Delos and Sparta.-Reports of the work of English, French, German, Italian, and Greek archeologists in 1909 are now available and make important additions to our knowledge of antiquity. At Delos, the sanctuary at the foot of the Cynthian hill, the Cabirium, the houses lying to the south of the Agora, the building near the temple of Apollo, and remains on the western side of the island were excavated. At Sparta, the English are continuing the work of clearing the most important parts of the town. They have now proved that Sparta possessed an art of its own previous to the fifth century B.C., and that the so-called Cyrenaic vases are really Spartan. Colonus.-The most interesting discoveries of the Greek Archæological Society have been at Colonus where the "chasm," the altar of Poseidon, and the Plutoneum were found exactly as described by Sophocles. From these discoveries it was possible to locate the Academy and the road leading from Athens to the Academy along which were the tombs of famous men. The work of the Society in restoring the Propylæa at Athens also advanced. In Italy. In Italy excavation has gone on in many places including Pompeii, where a pre-Roman necropolis was found. In Rome a fine piece of fortification wall over 100 feet long and with an average height of ten feet was found on the site of the Villa Spithoever. It is earlier than the socalled Servian wall. Excavations were continued in the Forum, and at Locri Epizephyrii, where large numbers of interesting terra-cotta tablets were found in previous years. Further portions of the cargo of the ancient ship found off Mahdia, Tunis, have been recovered and prove that it sailed from Piræus laden with works of art in the first century B.C. Bibliography.-The most important publication of the year (fall of 1909) was Scripta Minoa, vol. i, by A. J. Evans. This is the first publication on the inscribed tablets from Cnossus. The writer makes it probable that the Phoenician alphabet, and incidentally our own, was derived from the Cretan script. Another important publication is Fowler and Wheeler's Greek Archæology, which, while purporting to be a manual, is really a complete exposition of the whole subject. (See also Epigraphy.) EPIGRAPHY The study of Greek and Latin epig- | 1910 includes some discoveries of real raphy is pursued in America under obvious disadvantages, the chief of which is distance from classical sites and from the great museums of Europe. In spite of these disadvantages, American scholars have made substantial contributions to knowledge in this field. Their activity has had its cause and inspiration in three facts: namely, te frequent visits of American students and professors to Greece and Italy, often including residence in the American Schools at Athens and in Rome, the archæological expeditions sent out by Cornell, Harvard, and Princeton, which yielded a large number of new inscriptions, and the acquisition of considerable collections of stones by several of the universities, notably by Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Harvard, and Columbia. Greek Inscriptions. The work of American epigraphists during the year importance, the publication of many new inscriptions, and the discussion of some which were already known. In the American Journal of Archeology, xiv, 1910, Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt published twenty-four Greek inscriptions from the Negeb, of which the most interesting is one from Beersheba inscribed in verse in praise of one Antipater. More numerous and important are the Greek and Latin inscriptions of Syria, now being brought out in parts by Littmann and Prentice. This work is a part of the publication of the second Princeton archæological expedition (1904–5), and forms a sequel to the elaborate volume of the same title issued two years ago by Prof. Prentice as the epigraphic result of the first Princeton expedition. In the American Journal of Philology, xxxi, 1910, Prof. Robinson published some new Greek inscriptions recently gathered by him in Attica, Achæa, and Lydia, one of which gives another example of the rather rare Achæan dialect. He will also edit the new Greek inscriptions from the American excavation of Sardis, of which more than twenty have so far come to light. The most valuable is the inscription on the cella wall of the so-called Temple of Cybele, which definitely fixes the attribution of the Temple to Artemis. For further detail see the report in American Journal of Archæology, 1910, No. 4. At Athens, in the spring of the year, an important discovery was made by a young American scholar, Dr. Allan C. Johnson, who found inscribed stones in a medieval wall on the Acropolis. Three new attic decrees of the fourth century B.C. were recovered at first, and the number grew to sixteen when the wall was torn down. xxxi). Unpublished Latin inscriptions, too, have been edited by various scholars. In the Johns Hopkins University Circular, No. 6, Mr. Fox made a preliminary report of five lead curse tablets which contain words and forms hitherto unattested and make a valuable addition of about 225 lines to the literature of malediction. Dr. Magoffin, also, in the American Journal of Archæology, xiv, 1910, published forty-five new inscriptions from Latium and added a large number of corrections to the C. I. L., xiv, and Dr. H. H. Armstrong wrote briefly on inscriptions from Privernum discovered by him in the course of his studies at Piperno (American Journal of Archeology, xiv, 1910). nally in the American Journal of Philology, xxxi, 1910, Prof. Wilson continued his discussion of the Latin inscriptions at the Johns Hopkins University, adding about twenty-five inscriptions chiefly from Rome. Most of these have not before been published, a few have been published inaccurately, and almost all contain interesting features. Prof. Wilson also made a preliminary report on an unpublished epigraphical manuscript from Spain, which will add something to our knowledge of the inscriptions of Cáceres and its vicinity. (See American Journal of Archæology, Latin Inscriptions. On the Latin side also the year has seen several discussions and publications of interest. To Dr. J. A. Tolman we owe a study of the sepulchral inscriptions in Bücheler's Carmina Epigraphica Latina (Chicago Dissertation) which considers the form, character, composition, and content of these metrical inscriptions, and to Prof. E. W. Fay some interesting notes on Pompeian inscriptions reading from right to left (American Journal of Philology, | xiv, 1910.) AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGY The Cliff Palace. The past few years have witnessed a marked quickening of popular interest in the study of American archæology, resulting in a corresponding activity among scientific institutions. During the current year this increased activity has been manifested by the number of archaological expeditions in the field. The Smithsonian Institution, representing the United States Government, has just completed the excavation and repair of Cliff Palace and Spruce Tree House, two of the most important cliff dwellings in the Mesa Verde National Park, in Southwestern Colorado. This work has been in charge of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, under whose direction these ruins have been cleared Fi of débris, and put in condition to teach a valuable lesson to the traveling public. Mexican Archæology.-The Mexican Government, under the direction of Señor Don Leopoldo Batres, Inspector General of Archæological Monuments for that Republic, has continued its archæological operations at San Juan Teotihuacan, near Mexico City. This work, when completed, will have uncovered one of the largest centers of primitive population in the Western hemisphere. Guatemala and Honduras.-During the winter months, the Archæological Institute of America, through its School of American Archæology, the headquarters at Santa Fé, N. M., sent an expedition to the Southern Maya region in Guatemala and Honduras, | in South America, during which time in charge of the director of the school. the headwaters of the Amazon River Copan and Quirigua, the two largest were explored, and ethnological collecof the Southern Maya cities, were vis- tions secured from this little known ited, and the inscriptions studied and region. photographed, and arrangements made for the opening next year of an extensive archæological project, which is to continue for a term of years. Among the activities of independent students of American archæology, worthy of special note, may be mentioned Clarence B. Moore's mound excavations in the Southern States, and the publication by Charles P. Bowditch, of the results of many years' study of the hieroglyphic inscriptions left by the ancient Mayas of Central America, in a noteworthy work entitled The Numeration, Calendar System, and Astronomical Knowledge of the Mayas. New Mexico.-The same institution, in collaboration with the Bureau of American Ethnology, commenced in June an ethnographic survey of the Rio Grande Valley, in N. M., which will include within its scope, not only excavation, surveying, and mapping, but also correlated studies in the phenomena of cognate branches such as ethnology, physiography, geology, zoology, and botany in their relation to the ancient cultures of that region. This work has been un-American Journal of Archeology and der the joint direction of the director of the school, and F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, of the Bureau of American Ethnology. During the fall months the school also excavated Balcony House, one of the largest cliff dwellings in the Mesa Verde National Park. South America.-This year has also marked the return of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology of Harvard University, to the field of the Maya Culture, to our knowledge of which it has made invaluable contributions in former years. Dr. Alfred Tozzer conducted an expedition to the Central Maya field, visiting sites in Northern Guatemala and British Honduras, in which latter place excavations were made. The same institution has recently brought to a close a three years' expedition Bibliography. — The leading journals, devoted either in whole or in part to American archæology, are The The American Anthropologist. These magazines appear quarterly, and present articles of current interest to the science; book reviews, archæological notes, and items. A periodical of a more popular character, dealing in part with American archæology, is The Records of the Past. Several scientific institutions and universities issue, from time to time, publications dealing with different subjects of the science, among which are the Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology; the publications of the National Museum of Mexico; the Papers of the School of American Archeology; the Memoirs and Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, and the occasional archæological papers of other institutions and private individuals. XXXII. LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE ANCIENT LITERATURE AND PHILOLOGY ANCIENT LITERATURE (Additions from Papyri) CLIFFORD H. MOCRE The recovery of Aristotle's Constitution of Athens from an Egyptian papyrus some twenty years ago opened a new period in which the additions made to extant Greek literature by the discoveries of new papyri have been so constant that scholars have come to expect that each year will bring something new and valuable. The past twelve month has not disappointed that expectation, for the seventh volume of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri (London, 1910), contains much that is welcome. The papyri published date from the late second to the sixth century of our era. They give us considerable fragments of the Actia and Iambi of the Alexandrian poet Callimachus, fairly extensive fragments of a prose treatise on literary composition, portions of the Mirovuevos of the comic poet Menander. a bit from an unknown historical work, and a complete 'Eyrúμov 'Epμov. All this is new, as in a certain sense is a small fragment of the Greek version of the apocalyptic work called the sixth book of Ezra, of which the Latin text only has hitherto been known. The present discovery may give support for the view that the work originated in Egypt. Of works already extant we have some verses from Genesis ii and iii in the Greek version, parts of the first Epistle to the Corinthians, vii-viii, and some verses from the Epistle to the Philippians, iii-iv. Two fragments of Plato's Phædrus, one from Xenophon's Cyropædia, i, 6, and one from Chariton's romance of Chæreas and Callirhoë complete the list. Of all these the most important are the fragments from the works of Callimachus and the portion of a play of Menander. The former are contained on two leaves which once belonged to a papyrus book. The portion of the Actia recovered from the first leaf amounts to ninety verses, the greater part of which is occupied with the story of Acontius and Cydippe. We also learn that the poet drew this story from Xenomedes, the historian of Ceos in the early fifth century, who has thus been made something more than a name to us; and in fact, Callimachus devotes nineteen verses of this fragment to a summary of Xenomedes's mythical history. The second leaf contains the epilogue to the Aetia and some 450 verses of the Iambi, of which unhappily a large part are damaged past certain and complete restoration. Enough, however, is preserved to give us the story of Bathycles's cup, adjudged to Thales as the wisest of men, and a tale of the reversal of nature in the reign of Cronos, including a quarrel between the olive tree and the laurel. Although the fragment of Menander's Miσovμevos -The Hated Man-are but scanty, yet the large portions of his comedies recovered during the last few years make every additional find doubly welcome. The considerable fragments of the anonymous prose treatise on literary composition found on papyrus of the third century, but composed between A.D. 50 and 200, present a variety of subjects: the characteristics of Lysias, observations on systems of ethics, omission of names and suppression of facts in various prose writers, criticism of the orators for belittling the achievements of Philip, censure of the diction of Xenophon, and a collection of Atticisms. The historical fragment on papyrus of the third century de scribes a battle which is as yet unidentified. Finally the encomium on Hermes in twenty-two verses is a rather mediocre effusion, apparently of the second century of our era. While these are the chief literary finds made known during the past year it should be noted that there has been published a large number of new rescripts, documents, and letters, which add to our knowledge of the nonliterary Greek language in the imperial period and of social and governmental matters in Egypt. Unhappily no papyri containing Latin writings have been recovered. Among the recent publications of literary works made known in former years must be named Grenfell and Hunt's Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (London, 1909), that historical work which was first published by them in The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Vol. V. The authorship of this is confidently claimed for Theopompus by Eduard Meyer in an interesting book Theopomps Hellenika (Halle, 1909), but the original editors still hesitate between Theopompus and Cratippus. The fragments of Menander, old and new, have been edited by A. Korte: Menandrea ex papyris et membranis vetustissimis, ed. maior (Leipsic, 1910), ed. minor (ibid.); and the fragments of the Hero, Epitrepontes, Periceiromene, and Samia have been provided with introductions, explanatory and critical notes, and a bibliography by Edward Capps in an edition which deserves the warmest praise (Boston, 1910). mention as a comprehensive work embodying the present state of knowledge by an acknowledged master of the entire field of Semitic philology. After a survey of the character and literature of each one of the Semitic languages and dialects, the phonology is taken up in detail and with equal exhaustiveness, the noun and verb formations and the particles. The division adopted for the Semitic languages is that into east and west, with a further subdivision of the western Semitic languages into northwest Semitic, comprising Canaanitic and Aramaic, and southwest Semitic, covering Arabic and Abyssinian. Babylonian-Assyrian (which is preferable to Brockelmann's Assyrian-Babylonian) is the representative of the eastern Semitic branch, and is significant as the first to branch off definitely from the common trunk. Brockelmann inclines strongly towards including Egyptian in the Semitic group, and also believes in a grade of relationship between the Semitic and Hamitic languages. The attempts to discover a relationship between the Semitic and the Indo-Germanic group have led to no results. Indications point to Arabia as the original home of the Semites, though this, too, is a problem that has not yet been definitely solved. In Prof. Max L. Margolis' Grammar of the Aramaic idiom of the Babylonian Talmud (German and English editions, Munich, C. H. Beck, 1910) we have the first thoroughly scientific study of the language of the great compilation of Talmudical Judaism. Finally may be named the useful collections by George Milligan, SelecBased on a study of the tions from the Greek Papyris, Uni- manuscript material, the grammatversity Press, Cambridge, 1910, which ical forms are set forth with an apoffers fifty-five selected texts cover-plication of that exact philological ing over nine centuries; few can be method which is in the main the called literary, but they throw light gift of German scholarship. on the language and history of the work is an important contribution period they cover. also to the comparative study of Semitic speech. SEMITIC PHILOLOGY MORRIS JASTROW Within the general field of Semitic philology the completion of Prof. Cari Brockelmann's Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen (Berlin, Reuther and Reichard, 1908-10) merits first The The Encyclopædia of Islam (German, French, and English) under the general editorship of Prof. Houtsma, of the University of Utrecht, and with the coöperation of a large body of scholars, is progressing very slowly, only six parts having appeared since 1908. When completed it will form a vast storehouse of facts, covering |