vessels. It cost the United States Government six millions of dollars to construct the Eastern channel through the Bay of New York, which channel is 2,000 feet wide and 40 feet deep, and but a few miles long. This improvement was necessary to accommodate the larger type of ocean-going vessels, so that they could enter the port of New York. It will readily be seen that it would be entirely impracticable to undertake to deepen the rivers and harbors of the Great Lakes, so that ocean-going vessels could navigate them. Each of the three bodies of water requires its peculiar type of vessel and these types of vessels are the only types of vessels that can successfully navigate the bodies of water for which they were respectively constructed.
This is a complete answer to the advocates of a ship canal from Lake Ontario to tidewater. If there were no other objections to such a canal, it is not likely that rival Atlantic ports and competing railroad lines would consent to the construction of such a canal at national expense through the State of New York to divert foreign trade and domestic traffic from such rival ports and competing railroad lines to the port of New York and to the New York railways and waterways. From the inception of our canal system to the present time there have been those who have opposed every measure, designed to improve or extend it. At some periods the opposition has been so intense as to defeat any measure that was proposed, still there have been a sufficient number of New York's foremost citizens in favor of their maintenance thus far to preserve them from abandonment.
The spirit that inspired Dewitt Clinton has descended upon other generations of men, who have been inspired by lofty conceptions of duty and they have not failed to do their part to perpetuate the policy, which he inaugurated more than three quarters of a century ago. The inertia of conservatism has been an ever present barrier to the State's commercial progress.
However this is true of all progress. "Of all the difficulties," says Mr. Quincy, "that were met in establishing locomotion by steam, the obstruction offered by blind, stolid unreasoning conservatism was not the least." The progres
sive spirit of the age, however, that bridges rivers and tunnels mountains, that waters deserts and fertilizes plains, that cables oceans and explores continents, that makes cataracts propel the wheels of industry and utilizes the atmosphere as a vehicle for man's thoughts, that transforms the thunderbolt into controllable energy to serve man's purposes, will overcome all conservatism and keep New York at the head of the column of the states of the Union, in commerce and in all other essentials of a progressive civilization.
For "Col. William Bradstreet" read "Col. John Bradstreet." P. 113. "Largest single cargo of grain ever transported over water" should perhaps be qualified to read "over fresh water."
P. 114. P. 147. tion Co."
For "F. A. Mahan" read “A. T. Mahan."
For "Seneca Lake Navigation Co." read "Seneca Lock Naviga
P. 184. For "Ensel Bascom" (16th 1. from top) read "Ansel Bascom." P. 192. For "Mr. Blanchard, president of the Erie Railroad" read "George R. Blanchard, assistant to the president (afterward first vice-president)." P. 298. For "Morris K. Jessup" read "Morris K. Jesup." For "J. Howard Mason" read "F. Howard Mason." P. 360. For "Patrick W. Callinan" read "Patrick W. Cullinan." For "Thomas B. Dun" read "Thomas B. Dunn."
For "October" 23 and 24 read "September" 23 and 24.
For "O. A. Bogardus" read "O. H. Bogardus."
P. 405. For "John K. Patten" read "John K. Patton."
For "Frank Brainerd" read "Frank Brainard."
Ainsworth, Danforth E., of Oswego,
canal advocate, 390-391.
Albany, N. Y., trade route from Al-
bany to Cataracui lake (Lake On-
tario), 10; portage to Schenectady,
10, 24, 35, 76; fort at, 35; citizens
petition for canal, 85; canal basin,
128; canal between Albany and
Schenectady, 129; represented at
Canal Union convention, 212; canal
convention, 1868, 220-222; canal
conference, 1903, 282; opposition
to barge canal bill, 309, 314, 335;
joint debate on barge canal, 390;
city urges improvement of upper
Hudson, 426; prosperity advanced
by canals, 449;
Allegheny river, navigable, 21-22;
Chautauqua lake tributary to, 23:
Allen, Ethan, memorial supporting
Lewis bill, quoted, 304-305.
Allen, Henry F., canal advocate, 216.
Allen, Victor M., 406.
Alvord, Thomas G., of Onondaga,
184; address in Assembly, cited,
188; in favor of selling canals, 237.
Ambler, Henry S., 291.
American Historical Review, cited, 38
American Hotel, Buffalo, 182.
American Radiator Works, 484.
American Society of Civil Engineers,
"Proceedings," cited, 206; conven-
tion, 1885, 236.
Amsterdam canal, 325.
Andrew, John, of Barneveld, at Canal
Improvement Association banquet,
354, 357
Andrews, Judge Charles, 418.
Andrews, W. H., 292.
Andrus, Le Roy, canal advocate, 216.
Angell, James B., president of Michi-
gan University, 294.
See Fort Anne.
Aqueducts, difficulties of building, 102
and note; across the Mohawk, 129.
Arkell, James R., speaks at Commerce
convention, 247.
Arnold, Benedict, of Montgomery co.,
Arnoldt, George, engineer, 394.
Ash, James, canal advocate, 266.
Assuan dam, 414.
Austin, O. P., of Washington, 424.
Austria-Hungary, canals, 115, 315, 434.
Averill, James, Jr., of Clinton co.,
from, 1893, 454; population, 474.
Albany Argus, opposes barge canal,
373.
Albany Board of Trade, banquet, 221-
Avon, N. Y., citizens petition for
canal, 85.
Babcock, George R., of Buffalo, 184.
Bach, W. H., canal advocate, 383.
Bacon, Francis E., of Syracuse, dele-
gate to Buffalo convention, 1901,
Bacon, Capt. Wm., 27.
Bailey, E. A., 341.
Bailey, Edwin, Jr., votes for barge
canal bill, 336.
Baird, Frank B., 253.
Baker, Charles S., 191.
Baker's Falls, 132.
Balch, G. W., 220.
Baldwin, Arthur J., 254.
Ballard, Lynn, 383.
Baltimore, Md., grain exported in
1893, 461.
Banyar, Goldsbrow, commissioner on
canal from Wood creek to the Mo-
hawk, 44; report on western waters
of New York, quoted, 58.
Barge canal, along the original Mo-
hawk, Wood creek and Oneida lake
route, 29; reduced rate for trans-
portation predicted, 121; first sug-
gestion of, 218; recommended by
Roosevelt commission, 249; bill
drafted, 250; Legislative history of
barge canal, 251-265; survey bill
passed, 256; provisions of bill, 257-
259, 323; Odell referendum meas-
ure, 1901, 269-270; referendum bill,
1902, 272-276; Davis-Bostwick bill,
1903, 283-339; meetings to aid in
passage of bill, 292; Senator Lewis's
speech opposing bill, quoted, 319-
322; Senator Hill's reply, quoted,
322-327; passage of bill by Senate,
335; senators voting for bill, 336;
bill passed by Assembly, 337-339;
approved by Gov. Odell, 339; esti-
mate of cost, 342; canal campaign
of 1903, 340-393, 468; circular op-
posing canal, quoted, 346-347; coun-
ties voting in favor of the measure,
393; total vote, 397; Advisory
Board of Consulting Engineers, 399-
401; size of locks, engineering prob-
lems, 401; amendments to original
act, 402-406; sentiment in anti-canal
counties changing, 404-405; delay
in construction, 408, 416; contracts
let, 408, 411; controversy as
route, 409-410; mileage to be built,
411; speech of H. W. Hill "On
the Canal Improvement Referendum
Measure," 469-512; size of canal
route, 503.
Barges, cost and capacity, 504.
Barker, Samuel A., member of assem-
bly, 1791, 48.
Barkley, Alexander, 169.
Barlow, Joel, "Vision of Columbus,"
quoted, 44, 439:
Barnes, A. C., address at Jamestown,
quoted, 363.
Barnes, Daniel, quoted, 208; delegate
to Canal Union convention, 212.
Barnes, John V., delegate to Buffalo
convention, 1901, 272.
Barnes, Mortimer G., member of Ad-
visory Board of Consulting Engi-
neers, 399.
Barnes, Wheeler, supports canal bill,
Barney, Charles T., 304.
Barrally, Thomas W., engineer, 395.
Barrett, Alfred, engineer, 394.
Barton, David R., chairman of Roch-
ester canal convention, 184.
Barton, James L., 182.
Bascom, Ansel, speaks at Rochester
and Útica conventions, 184.
Batavia, N. Y., 146, 164.
Bates, David S., favors Black Rock
terminal for canal, 108; one of
chief engineers of Erie canal, 394.
Bates, Edward, Attorney-General of
U. S., 199.
Bates, Lindon, Jr., 406.
Bath, N. Y., transportation to Balti-
more from, 24.
Battenkill river, 146.
Bayard, Dr. A. H., secretary of State
Commerce convention, 246.
Bayard, Stephen, journey to Seneca
lake, 50.
Beach, Edson F., 384.
Beach, W. H., addresses meeting at
Lily Dale, 359.
Bean, I. W., member of pro-canal
committee of Binghamton, 385.
Beauchamp, William, "History of the
New York Iroquois," quoted, 15, 17.
Beaverwyck. See Fort Nassau.
Becker, Tracy C., member of Constitu-
tional convention, 1894, 392.
Bedell, Louis, of Orange co., canal ad-
vocate, 391.
Belgium, canals, 115, 434, 500.
Bellomont, Richard, Earl of, Robert
Livingston's report to, quoted, 28-
29, 30; report relating to trade, 31.
Bennett, David S., of Buffalo, argu-
ment for enlargement of locks on
canals, 202; bill seeking federal aid
for canal improvement, 203.
Bennett, Leslie J., 292.
Benton, Joel, of Dutchess co., 93.
Benton, Thomas H., of Missouri, 200.
Bidwell & Carrick, shipyard at Black
Rock, 109.
Bingham, Col. C. A., 341.
Binghamton, N. Y., 161, 245, 273;
press opposes barge canal bill, 309;
joint debate on barge canal, 376;
canal meeting, 385, 468; pro-canal
committee, 385; freight rates, 477-
478; population and industries, 478.
Binghamton Leader, quoted, 310; op-
poses barge canal, 373.
Binghamton Republican, quoted, 294.
Binghamton Sunday Star, 273.
Bird Island, proposed western term.
inal of Erie canal, 105; pier con-
structed, 111-112; pier damaged by
flood, 167.
Birmingham canal, 399.
Bisgood, John, engineer, 394.
Bishop, H. P., 384.
Bissell, Amos A., canal advocate, 340-
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Black Rock, trading post, 18, 28; pro-
posed terminus of Erie canal, 105-
111; tonnage at, 109; hearing be-
fore Canal Commissioners, 110; an-
nexed to Buffalo, 113; canal to Buf
falo creek authorized, 135; the
"Walk-in-the-Water" built, 427.
Black Rock harbor, act appropriating
money for, III; new harbor being
constructed, 112; frauds in connec
tion with, 167.
Black Rock ship canal, 344.
Blackmar, Abel E., 170; address at
the Syracuse convention, quoted,
261-262; member of Canal commit-
tee, 263; preparation of barge canal
bill, 282; delegate to Albany con-
ference, 1903, 282; advocates Davis-
Bostwick bill, 290; at conference
to consider enlargement of Cham-
plain canal, 302-303; speaks at ban-
quet of Canal Association, New
York, 372; aids in preparation of
amendment to barge canal bill, 402;
defends constitutionality of barge
canal law, 418.
Blair, Frank P., 200.
Blakesley, G. L., of Albany, 299.
Blanchard, George R., vice-president
the Erie railroad, testimony before
Hepburn committee, quoted, 192,
451.
Bleecker, Barent, member of Western
Inland Lock Navigation Co., 58.
Blockwell, F. O., chief engineer of
General Electric Co., 307.
Bloomfield, N. Y., petition of citizens
for canal, 85.
Board of Advisory Engineers.
New York state, Board of Advisory
Engineers.
Boas, E. L., 348, 351.
Boat Owners Association, 211.
Bogardus, Ova Hoyt, engineer, 394.
Bogart, John, engineer, 395.
Bohan, Owen, 406.
Bohrer, Peter, of Rochester, 386.
Bond, Edward A., State Engineer and
Surveyor, 107; report, 1901, cited,
238 note; member of Roosevelt
commission, 245; approves bill_for
barge canal, 250; at dinner to Gov.
Roosevelt, 251; appoints Board of
Advisory Engineers, 259; plans for
canal improvement, 279, 283; men-
tioned, 289; barge canal report,
cited, 295; answer to Rogers reso-
lution, 300-301; dinner to, given by
Merchants' Exchange of Buffalo,
340-343; speaks at banquet of Canal
Association, New York, 372;
veys under his direction, 395; mem.
ber of Advisory Board of Consult-
ing Engineers, 398.
Bonnar, Dr. John D., of Buffalo,
speaks at Commerce convention,
1899, 247; at Buffalo convention,
1901, 271; article in New York
Times favoring barge canal, quoted,
382-383.
Boonville, N. Y., 162, 409; freight
carried from in 1893, 454.
Boonville feeder, 163.
Bort, Bruce C., of Chateaugay, barge
canal advocate, 385.
Boston, Mass., grain exported in 1892,
461.
Bostwick, Charles F., introduces canal
referendum bill of 1903, 171, 282;
at conference of canal advocates,
303; speeches in support of barge
canal bill, cited, 338; speaks at ban-
quet of Canal Association, New
York, 372.
Bourne, Edward G., "Travels of Jona-
than Carver," cited, 38 note.
Bowman, John, resolution for removal
of De Witt Clinton from office of
canal_commissioner, 136.
Brace, James H., engineer, 259.
Brackenridge, William A., member of
Advisory Board of Consulting En-
gineers, 398-399.
Brackett, Edgar T., votes for barge
canal bill, 336.
Bradley, E. A., 319.
Bradley, John A., 341.
Bradstreet, Capt. John, in_command
at Oswego, 35; Col., at Fort Stan-
wix, 45.
Brainard, Frank, member of Canal
Commission, 241; at dinner to Gov.
Roosevelt, 251; delegate to canal
hearings, 254, 255; delegate to Buf-
falo convention, 272; member of
state committee for canal improve-
ment, 348, 351; on committee to
formulate plans for N. Y. State
Waterways Association, 423; mem-
ber of executive committee of asso-
ciation, 425.
Brandow, Henry, barge canal advo-
cate, 390.
Brendel, Henry W., 292.
Brennan, Thomas A., 406.
Brockport, N. Y., work on canal at,
Brocton, N. Y., joint debate on barge
canal, 376.
Broadhead, Charles C., engineer, con
versation with Gouveneur Morris,
66; engineer for eastern division of
canal, 87, 102, 104.
Broenniman, A. E., engineer, 259.
Brooklyn, N. Y., decrease of business,
370; prosperity advanced by canals,
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