life they will wonder how it ever happened that they permitted great special interests to grow up.

Until monopoly is abolished, until it is destroyed, the Government is not free.

The fundamental trouble in the United States is that the people have not been the real force back of the Government.

Frankfort, Kentucky, February 9, 1912.

Privilege this ghost has captured business in this country. No business is free and the whole situation shows an artificial advantage. Business men are afraid to talk, and this tremor, clutching business, is proof of the grip of privilege and the fear of it.

Jefferson Dinner, New York City, April 13, 1908.

The people of this country are not jealous of fortunes, however great, which have been built up by the honest development of great enterprises, which have been actually earned by business energy and sagacity; they are jealous only of speculative wealth, of the wealth which has been piled up by no effort at all, but only by shrewd wits playing on the credulity of others, taking advantage of the weaknesses of others, trading in the necessities of others. This is "predatory wealth" and is found in stock markets, not in the administrative office of great corporations where real business is conducted, real commodities made or exchanged.

Fall River, Massachusetts, September 26, 1912.

Big business is necessary and natural. The development of business upon a great scale, upon a great scale of coöperation, is inevitable, and, let me add, is desirable. But that is a very different matter from the development of trusts, because the trusts have not grown, they have been manufactured not by natural processes, but by the will, the deliberate, planning will of men who are more powerful than their neighbors in the business world,

Essex County, New Jersey, October 29, 1912.

If we can destroy monopoly we can destroy also the monopoly of credit. If we can destroy the monopoly of credit the new man, the beginners, have a chance again, and all America is liberated to make America more prosperous than she has ever been in our time.

"The New Freedom," pp. 185-187.

A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is privately concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men who, even if their actions be honest and intended for the public interest, are necessarily concentrated upon the great undertakings in which their own money is involved and who necessarily, by very reason of their own limitations, chill and check and destroy genuine economic freedom. . . .

The organization of business has become more centralized, vastly more centralized than the political organization of the country itself.

Page 25.

Our government has been for the past few years under the control of great allied corporations with special interests. It has not controlled these interests and assigned them a proper place in the whole system of business; it has subordinated itself to their control. As a result there have grown up vicious systems and schemes of governmental favoritism (the most obvious being the extravagant tariff) far-reaching in effect upon the whole fabric of life, touching to his injury every inhabitant of the land, laying unfair and impossible handicaps upon competitors, imposing taxes in every direction, stifling everywhere the free spirit of American enterprise.

Address to Congress, June 23, 1913.

Our banking laws must not permit the concentration anywhere in a few hands of the monetary resources of the country or their use for speculative purposes in any such volume as to * Copyright, 1913, by Doubleday, Page & Co.

hinder or impede or stand in the way of other legitimate, more fruitful uses. And the control of the system of banking and of issue which our new laws are to set up must be public, not private, must be vested in the Government itself, so that the banks may be the instruments, not the masters, of business and of individual enterprise and initiative.

GROUP NINE: A BEACON TO MANKIND

It is impossible to disregard in the continuing tradition of the United States of America that vital element of pride which early Americans possessed, in having succeeded in establishing a great free nation.

The feeling that his nation was "a beacon to all mankind" helped to shape the typical American of early generations and is not without influence today.

A dynamic quality is represented by this feeling. It implies that the nation has caught up a torch which guides the feet of the whole race and that it holds that torch high in the very vanguard of human development and progress.

It is obvious that static content with the past achievements of America will not suffice to maintain such a place in the vanguard.

The following excerpts are given largely to indicate the expansive feeling which animated many Americans proud of the contributions they believed their country to have made to the world,

REVEREND ROGER WILLIAMS [1670]

Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections (Boston, 1792), I, 275-283 passim.

Besides, Sir, the matter with us is not about these children's toys of land, meadows, cattell, government, &c. But here all over this colonie, a great number of weake and distressed soules, scattered are flying hither from Old and New England, the Most High and only wise hath in his infinite wisdom provided this country and this corner as a shelter for the poor and persecuted, according to their several perswasions.

SAMUEL ADAMS [1775]

Driven from every corner of the earth, freedom of thought and the right of private judgment in matters of conscience direct their course to this happy country as their last asylum.

THOMAS PAINE [1776]

"Common Sense."

O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose not only tyranny but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the Old World is overrun with oppression. Freedom has long been hunted round the globe. Asia and Africa have long expelled her. Europe regards her like a stranger; and England has given her warning to depart. O, receive the fugitive and prepare in time an asylum for mankind.

[1782]

To see it in our power to make a world happy-to teach mankind the art of being so-to exhibit on the theatre of the universe, a character hitherto unknown-and to have, as it were, a new creation entrusted to our hands, are honors that command reflection, and can neither be too highly estimated, nor too gratefully received.

Never, I say, had a country so many openings to happiness as this. Her setting out into life, like the rising of a fair morning, was unclouded and promising. Her cause was good. Her principles just and liberal. Her temper serene and firm. Her conduct regulated by the nicest steps, and every thing about her wore the mark of honor.

ELKANAH WATSON [1778]

A Prophecy for the Year 1900.

When the extent of America is duly considered, boldly fronting the Old World, blessed with every climate, capable of every production, abounding with the best harbors and rivers on the