Think not more meanly of thyself than do Thy foes, who stretch their hands with joy to

greet thee.

Less scrupulous far was the imperial Charles,
The powerful head of this illustrious house;
With open arms he gave the Bourbon welcome;
For still by policy the world is ruled." †
But Wallenstein's mind, as yet hesitating
and suspensive, cannot get over the obsti-
nate self-questioning, so ill-boding and fa-
tally pertinent as regards himself,-

"How fared it with the brave and royal Bour

bon

to the then existing relations of the great of his estates, and convey them to the vassals."* Among the incentives with Duchesse d'Angoulême, or to the king. He which Terzky plies Wallenstein, in Schiller's explained to the duchesse that she had a tragedy, when urging revolt from the em- right to the greatest part of the property of peror, and alliance with the Swedes, occurs the house of Bourbon, as the nearest relathis passage:tive of the deceased Suzanne, and that the rest reverted to the crown. "Madame [Louise of Savoy] admired the ability and zeal of the chancellor, and entered fully into his views. She is said to have flattered herself that Bourbon would choose rather to secure his rights by marrying her, than be reduced to misery. But the haughty and austere Bourbon, when his friends pressed him to marry the princess, placing in the most favorable light her power, wit, and riches, said that he was so sure of his right that he was ready to try it before any or all of the courts; he declared, moreover, that honor was far dearer to him than property, and that he would never again incur the reproach of having degraded himself by marrying a profligate woman." The result, it is added, of such a trial, under such a government as that of France at that time, may be easily foreseen: the parliament decreed that all the property in litigation should be sequestrated—" which was to reduce Bourbon to beggary." The same writer conjectures that if such a thing had happened in France two or perhaps even one century earlier, to a man so powerful as Bourbon at once by station and by talent and energy, the struggle would most likely have terminated in Charles of Bourbon filling the throne in the room of Francis of Valois. "As it was, another fate was reserved for Bourbon. Francis having obtained intelligence that he had entered into a secret correspondence with the Emperor Charles V., Bourbon was obliged to make his escape from France, which he did with some difficulty. Some proposals which were afterwards made to him by Francis were rejected by Bourbon, who had good reason to distrust his sincerity. Bourbon was now thrown upon Charles V., who, though not a little disappointed at receiving a banished man instead of a powerful ally, as he had at first expected, appointed him his lieutenant-general in Italy. He surrounded him, however, with colleagues and spies." In 1525 the result of the famous battle of Pavia, where Bourbon commanded body of about nineteen thousand Germans, raised by him professedly for the emperor's

Who sold himself unto his country's foes,
And pierced the bosom of his father-land?
Curses were his reward, and men's abhorrence
Avenged th' unnatural and revolting deed."
A breach between Francis and Bourbon,
says one popular writer, was the more easily
effected from the great contrast between
their characters: Francis being gay, open,
gallant, superficial, fond of pleasure, and
averse from business; Bourbon, grave, re-
served, thoughtful, profound, and laborious.
"In April, 1521, the Constable's wife, Suz-
anne de Bourbon, died. He had previously
lost the three children he had by her. The
breach between the court and the Constable
daily widened. In a northern campaign
against Charles V., Francis gave the com-
mand of the vanguard, which, by a practice
established in the French armies, belonged
to the Constable, to the Duc d'Alençon.
From that moment Bourbon regarded him-
self as degraded from his dignity. He was
frequently heard to quote that answer of a
courtier to Charles VII., who asked if any-
body was capable of shaking his fidelity:
'No, sire, no, not the offer of three king-
doms such as yours; but an affront is.'
Fresh injuries and insults were heaped upon
Bourbon." For instance, the Chancellor Du
Pradt, we are told, by examining the titles
of the house of Bourbon, thought he saw,
that by perverting the use of some words,
he might be able to deprive the Constable

Schlegel's Lectures on Modern History, XIII. † Schiller, the Death of Wallenstein, Act, I.,

Sc. 6.

Ibid. These lines are omitted in Coleridge's

admirable translation. We quote, therefore, from Mr. G. F. Richardson's complementary version.

a

service, "afforded him ample vengeance for hero of England;

but, with all the qualities

his wrongs," not merely in that perhaps which recommended him to the affections trivial and at any rate secondary considera- of his companions in danger, Bourbon was tion, the destruction of the French army, deficient in self-control. The principles of but "particularly in the capture of Francis* loyalty were, in that age, weak among miliand the death of Bonnivet, his [the Con-tary men, and renown in arms was a higher stable's] chief personal enemy."† Every aim than patriotism. Though Bourbon must allowance, surely, is made for a renegade's ever be regarded as a traitor to his country, grievances, in narratives of this purport; his crime, in the opinion of his contemporanot less surely than that all his misdoings ries, admitted of a liberal construction." † are darkened, and his motives put in the worst light, by writers like Michelet, who to a strong national bias, unite a dramatic intensity of description, ever eager for situation and effect.

About half a centnry earlier, the relations between another King of France and another Constable of France, elicited some characteristic comments from worldly wise Philippe de Commines, which Bourbon may have read In further exemplification of that favora- and not laid to heart. "The Constable," ble regard for the Constable which, on the says Commines, treating of the year 1474, whole, predominates apparently among Eng-" perhaps had a mind that the king should lish authors, the following extract from one be afraid of him—at least I suppose he had " who, though no historian, was a very popu--and "Had I a friend in that capacity," lar bookwright in his day (and in fiction deservedly so), reads curiously in contrast with Michelet's portraiture. After saying that private animosities had long rendered Bourbon adverse to Francis, and that the English and imperial cabinets, aware of his disposition, incited the Constable to take the decisive step, "rebellion against his king,"-Mr. Galt tells us the price they at first offered for his treachery had been rejected, but that an accumulation of petty circumstances enhanced his resentment, and the terms being made more acceptable, he was induced to enter into the service of Charles. "Bourbon was a plain and gallant soldier; his enmity to Francis arose from the frankness of his nature, and the want of that dissimulation which, while it degrades the man, rarely fails to exalt the courtier. In the outline of his talents he resembled Surrey, then [!] the

* Here is what Horace Walpole deemed a not unworthy historical parallel. In his Journal of March, 1778, we read: Dr. Franklin was received at Ver. sailles in form on the 17th, as Ambassador for the United States of America. This triumph has never been exceeded but by the capture of Francis 1. by the Constable of Bourbon, which, perhaps, was inferior to Franklin's, as the latter was a private man, and triumphed by his own abilities over the King of Great Britain." (Last Journals of Horace Walpole, vol. ii. pp. 223-4.) Horace writes more loosely than usual: first making Bourbon's feat "exceed " all other triumphs on record, and then giving the palm of excellence to Amer

ica's rare Ben.

See the article "Charles de Bourbon," in the English Cyclopædia, 1856.

the statecraftsman continues, "I would advise him to carry himself so, that his master might love him, and not dread him; for I never saw any courtier whose authority depended upon the awe he inspired his prince, but some time or other he was ruined, and by his master's consent. Many examples of this nature have been seen in our time, or not long before, in this kingdom, as in the case of the Lord de la Tremouille and others. In England the Earl of Warwick and his faction were a remarkable instance; I could name others in Spain and elsewhere; but perhaps those who shall read this chapter, may know it better than I. This arrogance generally proceeds from some extraordinary service that they have performed, by which they are so strangely puffed up, that they think their merit ought to bear them out in whatever they do, and that their masters cannot live without them."‡ The king's friends, in Charles de Bourbon's case, would think most of this moralizing highly applicable to that overgrown subject. Had he taken old Commines' counsel, Charles de Bourbon would not (to pervert a pithy phrase) have outrun the Constable.

*Surrey, the hero of England, being then some nine years old. But Mr. Galt was not particular. Dates were not his forte, any more than style. On the latter subject, see Tom Moore's squib, apropos of the abortive Life of Byron.

† Galt's Life of Cardinal Wolsey, book iii. Memoirs of Phil. de Commines, book iii. ch. xii.

unbounded; in all their rooms I saw holy the days of the patriarchs, is graphically and pictures, little images, and small crystals or picturesquely described by our adventurous glass cases of fragments of bones and rags. countrywoman, who makes the acquaintance Rings are constantly worn as charms.

"I asked a little child, who had once visited Hâifa, whether she preferred Haifa and the beautiful sea, or Nâsirah. She answered directly, Haifa is not a holy place; but this town is holy our Lady Mary lived here, and Christ, and Joseph.' But although Nazareth is reckoned a holy place, it is by no means remarkable for its morality; and in this respect it strikingly contrasts with Bethlehem, where the fathers and husbands are said to be severe and rigid disciplinarians, and where dishonor is punished with certain death. Nazareth had not a very good reputation in the time of Christ, and it does not appear to have improved."

of the children of the tent in the course of a

journey from Hâifa to Jerusalem.

6

"When we had rounded the next hill, we saw a number of square black tents, high up among the rocks and trees on the opposite and stony river-bed, and scrambled up the side of the valley. We crossed the deep brushwood. A group of Bedouins, in their pathless hill-side, over rocks and tangled large, heavy, white and brown cloaks, and red and yellow fringed shawl headdresses, and welcome us to their encampment, in the came leaping down to meet us, and to guide midst of which we dismounted. There were fifteen tents altogether. We were led Miss Rogers does not confine her attention towards the sheik's tent, which, like all the to the domestic life of Syria, but gives us rest, was formed of very coarse black and the result of her conversations with several brown curtains of goats' hair,' supported of the most intelligent and patriotic of its by slender trunks of trees and strong reeds from the banks of the Jordan. A rude palpeople, who mourn over the hopeless corisading, of interwoven branches, divided the ruption and mal-administration of the Turk- tent into two parts: in the lesser compartish rulers. Under the present system of ment some kids and lambs were guarded; irregular taxation the natives are afraid to and a group of women hastily retired from cultivate the soil to a greater extent than the other part, that it might be prepared for their immediate necessities demand, lest us. A little, half-naked, bronzed Bedouin they should excite the cupidity of the Pasha boy swept the floor of earth with the leafy branches of a 'box' tree; and a weatheror his subordinates, who are equally dishon-beaten old woman, in tattered garments, but est towards the poor of their districts and with large silver bracelets on her shrivelled the central authority at Constantinople. The arms, came forward and spread a rug or carnatural resources of the country are shown pet for us. It was made of very coarse wool, to be such that law and order only are re- and looked something like crotchet-work, or quired to transform it into one of the richest close knitting, and was evidently of Bedouin and most productive on earth, and an expla- and the sheik and a number of men, smokmanufacture. We were soon seated on it; nation which we have never seen before is ing long pipes, took their seats opposite to given to account for the inferior quality of us, in a half-circle on the ground just outside the cotton exported from the shores of the the open front of the tent, thus completely Levant. enclosing us. There were between sixty and "The Arabs do not cultivate the long sta-seventy people altogether in the encampple cotton (which is most valued in England), ment. They had large flocks of sheep and because it requires so much care in picking;pated, they were near to a 'fountain of sweet goats under their care; and, as we anticifor the pods must be gathered as soon as water.' they ripen, and as they do not ripen all at once, the harvest necessarily extends over for us. We declined, as we were in haste; two or three weeks; whereas the short staple but though we were provided with bread, cotton gives the cultivator very little trouble, for the pods are not injured by being left on my brother explained to me that etiquette the tree after they are ripe, and the harvest obliged us to partake of theirs, and he said, does not commence till nearly every pod is Go and find the women, it will be a good ready for picking, the consequence is that it opportunity for you to see the process of Bedouin bread-making.' I went to the is very soon over. This inferior cotton does very well for native use, and to fill the Arab other end of the encampment,-the glow of mattresses, and lehaffs or quilts; but it is not a red fire between the trees guided me. Two women were skilfully stirring and spreading burning embers on the ground Bedouin life, the same now as it was in with their hands, as freely as if fire had no

of much commercial value."

“The sheik wished to have a kid killed

power to hurt them; another was kneading the city from scenes of frightful bloodshed, some paste. The rest of the women and so that whatever may be the faults of Turkgirls came crowding round me caressingly ish rule, it does not appear that Jerusalem, and wonderingly. They stroked my face at least, would gain much from its immediand hair, and especially marvelled at my closely fitting kid gloves, which I put off ate downfall, unless some European power and on for their amusement. They ex- is prepared with consent of the others to claimed repeatedly, Oh, work of God!' take the responsibility of guarding those. One of the elder women said, Where are holy places which have caused so much you going, O my daughter?' I answered, strife and bad feeling in Christendom. O my mother, I am going to "El Kuds" "The Holy" (that is, Jerusalem). Then she said, as if by way of explanation to the others,.They are pilgrims; God preserve them!'

Want of space also forbids us to extract any of the accounts of Eastern marriages and funerals, at several of which Miss Rogers was present, listening to and giving us "In the mean time, the bread was being translations of a few of the chants of the made thus: in the open air, on a small cir-" singing women," and the "professional cular hearth, formed of smooth round stones, mourners," who continue to pursue their spread evenly and close together on the trade as in the reign of Solomon. ground, a brisk wood fire was kindled. Miss Bremer's work, although only bearWhen the stones of this primitive hearth ing the title of Travels in the Holy Land, were sufficiently heated, the embers were carefully removed, and the well-kneaded has in reality a much wider range, and is paste thrown on to the hot stones, and altogether of a more ambitious character quickly covered with the burning ashes. In than Miss Rogers' interesting volume. In this way several cakes of unleavened bread the course of an eight months' tour the auwere soon made ready. I returned to the thoress visited all the more interesting spots tent. Our canteen and provisions had been on the shore of the Levant, and beginning unpacked, much to the amusement of the with a description of Etna and the towns of men, who were especially pleased with the knives and forks and spoons. Wooden Sicily, bids adieu to her readers on the banks bowls of cream and milk were brought, and of the Golden Horn, after having conscienthe flat cakes of bread were served quite tiously gone over the sights of Constantihot. They had received the impression of nople. the pebbles of which the hearth was composed. This most likely was the same sort of bread which Sarah of old made for the strangers, in obedience to Abraham's desire, when he said, Make ready quickly three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes upon the hearth.'"

It appears to us that a considerable portion of the first volume, though perhaps both new and interesting to the author's countrymen, might with advantage have been omitted in an English translation, as almost every one in this country is to a certain extent familiar with the topography of Malta and the The description of the wild rites and cere- history of the Knights of St. John, either monies performed in the church of the Holy from the works of previous travellers or from Sepulchre at Easter, the clumsy miracle of the excellent handbooks of Mr. Murray, so the "holy fire," and its distribution among justly dear to the heart of the British tourthe crowd of half-insane devotees who have ist. At Jerusalem Miss Bremer makes the come from all parts of the East to gratify at round of all the usual "lions," and again we once their love of spiritual excitement and feel that, however interesting the most mitheir hatred of the religionists whose dogmas nute details of excursions to oft-visited differ in any respect from their own-form scenes may be to the friends and acquaintone of the most amusing chapters of the ances of the writer, some discretion is necesbook; but it is impossible, without making sary in selecting intellectual food for the sated an extract of the whole, to give an idea of appetite of English readers. Her pilgrimage the prolonged and furious "faction fight" to Jericho is well described, though one canbetween the Greek and Armenian Chris- not help remarking that the following pretty tians, of which Miss Rogers was an unwill- piece of word-painting is somewhat marred ing spectator. It is worthy of remark, how-by the needless epithet applied to the Jorever, that upon this occasion the presence dan, which reminds one a little of the "disof a body of the Sultan's troops alone saved | tinguished poet Shakspeare."