The fund for its construction was purity of intention and sincerity of aim, with earnest hearts. Of worldly and religious glory this is enough that every Musulman may wash his face in it. From this fountain he (the builder) looks for that in which the record of transgression finds cleansing. People's sin is washed away by this water whose source is the sea of knowledge. Let the amount of the rent of the shops be for the repairs of the tank flowing with blessing. Oh God, with thine own hand give graciously to its builder the ennobling faith. For this, the teacher's verse, has its own task; he takes refuge with weeping eye (and says): As thou at the beginning hast given me the name of Mahmúd, oh God, make it Mahmúd in the goal! Into the sea of thought the Intelligent Man (i. e. the composer of the inscription) went for the date of this auspicious building. Khizt said, Let my favour flow on; write this date, oh poet: Oh God, pardon its builder and his father,-Oh Pardoner!-1056. At the entrance of the Great Mosque itself, there is the following decree of the Emperor Shah Jehán: شاه جهان بادشاه غازي نقل فرمان سعادت نشان حضرت سلیمان مكاني صاحب قران ثاني که بتاریخ هفتم اسفندار مذ ماه الهي حسب الالتماس کمترین خانزادان احسن الله المخاطب بظفر خان در باب برطرف نمودن بدعت هائیکه در زمان صوبه داران سابق در بلده دلپذیر کشمیر شده بود و باعث خرابي رعايا و سکنه این دیار بود شرف ورود یافته . فرمان چون همگي همت والانهيت مصروف و معطوف بر رفاهیت خلق است بنابرین بعضی امور که در خطه دلپذیر کشمیر باعث آزار سکنه انديار مي شد حكم فرمودیم که برطرف باشند از جمله آنمقدمات یکی آنست که وقت چیدن زعفران مردم را به عنف میبردند که زعفران بچینند و قليلي نمك بعلت اجورة آن با نمردم میدادند و ازین جهته بالجماعة آزار بسیار میرسد حکم فرمودیم که تکلیف چیدن زعفران اصلا بکسی نکنند و انچه تعلق بخالصه شریفه داشته باشد مزدوران را راضی ساخته اجوره واقعی بدهند وانچه تعلق بجاگیردار داشته باشد کل زعفران بجنس حواله جاگیر دار نمایند تا بهر طریقی که خواهند بچینند مقدمه دیگر آنست که در زمان بعضی از صاحب صوبه هاي كشمير برسر خروار شالي دو دام بعلت هیزم میگرفته اند در عمل اعتقادخان چهاردام بان علت برسر خرواري گرفته میشد چون از پنجهت ازار بسیار نیز برعایا میرسید بنابرین حکم فرمودیم که بالکل رعایا را از طلب این وجه معاف دارند و بعلت هیزم هیچ چیز نگیرند مقدمه دیگر آنست که دهی که جمع آن زیاده از چهار صد خروار شالي بوده باشد از ان دیهه دو گوسفند حکام انجا هر ساله میگرفته اند و اعتقادخان در ایام صاحب صوبگي خود بجای گوسفند بر سر هر گوسفند شصت وشش دام میگرفته چون ازین جهت نیز برعایا آزار تمام میرسید بالكليه حكم فرمودیم که برطرف باشد نه گوسفند بگیرند و نه نقد با یفعلت رعایا را از گرفتن آن معاف دارند دیگر اعتقاد خان در ایام صاحب صوبگي خود سوا سري نموده برسر هر ملاحی خواه جوان وخواه پیر خواه خورد سال هفتاد و پنج دام میگرفت و معمول قدیم ان بوده که برسر جواني شصت دام برسر پیری دوازده دام برسر خورد سالي سی وشش دام میگرفته اند حکم فرمودیم که دستور سابق را معمول داشته بدعتیکه اعتقاد خان کرده بر طرف دانند بمقتضای آن عمل نکنند مقدمه دیگر آنست که صاحب صوبه ها در وقت میوه در هر باغ و در هر باغچه که میوه خوبی که گمان داشته اند کسان خود را تعين مي نموده اند که آن میوه را بجهت آنها محافظت نمایند و نمیگذاشته اند که صاحبان آن باغ ها و باغچه ها آنمیوه را متصرف شوند ازین جهة آزار بسیاری بالجماعه میرسد چنانچه از آن مردم درختهای میوه را دور ساخته اند حکم فرمودیم که صاحب صوبه فرق میوه باغ و باغچه کسی نکند میباید که حکام کرام و دیوانیان كفايت فرجام وعمال حال و استقبال صوبه کشمیر این احکام جهان مطاع را مستمر وابدي دانند تغير وتبديل بقواعد آن راه ندهند هر کسکه که تغیر وتبدیل را راه دهد بلعنت خدا و بغضب پادشاهي گرفتار خواهد شد تحریر فی التاریخ ٢٦ آدر ماه آلهي . هیچ Translation. GOD IS GREAT. Shahi Jahún the King, Defender of the Faith. Copy of the auspicious order of his Majesty who occupies the place of Solomon, the Lord of the Conjunction, the Second, which was recorded on the 7th of Isfandármuz (February), according to Akbar's calendar, on account of the petition of the least of slaves (may God be gracious to him who is known by the name of Zafar Khan), with reference to the removal of the oppressions which were practised in the time of former Súbadárs in the beautiful city of Kashmir, and were the cause of the ruin of the subjects and inhabitants of these regions. Firmán. Since all our exalted desire is turned and bent on the contentedness of the people, hence we gave the order for the repeal of some acts which in the beautiful country of Kashmir became a cause of distress to the inhabitants of the land. Of the number of those matters one is this that, at the time of collecting the saffron, men used to be impressed for this work without any wages except a little salt, and hence the people are suffering much distress. We ordered that no man should by any means be molested as to gathering the saffron ; and as to saffron grown on crown-lands, the labourers must be satisfied and receive proper wages; and whatever grows on lands granted in jágír, let the whole saffron in kind be delivered to the jágírdár that he may gather it as he pleases. Another grievance is this that in the time of some of the Subadárs of Kashmir they used to levy two dám for wood on each Kharwár (about 180 pounds) of rice, and during the government of I'tiqád Khan four dám for the same purpose were levied on each Khárwár. Since on this account also the people were much distressed, hence we ruled that the people should be entirely relieved of this tax, and nothing should be taken on account of wood. Another grievance is this, that a village whose rental was more than 400 Kharwár of rice, was obliged to furnish to the rulers of the place two sheep annually. I'tiqád Khan, during his rule, took 66 dám in the place of each sheep. Since on this account also the people were much annoyed, we gave a strict order that it should cease; neither should the sheep be taken nor money in their place; the people shall be held excused from paying this impost. Moreover, I'tiqád Khau, during his incumbency, levied a summary poll-tax of 75 dám on each boatman, whether a young, or an old man, or a boy, whilst it was the established custom formerly to levy 60 dám on a young man, 12 on an old man, and 36 on a boy. We ordered that the former custom should be re-established, that the oppression of I'tiqád Khan be stopped, and that people should not act in accordance with it. Another grievance is this that the Subadárs, in the fruit season, placed their own men in each garden, large and small, which appeared to contain good fruit, to watch the fruit for themselves and did not allow the owners of those gardens to use the fruit; hence much annoyance was caused to these people, so that some of these men have destroyed the fruit trees. We ordered that no Subadár should lay an embargo on the fruit of the orchard or garden of any one. It is proper that noble governors and useful collectors and the tax-gatherers of this and future times in the province of Kashmir should consider these orders as lasting and eternal, nor should they admit any change or alteration in these regulations. Whoever admits any change or alteration, will fall under the curse of God, and the anger of the king. Written on the 26th Adar (March) according to Akbar's calendar. On the Vegetation of the Jhelum District of the Punjab.-By J. E. TIERNEY AITCHISON, M. D., F. R. C. S., F. L. S., Assistant Surgeon Bengal Army, &c., &c., &c. To systematise a description of the vegetation, it will be as well to divide the district into several portions, giving a leading and particularised description of what may be considered the principal divisions, and then, comparing the other divisions with those already described, pointing out any characteristic features that may belong exclusively to that under our immediate notice. For the ready comprehension of the several divisions or tracts, the accompanying diagrammatic map is attached, shewing the district to be divided into The Jhelum Tract, The Jelallpore Tract, The Salt Plains, Plains upon the Salt Range, The Tract of the low ranges of Hills, The Tract of Ravines, Hills of the Salt Range, Tract of Mount Tilla. THE JHELUM TRACT. The town of Jhelum, consisting of about 500 houses, is the head quarters of the Civil Station, and hence is looked upon as the chief town, although it is in truth but the fourth or fifth as regards number of inhabitants, trade, &c., in comparison with the other towns of this |