credit, and at the opening of the war posts. For his gallantry in these movefor the Union was promoted Lieutenant- ments he was promoted a BrigadierColonel of the Fourteenth Regiment of General of Volunteers, and was assigned Regular Infantry, and shortly after to to duty under General Casey at the Brigadier-General of Volunteers. His National Capital. No less than nine services in Western Virginia and with General Union officers were wounded. the army of the Potomac, in command General Sickles, whose right leg was of a division of General McCall's Penn- shattered by a shot, suffered amputation sylvania Reserves, will be remembered on the field. The other wounded Genby the reader. Taken prisoner in one erals, as enumerated by Mr. Everett, of the actions before Richmond, he had were Generals Barlow, Barnes, Butterbeen exchanged, and was then employed field, Doubleday, Gibbon, Graham, in command of the troops of his native Hancock and Warren. State raised to repel the first invasion of Lee. In General Hooker's army he had command of the First Corps. His military qualities are spoken of in the highest terms. Modest, reticent, studious and brave, he was exactingly severe in his discipline and passionately devoted to his command."* General Samuel Kosciusko Zook, who fell on the same day with General Reynolds, was also a native of Pennsylvania, and previous to the war was widely known in connection with the telegraph business as discoverer, inventor and constructor, already an officer of the State Militia. He recruited a regiment of Volunteers in New York, where he resided, and served with it through the campaign of General McClellan on the Peninsula. He was then promoted Brigadier-General of Volunteers-the rank which he held on the field at his death on the soil of his native State. General Gabriel Rene Paul, who fell on the second day of the conflict, was a native of Missouri, a graduate of West Point in 1834, and distinguished himself in the Mexican war, when he was brevetted Major in his regiment, the Seventh Infantry. On the outbreak of the rebellion he was transferred with the full rank of Major to the Eighth Regular Infantry and ordered to service in New Mexico. There he rendered most important services in cooperation with Colonel Canby in defence of the Western * Obituary. Philadelphia Press, July 3d, 1863. General Lee in his report records among the casualties "an unusual proportion of distinguished and valuable officers, among them (he continues) I regret to mention the following general officers: Major-Generals Hood, Pender, and Trimble severely, and Major-General Heth slightly wounded. General Pender has since died. This lamented officer has borne a distinguished part in every engagement of this army, and was wounded on several occasions while leading his command with conspicuous gallantry and ability. The confidence and admiration inspired by his courage and capacity as an officer were only equaled by the esteem and respect entertained by all with whom he was associated for the noble qualities of his modest and unassuming character. Brigadier-Generals Barksdale and Garnett were killed, and Brigadier-General Semmes mortally wounded, while leading their troops with the courage that always distinguished them. BrigadierGenerals Kemper, Armistead, Scales, G. T. Anderson, Hampton, J. M. Jones and Jenkins were also wounded. Brigadier-General Archer was taken prisoner. General Pettigrew, though wounded at Gettysburgh, continued in command until he was mortally wounded near Falling Waters." At the crisis of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, on the Fourth of July, Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederate States, presented himself in a Confederate steamer, under a flag of truce, to Admiral S. H. Lee, in command on the station at Hampton Roads, stating that he was the bearer of a communication in writing from Jefferson Davis, Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the Confederate States of America, to Abraham Lincoln, Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the United States of America, and that he desired to proceed in the same Confederate steamer to Washington, and deliver the said communication, attended only by Robert Ould, as secretary, for the purpose of conferring upon the subjects of the aforesaid communication, and the officers and crew of the steamer. The fact of Stephen's arrival was promptly communicated to the Secretary of War and the Navy at Washington, who simply replied, "The request of Alexander H. Stephens is inadmissible. The customary agents and channels are adequate for all needful military communications and conference between the United States forces and the insurgents." So Vice-President Stephens returned rejected to Richmond. A general letter of instructions to him by Jefferson Davis, on setting out on this errand, was afterwards published at Richmond, in which it was stated, "your mission is simply one of humanity, and has no political aspect." It was further said to refer to certain negotiations regarding the exchange of prisoners. Whatever may have been the motives and objects of the proceeding, it assumed importance from the time at which it was made, the high official character of the agent, and the ground which was quietly taken in refusing to receive him. The interest with which this engagement at Gettysburg was regarded by the country can hardly be over estimated. Occurring on the three days immediately preceding the celebration of the national anniversary, at the close of a period of many difficulties to the administration when, not without serious political opposition it was called to a final struggle at several important points, of the favourable issues of which numbers pretended to despair-it was with a hearty sense of relief doubtless that President Lincoln, on the forenoon of the fourth of July, sent from the capital this encouraging telegraphic despatch to the nation:-"The President announces to the country that news from the Army of the Potomac, up to ten P. M. of the third, is such as to cover that army with the highest honor; to promise a great success to the cause of the Union, and to claim the condolence of all for the many gallant fallen; and that for this, he especially desires that on this day He, whose will, not ours, should ever be done, be everywhere remembered and reverenced with profoundest gratitude." On the same day, General Meade had the satisfaction to issue the following address to his army: -"The Commanding General, in behalf of the country, thanks the Army of the Potomac for the glorious result of the recent operations. Our enemy, superior in numbers, and flushed with the pride of a successful invasion, attempted to overcome or destroy this army. Baffled and defeated he has now withdrawn from the contest. The privations and fatigues the army has endured, and the heroic courage and gallantry it displayed, will be matters of history to be ever remembered. Our task is not yet accomplished, and the Commanding General looks to the army for greater efforts to drive from our soil every vestige of the presence of the invader. It is right and proper that we should, on suitable occasions, return our grateful thanks to the Almighty disposer of events, that, in the goodness of His providence He has thought fit to give victory to the cause of the just." When three days later the despatch of Admiral Porter, announcing the great victory of General Grant, the surrender of Vicks SPEECH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 199 men were created equal, we have the surrender of a most powerful position and army on that very day, and not only so, but in a succession of battles in Pennsylvania, near to us, through three days, so rapidly fought that they might be called one great battle on the first, second, and third of the month of July: and on the Fourth the cohorts of those who opposed the Declaration that all men are created equal, 'turned tail,' and run. Gentlemen, this is a glorious theme, and the occasion for a speech, but I am not prepared to make one worthy of the occasion. I would like to speak in terms of praise due to the many brave officers and soldiers who have fought in the cause of the Union and liberties of their country from the beginning of the war. These are trying occasions, not only in success, but for the want of success. I dislike to mention the name of one single officer, lest I might do wrong to those I might for burgh, and its occupation on the Fourth, was received at Washington, the enthusiasm of the country was still further stimulated. The coincidence in connection with previous associations with the day was indeed remarkable. It was familiarly, yet forcibly pointed out by President Lincoln himself in a speech which he made on the evening of the day the news from Vicksburgh was received, when he was waited upon at the White House by a body of citizens eager to express their admiration at these decided successes of the war. "Fellow citizens," said the President, in reply to the congratulations of the crowd, "I am very glad indeed to see you to-night, and yet I will not say I thank you for this call, but I do most sincerely thank the Almighty God for the occasion on which you have called. How long ago is it? Eighty odd years since on the Fourth of July for the first time in the history of the world a nation, by its representatives, get. Recent events bring up glorious assembled and declared as a self-evident truth, that all men are created equal.' That was the birthday of the United States of America. Since then the Fourth of July has had several very peculiar recognitions. The two most distinguished men in the framing and support of the Declaration were Thomas Jefferson and John Adams-the one having penned it, and the other sustained it the most forcibly in debate the only two of the fifty-five who sustained it being elected President of the United States. Precisely fifty years after they put their hands to the paper, it pleased Almighty God to take both from this stage of action. This was indeed an extraordinary and remarkable event in our history. Another President, five years after, was called from this stage of existence on the same day and month of the year; and now in this last Fourth of July, just passed, when we have a gigantic rebellion at the bottom of which is an effort to overthrow the principle that all names, and particularly prominent ones; It fess the presence of the Almighty Father, and the power of His hand equally in these triumphs and these sorrows. Now, therefore, be it known that I do set apart Thursday, the sixth day of August next, to be observed as a day for National Thanksgiving, praise and prayer, and I invite the people of the United States to assemble on that occasion in their customary places of worship, and in the form approved by their own conscience, render the homage due to the Divine Majesty for the wonderful things He has done in the Nation's behalf, and invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit, to subdue the anger which has produced, and so long sustained a needless and cruel rebellion; to change the hearts of the insurgents; to guide the counsels of the Government with wisdom adequate to so great a National emergency, and to visit with tender care, and consolation throughout the length and breadth of our land, all those who, through the vicissitudes of marches, voyages, battles and sieges, have been brought to suffer in mind, body or estate, and finally to lead the whole nation through paths of repentance and submission to the Divine will, back to the perfect enjoyment of union and fraternal peace." CHAPTER XCI. GENERAL BURNSIDE'S DEPARTMENT OF THE OHIO. MORGAN'S RAID AND CAPTURE. OCCUPATION OF EAST TENNESSEE. MARCH-SEPTEMBER, 1863. AFTER a short interval of repose following his retirement from the Army of the Potomac, General Burnside was, on the twenty-sixth of March, 1863, placed in command of the Department of the Ohio. It was an important position, requiring the exercise of constant vigilance and authority. The southern borders of Kentucky were infested by guerrillas, and the State was again seriously threatened with invasion, while within the Department a spirit of disaffection to the Government was exhibited, which, though confined to a small minority of disappointed political partisans or sympathizers with the rebellion, was bold in its manifestations, and seriously interfered with the efficient conduct of the war. General Burnside, who had always shown himself a man of resolution, prepared at once to grapple with the situation. One of his first acts was to dismiss from the service the captain of a Kentucky regiment of cavalry "for his disgraceful surrender" of Mount Sterling to a party of guerrillas. A few days after he had the satisfaction to report the rout of the enemy in their raid in Central Kentucky by Brigadier-General Gilmore, who set out from Lexington, and with about twelve hundred of his command, Kentucky and Ohio Cavalry, after an energetic march came up in the neighbourhood of Somerset with a Rebel force of more than twice his numbers under General Pegram. "I attacked the enemy," says General Gilmore in his despatch, "on the thirtieth March in a strong position of his own selection, defended by six cannon, near the town; fought him for five hours, driving him from one position to another; finally stormed his position, whipped him handsomely, and drove him in confusion toward the river. His loss is over 300 in killed, wounded and prisoners; ours will not exceed thirty." Night stopped the pursuit, when the enemy, recrossed the Cumberland. General Burnside now turned his attention to the treason at work within his Department, issuing from his head ARREST OF VALLANDIGHAM. quarters at Cincinnati on the thirteenth of April, his memorable General Order No. thirty-eight. It was in these words: -"The Commanding General publishes, for the information of all concerned, that hereafter all persons found within our lines who commit acts for the benefit of the enemies of our country, will be tried as spies or traitors, and, if convicted, will suffer death. This order includes the following class of persons: carriers of secret mails; writers of letters sent by secret mails; secret recruiting officers within the lines; persons who have entered into an agreement to pass our lines for the purpose of joining the enemy; persons found concealed within our lines belonging to the service of the enemy; and, in fact, all persons found improperly within our lines who could give private information to the enemy; all persons within our lines who harbor, protect, conceal, feed, clothe, or in any way aid the enemies of our country. The habit of declaring sympathies for the enemy will not be allowed in this department. Persons committing such offences will be at once arrested, with a view to being tried as above stated, or sent beyond our lines into the lines of their friends. It must be distinctly understood that treason, expressed or implied, will not be tolerated in this department; all officers and soldiers are strictly charged with the execution of this order." The specifications of this order sufficiently indicate the nature of the disaffection with which General Burnside, in maintaining the authority of the Government, had to contend. The subject was presently brought prominently before the country in the proceedings attending the arrest of the Honorable Clement L. Vallandigham, a member from Ohio of the recent National Congress, who was tried by a military commission for a violation of the order. On or about the first day of May, as it was alleged before the Court, Vallandigham publicly addressed a large 201 meeting of citizens at Mount Vernon, Knox county, Ohio, and in the course of his speech declared the war "wicked, cruel, and unnecessary, 'not being waged for the preservation of the Union," but "for the purpose of crushing out liberty, and erecting a despotism;" that the Government of the United States was about to appoint military marshals in every district to restrain the people of their liberties, to deprive them of their rights and privileges, characteriz ing General Burnside's order, No. thirtyeight, as "a base usurpation of arbitrary authority," and inviting resistance to it by saying, "the sooner the people inform the minions of usurped power that they will not submit to such restrictions upon their liberties the better." A few days after the delivery of the speech, Mr. Vallandigham was arrested, under orders of General Burnside, at his residence at Dayton. The arrest was made by a party of soldiers between two and three o'clock on the morning of the fifth of May. The outer and inner doors were broken open, Mr. Vallandigham was seized, carried to Cincinnati, and there confined in a military prison. On the ninth an application was made in the United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio, in session in the city, for a writ of habeas corpus, that the prisoner "may be relieved from manifest oppression under color of military authority. The Honorable George E. Pugh appeared for Mr. Vallandigham, and the Honorable Aaron F. Perry and District Attorney Bell for General Burnside. At the opening of the proceedings a statement was submitted by General Burnside, in which he presented his motives in ordering the arrest. He pointed out the injurious consequences which would result to the army of "wholesale criticisms of the policy of the Government" by himself and his officers, reminded the Court that one of the States of his department was at the moment invaded, and three others |