and executed 53 crew members from an American steamer captured off Jamaica, President Grant recalled all available ships and threatened war. Spain paid an indemnity to the U.S.

1873-82. Troops repeatedly crossed into Mexico to pursue cattle thieves and Indian marauders. Raids were legitimated in 1882 by a bilateral agreement.

1874. A landing party of 150 men from two vessels maintained order during the election of a Hawaiian king.

1876. A small force landed to preserve order when the town of Matamoras, Mexico was without a government.

1882. More than 100 marines and sailors landed in Alexandria, Egypt to protect U.S. lives and property when the city was being bombed by the British.

1888. Marines landed in Korea and marched to Seoul to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1888. Warships threatened Haiti until a US. merchant vessel was returned and an indemnity paid.

1889. Marines landed in Hawaii to guard US. lives and property during revolutionary disorder.

1890. Marines landed in Argentina to protect the consulate in Buenos Aires.

1891. A squadron seized four schooners in areas of disputed sovereignty to regulate sealing.

Ch. 6

THE WAR POWER

§ 6.10 1855. Marines landed in Fiji in retaliation for injuries to wrecked seamen, and fought skirmishes and burned villages.

1855. Forces landed in Montevideo, Uruguay to protect U.S. lives and property during a civil war.

1855. Marines fought pirates on land and sea at Ty Ho Bay, China. 1856. Marines landed in Panama to protect a railroad during a revolt. 1856. President Buchanan ordered 280 officers and men to land in Canton, China during hostilities between the British and Chinese and after an unprovoked attack on an unarmed boat displaying the American flag. The U.S. destroyed four Chinese forts.

1858. Warships landed in Uruguay to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt in Montevideo.

1858. After British cruisers repeatedly boarded and searched U.S. merchant vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, President Buchanan ordered a naval force to the waters around Cuba with orders to "protect all vessels of the U.S. on the high seas from search or detention. . . .' War with Britain was averted when it abandoned its claim to search ships in peacetime.

1858. Marines and sailors landed on Waia Island, Fiji to avenge the murder of two American traders.

1858-59. The U.S. Navy made a display of force along the Turkish coast after Americans were massacred at Jaffa.

1859. Two hundred soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Cortina.

1859. Marines landed to protect Americans in Woosung and Shanghai, China after local disorders.

1860. Marines and sailors landed twice at Kissembo, Portuguese West Africa, to protect U.S. lives and property during warfare between the natives and the Portuguese.

1863. After the Japanese fired on a small American merchantman, the navy fired on three Japanese vessels.

1864. U.S. joined British, French and Dutch warships in an attack on Shimonoseki, Japan to open the straits as required in a commercial agreement.

1865. Going beyond a treaty of 1846, a landing party went ashore at Panama, Colombia to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolution.

1865-66. Fifty thousand troops were sent to the Mexican border to back up a protest against the presence of 25,000 French troops in Mexico, who withdrew.

§ 6.10

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Ch. 6

1866. Marines landed at Newchwang, China to seize and punish Chinese leaders for assaulting the American consul.

1867. Marines landed and occupied Managua and Leon, Nicaragua. 1868. Warships occupied Yokohama and attacked Hiago and Nagasaki in Japan to protect U.S. lives and property.

1868. Marines and sailors landed at Montevideo, Uruguay to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1869-71. After negotiating a treaty of annexation, President Grant sent a naval force to the Dominican Republic where it remained after the Senate rejected the treaty.

1870. Marines landed in Honolulu to put the U.S. consulate's flag at half-mast in recognition of a royal death after the consul refused and the matter became a local controversy.

1871. Marines and sailors captured five Korean forts after a surveying party was attacked.

1873. After Spain captured and executed 53 crew members from an American steamer captured off Jamaica, President Grant recalled all available ships and threatened war. Spain paid an indemnity to the U.S.

1873-82. Troops repeatedly crossed into Mexico to pursue cattle thieves and Indian marauders. Raids were legitimated in 1882 by a bilateral agreement.

1874. A landing party of 150 men from two vessels maintained order during the election of a Hawaiian king.

1876. A small force landed to preserve order when the town of Matamoras, Mexico was without a government.

1882. More than 100 marines and sailors landed in Alexandria, Egypt to protect U.S. lives and property when the city was being bombed by the British.

1888. Marines landed in Korea and marched to Seoul to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1888. Warships threatened Haiti until a U.S. merchant vessel was returned and an indemnity paid.

1889. Marines landed in Hawaii to guard U.S. lives and property during revolutionary disorder.

1890. Marines landed in Argentina to protect the consulate in Buenos Aires.

1891. A squadron seized four schooners in areas of disputed sovereignty to regulate sealing.

Ch. 6

THE WAR POWER

§ 6.10

1891. More than 100 Marines landed at Valparaiso, Chile to protect the American consulate and to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1893. Marines landed in Hawaii to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt against Queen Liliukalani.

1894. Marines landed at Bluefields, Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during a civil war.

1894-96. Marines and sailors landed in Korea and marched to Seoul to protect U.S. lives and property during the Sino-Japanese War. 1894-95. Marines were stationed at Tientsin, China and marched as far as Peking to protect U.S. lives and property during the SinoJapanese War.

1895-96. Marines were sent to Seoul, Korea to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1896. Marines landed at Corinto, Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1898. Marines landed at Juan del Sur, Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1898-99. Marines were stationed at Tientsin and Peking, China to protect U.S. lives and property during a conflict between the dowager empress and her son.

1899. Marines landed at Bluefields, Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1900-01. President McKinley sent 5,000 troops to protect American interests during the Boxer Rebellion in China.

1903. Marines landed at Puerto Cortez, Honduras to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1903. Marines landed at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1903-04. Marines landed at Beirut to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1903-04. Marines escorted negotiators from Djibouti to Addis Ababa as they tried to make a treaty with the emperor of Abyssinia. 1903-04. Marines landed during the independence revolution by Panama against Columbia to protect U.S. citizens.

1904. Marines landed at three cites in the Dominican Republic to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1904. A squadron was sent to Moroccan waters to force the release of a kidnapped American. (President Roosevelt; "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead.")

§ 6.10

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Ch. 6

1904-05. Troops went to Seoul to guard the legation during the RussoJapanese War and to evacuate U.S. citizens.

1905-07. President Roosevelt put into effect a treaty guaranteeing the integrity of the Dominican Republic despite the Senate's failure to ratify it.

1907. Marines intervened during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua.

1910. Marines and sailors landed at Greytown, Nicaragua to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1910-11. Marines and sailors landed at Puerto Cortez, Honduras to prevent seizure of an American-owned railway.

1912. Troops protected diplomats in Istanbul during the Balkan War. 1912. Marines landed at Guantanamo, Cuba to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1912-25. The president of Nicaragua asked President Taft to send sailors and marines to protect U.S. lives and property during a civil war. Several battles were fought. A marine detachment remained to guard diplomats in Managua.

1913. Marines landed at Claris Estero, Mexico to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1914. Marines landed at Port au Prince, Haiti to protect U.S. lives and property during a revolt.

1914. Gunships attacked revolutionaries in the Dominican Republic. 1914. Marines were sent to guard the embassy in Paris on the outbreak of World War I.

1915-34. Troops were sent to Haiti to forestall European intervention to collect debts. Haiti was placed under U.S. military and administrative supervision.

1916-24. President Wilson ordered the occupation of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic by 3,000 marines.

1917. President Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm U.S. merchant vessels with defensive guns. When Congress refused to pass such a law, President Wilson acted on his own authority to equip the ships with guns and gunners assigned to them by the Navy. War was declared two months later.

1918-19. Troops pursued bandits into Mexico nine times and fought a battle with Mexicans at Nogales.

1918-20. President Wilson acted without congressional approval to help the anti-Bolsheviks against the new Soviet regime. More than 13,000 troops were sent, and battles were fought at Archangel, Vladivostok and the Murmansk Coast near Norway.