vessels. It cost the United States Government six millions of dollars to construct the Eastern channel through the Bay of New York, which channel is 2,000 feet wide and 40 feet deep, and but a few miles long. This improvement was necessary to accommodate the larger type of ocean-going vessels, so that they could enter the port of New York. It will readily be seen that it would be entirely impracticable to undertake to deepen the rivers and harbors of the Great Lakes, so that ocean-going vessels could navigate them. Each of the three bodies of water requires its peculiar type of vessel and these types of vessels are the only types of vessels that can successfully navigate the bodies of water for which they were respectively constructed.
This is a complete answer to the advocates of a ship canal from Lake Ontario to tidewater. If there were no other objections to such a canal, it is not likely that rival Atlantic ports and competing railroad lines would consent to the construction of such a canal at national expense through the State of New York to divert foreign trade and domestic traffic from such rival ports and competing railroad lines to the port of New York and to the New York railways and waterways. From the inception of our canal system to the present time there have been those who have opposed every measure, designed to improve or extend it. At some periods the opposition has been so intense as to defeat any measure that was proposed, still there have been a sufficient number of New York's foremost citizens in favor of their maintenance thus far to preserve them from abandonment.
The spirit that inspired Dewitt Clinton has descended upon other generations of men, who have been inspired by lofty conceptions of duty and they have not failed to do their part to perpetuate the policy, which he inaugurated more than three quarters of a century ago. The inertia of conservatism has been an ever present barrier to the State's commercial progress.
However this is true of all progress. "Of all the difficulties," says Mr. Quincy, "that were met in establishing locomotion by steam, the obstruction offered by blind, stolid unreasoning conservatism was not the least." The progres
sive spirit of the age, however, that bridges rivers and tunnels mountains, that waters deserts and fertilizes plains, that cables oceans and explores continents, that makes cataracts propel the wheels of industry and utilizes the atmosphere as a vehicle for man's thoughts, that transforms the thunderbolt into controllable energy to serve man's purposes, will overcome all conservatism and keep New York at the head of the column of the states of the Union, in commerce and in all other essentials of a progressive civilization.
For "Col. William Bradstreet" read "Col. John Bradstreet." P. 113. "Largest single cargo of grain ever transported over water" should perhaps be qualified to read "over fresh water."
P. 114. P. 147. tion Co."
For "F. A. Mahan" read “A. T. Mahan."
For "Seneca Lake Navigation Co." read "Seneca Lock Naviga
P. 184. For "Ensel Bascom" (16th 1. from top) read "Ansel Bascom." P. 192. For "Mr. Blanchard, president of the Erie Railroad" read "George R. Blanchard, assistant to the president (afterward first vice-president)." P. 298. For "Morris K. Jessup" read "Morris K. Jesup." For "J. Howard Mason" read "F. Howard Mason." P. 360. For "Patrick W. Callinan" read "Patrick W. Cullinan." For "Thomas B. Dun" read "Thomas B. Dunn."
For "October" 23 and 24 read "September" 23 and 24. For "O. A. Bogardus" read "O. H. Bogardus."
P. 405. For "John K. Patten" read "John K. Patton." For "Frank Brainerd" read "Frank Brainard."
Ainsworth, Danforth E., of Oswego,
canal advocate, 390-391. Albany, N. Y., trade route from Al- bany to Cataracui lake (Lake On- tario), 10; portage to Schenectady, 10, 24, 35, 76; fort at, 35; citizens petition for canal, 85; canal basin, 128; canal between Albany and Schenectady, 129; represented at Canal Union convention, 212; canal convention, 1868, 220-222; canal conference, 1903, 282; opposition to barge canal bill, 309, 314, 335; joint debate on barge canal, 390; city urges improvement of upper Hudson, 426; prosperity advanced by canals, 449;
Allegheny river, navigable, 21-22; Chautauqua lake tributary to, 23: Allen, Ethan, memorial supporting Lewis bill, quoted, 304-305. Allen, Henry F., canal advocate, 216. Allen, Victor M., 406. Alvord, Thomas G., of Onondaga,
184; address in Assembly, cited, 188; in favor of selling canals, 237. Ambler, Henry S., 291.
American Historical Review, cited, 38
American Hotel, Buffalo, 182. American Radiator Works, 484. American Society of Civil Engineers, "Proceedings," cited, 206; conven- tion, 1885, 236.
Amsterdam canal, 325.
Andrew, John, of Barneveld, at Canal Improvement Association banquet, 354, 357
Andrews, Judge Charles, 418. Andrews, W. H., 292.
Andrus, Le Roy, canal advocate, 216. Angell, James B., president of Michi- gan University, 294.
See Fort Anne. Aqueducts, difficulties of building, 102 and note; across the Mohawk, 129. Arkell, James R., speaks at Commerce convention, 247.
Arnold, Benedict, of Montgomery co.,
Arnoldt, George, engineer, 394. Ash, James, canal advocate, 266. Assuan dam, 414.
Austin, O. P., of Washington, 424. Austria-Hungary, canals, 115, 315, 434. Averill, James, Jr., of Clinton co.,
from, 1893, 454; population, 474. Albany Argus, opposes barge canal, 373.
Albany Board of Trade, banquet, 221-
Avon, N. Y., citizens petition for canal, 85.
Babcock, George R., of Buffalo, 184. Bach, W. H., canal advocate, 383. Bacon, Francis E., of Syracuse, dele- gate to Buffalo convention, 1901,
Bacon, Capt. Wm., 27.
Bailey, E. A., 341.
Bailey, Edwin, Jr., votes for barge canal bill, 336.
Baird, Frank B., 253.
Baker, Charles S., 191.
Baker's Falls, 132.
Balch, G. W., 220.
Baldwin, Arthur J., 254.
Ballard, Lynn, 383.
Baltimore, Md., grain exported in 1893, 461.
Banyar, Goldsbrow, commissioner on canal from Wood creek to the Mo- hawk, 44; report on western waters of New York, quoted, 58. Barge canal, along the original Mo- hawk, Wood creek and Oneida lake route, 29; reduced rate for trans-
portation predicted, 121; first sug- gestion of, 218; recommended by Roosevelt commission, 249; bill drafted, 250; Legislative history of barge canal, 251-265; survey bill passed, 256; provisions of bill, 257- 259, 323; Odell referendum meas- ure, 1901, 269-270; referendum bill, 1902, 272-276; Davis-Bostwick bill, 1903, 283-339; meetings to aid in passage of bill, 292; Senator Lewis's speech opposing bill, quoted, 319- 322; Senator Hill's reply, quoted, 322-327; passage of bill by Senate, 335; senators voting for bill, 336; bill passed by Assembly, 337-339; approved by Gov. Odell, 339; esti- mate of cost, 342; canal campaign of 1903, 340-393, 468; circular op- posing canal, quoted, 346-347; coun- ties voting in favor of the measure, 393; total vote, 397; Advisory Board of Consulting Engineers, 399- 401; size of locks, engineering prob- lems, 401; amendments to original act, 402-406; sentiment in anti-canal counties changing, 404-405; delay in construction, 408, 416; contracts let, 408, 411; controversy as route, 409-410; mileage to be built, 411; speech of H. W. Hill "On the Canal Improvement Referendum Measure," 469-512; size of canal route, 503.
Barges, cost and capacity, 504. Barker, Samuel A., member of assem- bly, 1791, 48.
Barkley, Alexander, 169.
Barlow, Joel, "Vision of Columbus," quoted, 44, 439:
Barnes, A. C., address at Jamestown, quoted, 363.
Barnes, Daniel, quoted, 208; delegate to Canal Union convention, 212. Barnes, John V., delegate to Buffalo convention, 1901, 272.
Barnes, Mortimer G., member of Ad- visory Board of Consulting Engi- neers, 399.
Barnes, Wheeler, supports canal bill,
Barney, Charles T., 304.
Barrally, Thomas W., engineer, 395. Barrett, Alfred, engineer, 394. Barton, David R., chairman of Roch- ester canal convention, 184. Barton, James L., 182.
Bascom, Ansel, speaks at Rochester and Útica conventions, 184. Batavia, N. Y., 146, 164.
Bates, David S., favors Black Rock terminal for canal, 108; one of chief engineers of Erie canal, 394. Bates, Edward, Attorney-General of U. S., 199.
Bates, Lindon, Jr., 406.
Bath, N. Y., transportation to Balti- more from, 24.
Battenkill river, 146.
Bayard, Dr. A. H., secretary of State Commerce convention, 246.
Bayard, Stephen, journey to Seneca lake, 50.
Beach, Edson F., 384.
Beach, W. H., addresses meeting at Lily Dale, 359.
Bean, I. W., member of pro-canal committee of Binghamton, 385. Beauchamp, William, "History of the New York Iroquois," quoted, 15, 17. Beaverwyck. See Fort Nassau. Becker, Tracy C., member of Constitu- tional convention, 1894, 392. Bedell, Louis, of Orange co., canal ad- vocate, 391.
Belgium, canals, 115, 434, 500. Bellomont, Richard, Earl of, Robert
Livingston's report to, quoted, 28- 29, 30; report relating to trade, 31. Bennett, David S., of Buffalo, argu- ment for enlargement of locks on canals, 202; bill seeking federal aid for canal improvement, 203. Bennett, Leslie J., 292.
Benton, Joel, of Dutchess co., 93. Benton, Thomas H., of Missouri, 200. Bidwell & Carrick, shipyard at Black Rock, 109.
Bingham, Col. C. A., 341.
Binghamton, N. Y., 161, 245, 273; press opposes barge canal bill, 309; joint debate on barge canal, 376; canal meeting, 385, 468; pro-canal committee, 385; freight rates, 477- 478; population and industries, 478. Binghamton Leader, quoted, 310; op- poses barge canal, 373.
Binghamton Republican, quoted, 294. Binghamton Sunday Star, 273.
Bird Island, proposed western term. inal of Erie canal, 105; pier con- structed, 111-112; pier damaged by flood, 167.
Birmingham canal, 399. Bisgood, John, engineer, 394. Bishop, H. P., 384.
Bissell, Amos A., canal advocate, 340-
Black Rock, trading post, 18, 28; pro- posed terminus of Erie canal, 105- 111; tonnage at, 109; hearing be- fore Canal Commissioners, 110; an- nexed to Buffalo, 113; canal to Buf falo creek authorized, 135; the "Walk-in-the-Water" built, 427. Black Rock harbor, act appropriating money for, III; new harbor being constructed, 112; frauds in connec tion with, 167.
Black Rock ship canal, 344. Blackmar, Abel E., 170; address at the Syracuse convention, quoted, 261-262; member of Canal commit- tee, 263; preparation of barge canal bill, 282; delegate to Albany con- ference, 1903, 282; advocates Davis- Bostwick bill, 290; at conference to consider enlargement of Cham- plain canal, 302-303; speaks at ban- quet of Canal Association, New York, 372; aids in preparation of amendment to barge canal bill, 402; defends constitutionality of barge canal law, 418. Blair, Frank P., 200.
Blakesley, G. L., of Albany, 299. Blanchard, George R., vice-president the Erie railroad, testimony before Hepburn committee, quoted, 192, 451.
Bleecker, Barent, member of Western Inland Lock Navigation Co., 58. Blockwell, F. O., chief engineer of General Electric Co., 307. Bloomfield, N. Y., petition of citizens for canal, 85.
Board of Advisory Engineers.
New York state, Board of Advisory Engineers.
Boas, E. L., 348, 351.
Boat Owners Association, 211. Bogardus, Ova Hoyt, engineer, 394. Bogart, John, engineer, 395. Bohan, Owen, 406.
Bohrer, Peter, of Rochester, 386. Bond, Edward A., State Engineer and Surveyor, 107; report, 1901, cited, 238 note; member of Roosevelt commission, 245; approves bill_for barge canal, 250; at dinner to Gov. Roosevelt, 251; appoints Board of Advisory Engineers, 259; plans for canal improvement, 279, 283; men- tioned, 289; barge canal report, cited, 295; answer to Rogers reso- lution, 300-301; dinner to, given by Merchants' Exchange of Buffalo, 340-343; speaks at banquet of Canal Association, New York, 372; veys under his direction, 395; mem. ber of Advisory Board of Consult- ing Engineers, 398. Bonnar, Dr. John D., of Buffalo, speaks at Commerce convention, 1899, 247; at Buffalo convention, 1901, 271; article in New York Times favoring barge canal, quoted, 382-383.
Boonville, N. Y., 162, 409; freight carried from in 1893, 454. Boonville feeder, 163.
Bort, Bruce C., of Chateaugay, barge canal advocate, 385.
Boston, Mass., grain exported in 1892, 461.
Bostwick, Charles F., introduces canal referendum bill of 1903, 171, 282; at conference of canal advocates, 303; speeches in support of barge canal bill, cited, 338; speaks at ban- quet of Canal Association, New York, 372.
Bourne, Edward G., "Travels of Jona- than Carver," cited, 38 note. Bowman, John, resolution for removal of De Witt Clinton from office of canal_commissioner, 136.
Brace, James H., engineer, 259. Brackenridge, William A., member of Advisory Board of Consulting En- gineers, 398-399.
Brackett, Edgar T., votes for barge canal bill, 336.
Bradley, E. A., 319.
Bradley, John A., 341.
Bradstreet, Capt. John, in_command at Oswego, 35; Col., at Fort Stan- wix, 45.
Brainard, Frank, member of Canal Commission, 241; at dinner to Gov. Roosevelt, 251; delegate to canal hearings, 254, 255; delegate to Buf- falo convention, 272; member of state committee for canal improve- ment, 348, 351; on committee to formulate plans for N. Y. State Waterways Association, 423; mem- ber of executive committee of asso- ciation, 425.
Brandow, Henry, barge canal advo- cate, 390.
Brendel, Henry W., 292. Brennan, Thomas A., 406.
Brockport, N. Y., work on canal at,
Brocton, N. Y., joint debate on barge canal, 376.
Broadhead, Charles C., engineer, con versation with Gouveneur Morris, 66; engineer for eastern division of canal, 87, 102, 104.
Broenniman, A. E., engineer, 259. Brooklyn, N. Y., decrease of business, 370; prosperity advanced by canals,
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