or who are so employed as to be wholly unproductive to the State, at one hundred and twenty-five thousand. Any man who is an observer of things could hardly pass through our country, without being struck with the fact that all the capital, enterprise, and intelligence, is employed in directing slave labor; and the consequence is, that a large portion of our poor white people are wholly neglected, and are suffered to while away an existence in a state but one step in advance of the Indian of the forest. It is an evil of vast magnitude, and nothing but a change in public sentiment will effect its cure. These people must be brought into daily contact with the rich and intelligent-they must be stimulated to mental action, and taught to appreciate education and the comforts of civilized life; and this, we believe, may be effected only by the introduction of manufactures. My experience at Graniteville has satisfied me that unless our poor people can be brought together in villages, and some means of employment afforded them, it will be an utterly hopeless effort to undertake to educate them. We have collected at that place about eight hundred people, and as likely looking a set of country girls as may be found-industrious and orderly people, but deplorably ignorant, three-fourths of the adults not being able to read or to write their own names. "It is only necessary to build a manufacturing village of shanties, in a healthy location, in any part of the State, to have crowds of their people around you, seeking employment at half the compensation given to operatives at the North. It is indeed painful to be brought in contact with such ignorance and degradation." Again he asks : "Shall we pass unnoticed the thousands of poor, ignorant, degraded white people among us, who, in this land of plenty, live in comparative nakedness and starvation? Many a one is reared in proud South Carolina, from birth to manhood, who has never passed a month in which he has not, some part of the time, been stinted for meat. Many a mother is there who will tell you that her children are but scantily provided with bread, and much more scantily with meat; and, if they be clad with comfortable raiment, it is at the expense of these scanty allowances of food. These may be startling statements, but they are nevertheless true; and if not believed in Charleston, the members of cur legislature who have traversed the State in electioneering campaigns can attest the truth." In an article on "Manufactures in South Carolina," published some time ago in De Bow's Review, J. H. Taylor, of Charleston S. C.) says: *** There is in some quarters, a natural jealousy of the slightest innovation upon established habits, and because an effort has been made to collect the poor and unemployed white population into our new factories, fears have arisen that some evil would grow out of the introduction of such establishments among The poor man has a vote as well as the rich man, and in our State the number of the former will largely overbalance the latten. So long as these poor bat industrious people can see no mode of Living except by a degrading operation of work with the zogre upon the plantation, they will be content to endure life in its most discouraging firms, satisfied that they are above the slave though faring often worse than he." Speaking in favor of manufactures, the Hon. J. H. Lumpkin, of Georgia, said in 1952 : -It is oljerted that these manufacturing establishments will become the hot beds of crime. But I am by no means ready to ecocode that cur poor, degraded, half-fed, half-clothed, and parent population-without Sabbath Schools, or any other kind of instemction, mental or moral or without any just appreeratom of character-will be injured by giving them employment, ww bang them under the oversight of employers, who w.lasy re them with self-respect by taking an interest in their In a paper on the "Extension of Cotton and Wool Factories at the South," Mr. Steadman, of Tennessee, says : "In Lowell, labor is paid the fair compensation of 80 cents a day for men, and $2 a week for women, beside board, while in Tennessee the average compensation for labor does not exceed 50 cents per day for men, and $1,25 per week for women." In the course of a speech which he delivered in Congress several years ago, Mr. T. L. Clingman, of North Carolina, said : "Our manufacturing establishments can obtain the raw material (cotton) at nearly two cents on the pound cheaper than the New-England establishments. Labor is likewise one hundred per cent. cheaper. In the upper parts of the State, the labor of either a free man or a slave, including board, clothing, &c., can be obtained for from $110 to $120 per annum. It will cost at least twice that sum in New-England. The difference in the cost of female labor, whether free or slave, is even greater." The Richmond (Va.) Dispatch says: "We will only suppose that the ready-made shoes imported into this city from the North, and sold here, were manufactured in Richmond. What a great addition it would be to the means of employment! How many boys and females would find the means of earning their bread, who are now suffering for a regular supply of the necessaries of life." A citizen of New-Orleans, writing in DeBow's Review, says: "At present the sources of employment open to females (save in menial offices) are very limited; and an inability to procure suitable occupation is an evil much to be deplored, as tending in its consequences to produce demoralization. The superior grades of female labor may be considered such as imply a necessity for eart of Se employee, while the menial class is Pret as of the lowest; and in a slave State, this T. lees valuable, is almost Later. The reason newys be it fashionable to tre are we are grieved to ing works ttles,, who, in presa bred Save whom they wly the appearance عجزة sal standing in ENFLORIT in a perpetual strait. veges to ascertain Επω free and slave, in dergetic white men, years fag, engaged in agrisary 854 per annum including DASAves, who performed little more for and why were exceedingly πέτως οἱ are in all their movements, يحتrms at an average of about Em ng bari clothing, and medical Free slaves were in the emna Railroad Company; the former, our opisin, were at least twice as val mile as the services of the latter, received only $12 per month each; the masters of the latter received $16 per month for every slave so employed. Industrious, tidy FACTS AND ARGUMENTS BY THE WAYSIDE. 381 white girls, from sixteen to twenty years of age, had much difficulty in hiring themselves out as domestics in private families for $40 per annum-board only included; negro wenches, slaves, of corresponding ages, so ungraceful, stupid and filthy that no decent man would ever permit one of them to cross the threshold of his dwelling, were in brisk demand at from $65 to $70 per annum, including victuals, clothes, and medical attendance. These are facts, and in considering them, the students of political and social economy will not fail to arrive at conclusions of their own. Notwithstanding the greater density of population in the free States, labor of every kind is, on an average, about one hundred per cent. higher there than it is in the slave States. This is another important fact, and one that every non-slaveholding white should keep registered in his mind. Poverty, ignorance, and superstition, are the three leading characteristics of the non-slaveholding whites of the South. Many of them grow up to the age of maturity, and pass through life without even owning as much as five dollars at any one time. Thousands of them die at an advanced age, as ignorant of the common alphabet as if it had never been invented. All are more or less impressed with a belief in witches, ghosts, and supernatural signs. Few are exempt from habits of sensuality and intemperance. None have anything like adequate ideas of the duties which they owe either to their God, to themselves, or to their fellow-men. Pitiable, indeed, in the fullest sense of the term, is their condition, It is the almost utter lack of an education that has re |