cities of the country were connected by telegraph and the people througout the country, interested intensely by the long years that led up to the war, were on the qui vive.

Then the development of the American newspaper may be truly said to have begun. Men of action were developed in the old time writers of editorials, or, where this was impossible, succeeded them, and the press became an institution, journalism was created, and newspaper making had become a business that went forward by leaps and bounds.

The cable took the place of the slow sailing vessel. The telegraph succeeded the stagecoach and the courier. Trained correspondents and news gatherers appeared, whose aim was not to convince with eloquent language nor educate by preaching but to write, simply and intelligently, the news of the day and get it to their papers as quickly as possible.

The new impetus permeated the mechanical departments of the newspapers and the new influence had the same effect here and in all the other departments as in the editorial department of the paper. Double cylinder presses supplanted the old cylinder presses and machines capable of printing, pasting, and folding twenty thousand complete papers an hour were perfected. Stereotyping was introduced to save type, time, and labor, and paper manufactured from wood pulp took the place of that made from rags.

In a word the newspaper, with giant strides, went forward until it reached what seemed to be the climax, and then -continued to develop. Every demand was supplied by the paper. It had caught up with the age, but unsatisfied and impatient, it took the lead, a step ahead of the foremost spirit of the age.

As soon as one press was found inadequate or imperfect the manufacturers responded to the demand with a new one. Improvements were the order of the hour and competition became fast and furious. A reading public had been created by the civil war, and a demand for news followed that would not be denied. Every person that could read or write became a newspaper reader.

The collection of news had been reduced by this time to something like a system. Each paper, however, was for itself

and the cost of transmitting intelligence began to prove enormous. So great did the cost become of getting news of the progress of the civil war from the front that a number of New York newspapers entered into an arrangement by which the same news should be sent to each of them, and the cost divided by the number of newspapers receiving the service. In an effort to still further reduce the cost of the compilation of reports of the war and in reply to an insistent demand from editors all over the country in the smaller as well as the larger towns whose readers were clamoring for the news, this association of New York newspaper editors decided to sell the service. From this sprung the Associated Press, the greatest combination in the world for securing the news of current events. Its system of collecting news has been reduced to such a state of perfection that at the present an event in any part of the world is reported in full-or as fully as its value warrants-within twelve hours. Special correspondents from all the great metropolitan newspapers, however, are still maintained in all the large cities of the world, whose sole duty it is to gather the current events of importance and send reports to their papers.

Associations have been formed in the old world similar to the associated press, and the service is exchanged. No event of importance escapes attention and publicity.

The old order of journalism gave way to the new so suddenly that many of the faults of the former were not eradicated but remained to hinder and retard the development of the newspaper. One by one they were lost, however, as the pioneer editors, working without precedent to guide them, struggled onward, and others swung to their cause, imitating, developing, and improving rapidly as the years went on.

The old features were not dropped at once. For a time the old policy of making the newspaper subservient to the political party of which its editor was a member still maintained and influenced all its policies and its features. They continued to present only one side of party politics for a time. They continued to try to induce their readers to permit them to think for them. But the newspaper worked out its own destruction in this policy. Its very efforts to educate the