It was a Stanley who drove the Scots out of their strong position at Flodden by the tormenting fire of his archers; and who, according to Sir Walter Scott, received part of the dying exhortation of the brave but wicked Lord Marmion:

Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on!" Were the last words of Marmion.

The English authority already quoted remarks, in a subsequent place: "The Stanleys continued under the Tudors what they had been under the Plantagenets a powerful, efficient race, greatly beloved by their immediate followers and neighborhood, but with an instinct which their friends called foresight and their enemies faithlessness.

The present and the fourteenth Earl of Derby is Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley. The name Smith, by the way, was adopted in addition to his own by James, twelfth earl, upon marrying the heiress of one Hugh Smith, who was rich.

EARL OF DERBY.

The EARL OF DERBY was born March 29, 1799, being therefore sixty-eight. He studied at Eton, and afterward at Oxford, where he gave early proof of the same classical scholarship, so ably exemplified in his translation of Homer, by taking the Chancellor's prize for Latin verse. He very soon entered upon what may be called his hereditary career as a ruler of England, entering the House of Commons in 1821, as member for Stockbridge. He was, until 1833, known as Mr. Stanley, his grandfather being Earl of Derby, his father having the "courtesy title" of Lord Stanley, and the grandsons of peers being obliged to support life without any extra "handle" to their names.

From 1821 until now-for forty-six yearsalmost half a century-this strong and laborious party leader has been a vigorous and busy politician. He has sometimes been out of office and of Parliament, and sometimes in; but he has always been influential from the very first, and for the last quarter of a century may be considered as having been the chief leader among the English Conservative or Tory party. His very first speech, though only on a question about gas-light in Manchester, was so able as to call forth the praise of the celebrated Sir James Mackintosh, and he at once took high rank as a ready and powerful debater. His first office was that of Under Secretary for the Colonies, in the administration of Mr. Canning, and he has at various subsequent times been Secretary for Ireland, Colonial Secretary, and thrice Prime Minister. His premierships were from February, 1852, for ten months only; during another period of not far from the same length, in 1858–9; and thirdly, for the yet unexpired term, which began after the death of Lord Palmerston.

Lord Derby, while straightforward, frank,

and manly in public action, is not so broad and philosophical as his son, Lord Stanley. He is a politician rather than a statesman; a partisan rather than a patriot; a strenuous fighter rather than a great administrator. Yet he is entitled to part or all of the credit of many excellent measures. He was a powerful, brilliant, and effective advocate of the Catholic Emancipation and reform measures in the great contest of 1832-3, and was often in those days engaged in violent single combats with O'Connell and Shiel, the former of whom seems to have hated him bitterly, and conferred upon him the ugly nickname of "Scorpion Stanley." His Colonial Secretaryship in 1833 was accepted on purpose to accomplish the emancipation of the slaves in the British West Indies, and it was done accordingly. During his first premiership some salutary measures of reformation were accomplished in the English Court of Chancery; and it was at the same period that the celebrated entente cordiale, or "cordial understanding," was established between the English and French gov ernments, which was sealed by a kiss of Queen Victoria upon the cheek of the Emperor Napoleon, and which has kept the two governments quite closely connected ever since. During his second premiership, again, he brought forward a scheme for further political reform, but without success.

"The present Earl," says our English authority, speaking of the family tendency to keep on the wind side, which has made them rich and powerful ever since Bosworth-"has the hereditary failing, and more than the hereditary strength, having, after jumping on a table" (in 1832), "to protest against taxes, till the Reform Bill was passed, gone over to the Conservative. side, and risen to its lead. He and his son, Lord Stanley-Whig in opinion, Tory Cabinet Minister, in fact-have rebuilt the political influence lost with the execution of the seventh Earl" (by Cromwell in 1651, after the battle of Worcester), "and maintain to the full that respect and affection from their tenantry, which, save to that one man" (viz., the executed Earl), "have never failed."

The physiognomy of the Earl of Derby, as will at once be seen on examining our engraving, is a truly British one, but it would much sooner be taken for the face and figure of some energetic and successful capitalist and manufacturer, who had begun life without a cent, than for that of a man of vast hereditary wealth, and one of the very oldest and most aristocratic English families. The large brain, massive intellectual lobe, full propelling powers, strong and active combativeness, and the density, firmness, and tenacity of the whole physical structure, exactly fit Lord Derby for the cool, yet fierce and strenuous contentions of party politics and Parliamentary debate, where force, fearlessness, stubborn perseverance, and unyielding attack and defense, ready common sense and large intellectual acquirements, form the proper combination for a successful leader.

The Earl, however, possesses other good qualities besides those of a party leader; and in one whose public employments have been so weighty and engrossing, they become peculiarly meritorious. These are, genuine love of literature, and great ability as a classical scholar. The Earl, some years ago, printed, privately, a number of remarkably skillful and spirited translations from Latin poets, and in 1864 he published a very able translation of Homer's Iliad. The Edinburgh Review for January, 1865, begins an article on the Earl's translation, with the following very handsome summary encomium of his scholarship:

"The Chancellor of the University of Oxford" (for the Earl holds that partly literary, partly ecclesiastical, and partly political office)

not long ago established a peculiar claim to the highest academical dignity of the country by addressing the heir apparent in an oration of the purest Latinity; and he has now crowned a career of daring, if not successful statesmanship, of splendid eloquence, and of the highest social distinction, by no mean conquest for English literature."

And in a subsequent portion of the same article, the Review says, with a very justifiable pride:

"It is honorable to letters, it is honorable to English education, that notwithstanding the incessant calls of a great station, a great fortune, and a lofty ambition, time remains to him to complete such a task as the translation of the Iliad."

This praise is high, and well deserved. It is much to be desired that elegant scholarship and literary culture might be as highly es teemed and as much sought for by our own public men as by those of England. As Horace (in substance) remarks on a not very different point, such attainments "would pol ish their manners, and keep them from being such brutes" as they too frequently are. Men like Daniel Webster and our present Chief Justice Chase, it is true, possess something of these good gifts; but in England they are rather the rule than the exception. It must be confessed that this can hardly be said of our own political leaders.

LORD STANLEY. EDWARD HENRY SMITH STANLEY, eldest son of the Earl of Derby, and who is commonly known by the courtesy title of Lord Stanley, is perhaps the best living specimen of the characteristic English statesman, except for one trait. This is, however, to his advantage, as its possession is a reproach to his class. It is a lack of blind, unconditional devotion to his "order." Lord Stanley is too practical and too fully aware of the spirit of the age, the demands of humanity, the irresistible progress of enlightenment and of republicanism, and is too conscious that these vast forces must be yielded to and only guided, rather than stiffly resisted and obstinately fought, to be a complete representative of the spirit of the English governing oligarchy. That oligarchy, on its principles, resists good, as the Scriptures command us to

resist evil-" striving even unto death." As a class, it has never yielded a privilege or granted a liberty either to the "lower classes" at home or to the subjects of the British empire abroad, except under the absolute immediate pressure of force. From the time when King John yielded Magna Charta to the military force of his barons, down to to-day, when the English Government is yielding the right of peaceable mecting by the people in Hyde Park-not because it was a right, but because the Government does not dare risk the result of a popular uprising-during all those seven centuries the rule of the English governing class has been one and the same: never to give up power except before greater brute force.

Lord Stanley was born July 21, 1826, and is therefore in his forty-second year. His school training was at Eton and Rugby, and at the latter place he undoubtedly felt the influence of the clear and powerful common sense and kindly piety of Dr. Arnold. He afterward graduated at Cambridge, the mathematical university-Oxford being reckoned the classical one-but apparently not from any preference for mathematical studies, as he took a "first class"-a high graduating achievementin classics.

The better and abler class of young English noblemen most commonly find politics the best career which is open to them. Accordingly, Lord Stanley turned his attention in this direction, and made his first attempt to enter political life in the spring of 1848, becoming a candidate for the representation of Lancaster. He was beaten, however, and without troubling himself much about it, he shortly made a voyage to Canada, the United States, and the West Indies in company with one or two other young men of his own class, for the purpose of seeing and understanding the social and political life of the western hemisphere. While absent he was elected to Parliament for Lynn Regis, or King's Lynn; and after taking his seat, showed that he had used his recent opportunities well, by making a very able speech on the sugar colonies. Soon afterward he made another journey to India, to study that portion of the British Empire, and while absent, in March, 1852, was appointed Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the first Derby Ministry, of which his father was the head. He was again elected for Lynn in 1852, and has continued to represent that place down to the present time. Soon after his re-election, he showed what he had been to India for, as he had before shown why he went to America, for he soon brought a motion before the House, intended to effect a thorough reform in the British government of India.

Both in foreign and in home affairs, although nominally a conservative, Lord Stanley had by this time shown that as a public man he sought in good faith to accomplish good objects for good purposes. Accordingly, while laboring in Parliament to improve the state of affairs in the foreign dependencies of England, he was

equally zealous, and was laborious, judicious, and useful in aiding the progress of social and legal reform at home. He was a vigorous advocate of the abolition of the odious and oppressive "church rates," which extort money to support the Church of England from those who belong to it and those who do not, alike. He was one of the chief laborers in the establishment of the English mechanics' institutes and public libraries; and has been a good friend to the efforts which have been made to improve the means of popular education in England.

At the death of Sir W. Molesworth in 1855, Lord Palmerston offered Lord Stanley the position of Colonial Secretary, but being in the opposition, Lord Stanley declined, for the sake of remaining faithful to his father's party. When, however, the Earl of Derby came into power in February, 1858, Lord Stanley accepted office under him, and in May became president of the Indian Board of Control." Under this administration the project of reforming the government of India, which he had entertained six years before, was resumed and effectively carried forward by the dissolution of that vast and unprincipled empire within an empire, the East India Company.

This body, after a wicked, bloody, and rapacious career of two centuries and a half, gave up the ghost in August, 1858, and its vast dominions, including by some estimates a hundred and twenty millions of inhabitantsor nearly one-eighth of the population of the world-passed under the direct authority of the English Government. Upon this change, Lord Stanley became Secretary of State for India, and remained in that office until June, 1859, when the Derby Ministry retired.

Under the hardy leadership of the unprincipled, but most energetic and intrepid, Mr. Disraeli, Lord Stanley has again become a member of the English Cabinet, as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In this post he has shown all the mental breadth, vigor and common sense, good dispositions, practical tact and appreciation of the significance of political changes, and national movements generally, that have distinguished his previous political career, and he is one of the strongest and soundest English statesmen at the present day. A good instance of his plain, straightforward sense was his remark, a little while ago, in answer to urgent appeals that Parliament should pass resolutions expressing horror, or some such feeling, at the death of the fillibuster emperor Maximilian. Lord Stanley said he saw no propriety in the proposed action, and that it would be well for the gentlemen to remember that they were not the Parliament of world, but only that of England; which was quietly saying, Let us mind our own business.

Lord Stanley's steady and reasonable management of foreign affairs is in very strong contrast with the insincere policy of Lord Palmerston; and he is equally prompt and wise in supporting the new Reform Bill. This measure has been taken up by the Tories, now

holding office, and made extensive, so that if any credit comes from it, the Tories can have it instead of the opposite or Liberal party, who might naturally be expected to be the originators of reform measures. This dextrous piece of thunder-stealing is Mr. Disraeli's contrivance, and is exceedingly unpopular with the English nobility and aristocracy, who, however, do not dare prevent it. They may well be disgusted, for the Bill will double the number of persons entitled to vote at English elections, and is therefore an important step forward toward a really free government.

The qualities of Lord Stanley's mind, and the facts of his career hitherto, are such as render it extremely probable that he will continue to be very prominent and influential in shaping the home and foreign policy of England.

CONSCIOUSNESS AND MENTAL

ACTION.

BY B. H. WASHINGTON, M.D.

It is intended to treat this subject hypothetically; and before developing thus the phrenological method of analysis, we shall quote from Sir William Hamilton the conditions of a permissible hypothesis: "An hypothesis is allowable only under certain conditions. Of these, the first is that the phenomenon to be explained should be found actually to exist." This condition is fufilled, for no one will dispute that consciousness and mental actions exist.

"The second condition of a permissible hypothesis is, that the phenomena can not be explained otherwise than by an hypothesis." Mental manifestations are of such a character that they can not be investigated like physical phenomena, and metaphysicians have promulgated theories for two thousand years concerning them, and have never yet been able to present a theory which would harmonize with and explain the phenomena requiring explanation. "But the necessity of some hypothesis being conceded, how are we to discriminate between a good and a bad, a probable and an improbable, hypothesis? The comparative excellence of an hypothesis requires in the first place that it involve nothing contradictory, internally or externally, that is, between the parts of which it is composed or between these and any established truths." "In the second place, an hypothesis is probable in proportion as the phenomena can be by it more completely explained." "In the third place, an hypothesis is probable in proportion as it is independent of all subsidiary hypotheses." We shall undertake to show that the Phrenological hypothesis complies strictly with these conditions, and that if the Copernican hypothesis is preferable to the Ptolemaic, because it harmonizes with, and satisfactorily explains, certain physical phenomena, so, likewise, the Phrenological hypothesis is preferable to the Metaphysical, because it harmonizes with and explains mental phenomena which have baffled metaphysicians for many centuries.

Some years since, while engaged in conversa

gan of volition, the necessary volitions are issued to the nerves of motion, and immediate, efficient action is the result. Again, suppose an individual is reading one of the choice Psalms of David, and as the various sentences are apprehended by the intellectual faculties, the faculties belonging to the spiritual or emotional group are appropriately and harmoniously affected, and a corresponding thrill of adoration, love, hope, etc., will be sent to the heart, hence we have so much said in the Scriptures concerning the heart; for the emotional faculties never accomplish anything in determining the actions of men unless the heart is affected.

These spiritual or emotional feelings are, however, under voluntary control, and an individual can determine that there shall be no emotions corresponding to the subject-matter apprehended by the intellectual faculties, and may cut off all communications of the emotional faculties with consciousness; for example, a grasping extortioner can look on unmoved by the tear in the eye of the widow, and hear with perfect indifference the cry of the orphan; or a man in a church having determined to do so, can voluntarily do as Pharaoh did," harden his heart," and can listen to the most impassioned appeals of the most eloquent orators unmoved, simply because he has under his control the communications between his emotional organs and the organ of Conciousness.

As an example of the counterplay of the faculties in reading of whatever may be appropriate to their own peculiar functions, we will suppose that at the dead of night some extraordinary noise is heard; immediately Cautiousness is on the alert and sends a telegraphic dispatch to consciousness that it is time to be on the qui vive, and consciousness responds by sending through the appropriate nerves an exciting thrill, and the individual is wide awake in an instant. Or in the case of moral agencies, Felix trembled when he heard and comprehended the words of Paul, and thought of his own future destiny.

In other cases, much louder sounds might be made in suitable hearing distance of the sleeper, and the auditory nerve would be just as ready to convey the sounds, but those sounds not being of a character calculated to cause alarm, the faculty of Cautiousness gives no alarm, and the sleeper continues sleeping; for instance, thunder may pass unnoticed, while the distant cry of fire will awaken the sleeper, though the loudness of the sound may be far inferior to that of the thunder.

If the control of the communications between consciousness and the various organs had been left to our voluntary control, then the largest organ would afford the gratification, and would obtain the sway in consciousness so often that the others would be rendered comparatively useless; it has therefore been wisely ordained by the Creator, that under the automatic law of control, the time that any faculty shall possess the sway in consciousness shall be short, so as to allow all the faculties a

fair opportunity to make known their calls in consciousness for gratification. Hence those individuals in whom the voluntary control is weak, show in their conversation very clearly the play of this automatic law, for they frequently wander abruptly from one subject to another, as each succeeding faculty expels its predecessor from and in turn gains the ascendency in consciousness; such individuals are always considered by their neighbors as "rather flighty," and are sometimes said to be "a little crack-brained."

It is this play of this automatic law of control which, by frequently changing the sway of the faculties in consciousness, makes us feel so foolish sometimes; just as we are about to say something to a friend, some other faculty comes into the sway in consciousness expelling the faculty previously in possession, which had suggested the thought we desired to express, and we are forced awkwardly to confess we can not recollect what it was we desired to say.

For the voluutary control of the communications between the cerebral organs and consciousness, we are provided with the organ of Concentrativeness, which, if largely developed, will enable the individual to carry on mental operations for hours without a single intruding communication from other faculties not necessary for the subject then undergoing investigation. So much for the laws governing the communications between the organs in the cortical portions of the brain and the grand central telegraph station in the organ of Conscious[TO BE CONTINUED.]

ness.

CLAP ON THE BRAKES!

BY JOHN NEAL.

"I AM going to my own funeral !" said an old man to another, who blamed his loitering through a broad, rich landscape, "I am going to my own funeral-why should I hurry?"

As if we were not all, the youngest as well as the oldest, going to our own funerals: but is that a reason why we should not stop long enough on the way to enjoy the wonders and beauties about our path? to help one another, and to encourage the down-hearted and the foot-weary? On the contrary, is it not a good reason for loitering and lingering, when our attention is arrested by any of God's creatures wanting help or counsel?

God never hurries; why should man? The stars and the plants never hurry, nor do any of the great forces we hear so much of-not even the cataract, nor the storm, nor the lightning itself. In fulfilling their appointed task, they have but one law, and that law they obey. Does the earthquake hurry, or the tornado? Not if we mean by hurrying what men mean by hurrying their fellows. Would you hurry the growth of trees, or the tides, or the precession of the equinoxes? If you find yourself so inclined, clap on the brakes, or you will be doing yourself a mischief before you know it. Does the hunted hare hurry? Not more

than the tortoise. Or the race-horse when he stretches away over the appointed course? Not much! If he did, he would soon be out of breath, and fall astern of his fellows. Hurry unsettles and confuses and dislocates, instead of achieving and overcoming. Steadfastness and smoothness of action, without flurry or change, are the signs of power. Spasmodic paroxysm and vehemence are but signs of weakness. Watch the boatman who pulls quietly and steadily without a variation. He it is that wins, other circumstances being equal. Watch the pedestrian who walks for thirty days upon a stretch, at the rate of more than fifty miles a day. Can he afford to hurry? No more than the trip-hammer forging anchors weighty enough to hold a principality. No more than the sewing machine, or the townclock, or the watch. To hurry, is to break away from the law that gives unity of purpose, will, steadfastness, and celerity of motion to all the works of man, and all the purposes of God.

When physicians open their offices in graveyards, and lawyers theirs in lunatic asylums, then the rest of the world may venture to throw off their masks and hurry to the consummation. For the sake of truth, and such truth, one might well forgive precipitation. Aint you a little in a hurry, mamma?" said a child, as he saw his mother pitch through the skylight instead of taking the garret stairs. In all such cases, hadn't we better clap on the brakes? A little sluggishness, a very little hesitation, can do no harm.

But we are all in search of truth-if we are to be believed. No matter what our business or profession may be, the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, say the wisest and best of men, to justify themselves for a life of uninterrupted self-denial. And so say the silliest and the worst, by their actions, if not by their words; for who, of all that walk the earth, would be satisfied with untruth, or even with a qualified truth, if he knew it? Truth, then, is the "immediate jewel of the soul," to be coveted of all men, to be searched for as hidden treasure, as the pearl of great price. Hence in our hurry and eagerness we overlook even what we believe to be truth.

But what is truth? The question has been asked from the beginning, and never answered -never. Apart from the lower mathematics, there is no universally acknowledged truth. Even miracles, God's truth—nay, God himself, has never been acknowledged by the masses. Counterfeits, and archetypes, and resemblances, more or less truthful, are accepted for God himself and for the teachings of God.

Is there any truth in music-the best of music? If so, where is it to be found? In the song of birds, in the under-base of a great ocean, the sway of tree branches when the wind is up, or in the roll of thunder? Do we méan voice or sound only? or is there not something beyond or above both voice and sound, to constitute a truthful music? Otherwise, whatever might be the sound, or the noise, it would still be music, and neither proportion nor rhythm would be an element.