-Amount of specie in the South at the commencement of the war.--Principa

measures of Confederate finance.-How the Southern banks became involved.-

Practical results of their loan to the Government.-" Making money by machinery."

-Sales of Confederate bonds.-Special occasions for this investment.-Unequal to

relieve the currency.-Rates of depreciation of the Confederate money.-Rich-

mond, the centre of finance and trade.-Gold not a measure of value in the

Confederacy.-Reasons for its extraordinary appreciation there.-Comparison of

Confederate money with the Continental currency in the Revolution of 1776.-

Two capital causes of the depreciation of the Confederate money.-The influence

of speculation.-How the engrossers managed in Richmond.-Summary of the

mismanagement of the Confederate finances...

415

The new attempt upon Fort Sumter and Charleston.-Gen. Gillmore's command.-His

plan of operations.—What was proposed by the reduction of the works on Morris

Island.-A base of operations on Folly Island.-How Gen. Beauregard was blinded

and deceived.-Forty-seven guns of the enemy unmasked.-The assault on Fort

Wagner.-Gallantry of a Connecticut regiment. The assault repulsed.-Gen.

Beauregard's plans.-His object in holding Morris Island.-Second assault on Fort

Wagner in conjunction with Dahlgren's fleet.-The bombardment of Fort Wagner.

-Profound and significant silence of the garrison.-Advance of the storming

column.--Its repulse.-Terrible scenes of carnage.-Siege operations.-Appeals to

the South Carolina planters, and their indifference.-Gillmore prepares to bombard

and destroy Charleston.-"The Greek Fire."-"The Swamp Angel."-Gillmore's

notice of bombardment.-Sharp and memorable reply of Gen. Beauregard.-

Cowardly rejoicings in the North.-The bombardment a failure.-Attempted

demolition of Fort Sumter.-How far the fort was injured by the bombardment.--

Gillmore announces its reduction. The announcement false and absurd.-Pro-

gress of the siege operations against Fort Wagner.-A terrific fire opened upon

it.-Surpassing grandeur of the scene.-Gillmore plans another assault upon the

fort. The Confederates evacuate it and Morris Island.-What Gen. Beauregard

accomplished by the retention of Morris Island for two months.-The Island not

the key to Charleston.-Admiral Dahlgren refuses to ascend the harbour with his

iron-clads. He summons Fort Sumter to surrender.-Beauregard's reply.-A

boat-attack on the Fort.-Its disastrous repulse. The enemy's operations against

Charleston degenerate into a chronic and fruitless bombardment.-Disappoint-

ment in the North.....

CHAPTER XXVII.

429

General Joseph E. Johnston's prophecy of the fate of Tennessee.-Character and ex-

traordinary foresight of this commander.-How Tennessee was sacrificed to the

attempted defence of Vicksburg.-Bragg's army flanked at Hoover's Gap.-It

commences a retreat to Chattanooga.-Expedition of John Morgan.-How it

affected the Western campaign and embarrassed Burnside.-Morgan's circuit

through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio.-What he accomplished.-His anxiety for

retreat.-Cut off on the Ohio River.-Terrible scenes in the attempt to swim the

river.-Capture of Morgan and the bulk of his command.-Cruel and infamous

treatment of the distinguished captive and his officers.-Surrender of Cumberland

Gap.-President Davis' commentary on this event.-Recoil of serious charges upon

the Richmond administration.-Burnside's invasion of East Tennessee.-Gen.

Frazier in command at Cumberland Gap.-His correspondence with Gen. Buckner.

-The defences of the Gap imperfect.-Insufficiency of the garrison.-Why Gen.

Frazier surrendered it.-Two lines of operations now opened against Chattanooga.

-The Battle of Chickamauga.-Topography of the country around Chattanooga.--

Movements of Rosecrans.-He threatens a flank movement towards Rome.-The

Confederates evacuate Chattanooga.-Bragg's new line from Lee's and Gordon's Mills

to Lafayette.-Longstreet's corps on the way from Virginia to reinforce him.-

Rosecrans pursues the Confederates, and exposes himself in detail.-The lost

opportunity in M'Lenore's Cove.-Lines of Rosecrans' advance.-Bragg resolves

to advance and attack him.-Arrival of Longstreet with five brigades.-The

enemy anticipates a flank movement by Bragg.-A severe encounter.-Cleburne's

gallant charge.-The Confederate plan of battle for the next day.-Gen. Polk to

open the action.-A strange delay.-A singular breakfast scene.-Gen. Bragg

furious. The Confederate right wing beaten back.-Critical condition of the

field.-Longstreet's attack.-He saves the day. The enemy utterly routed.—

Chickamauga a brilliant but unproductive victory...
439

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Conference of Gens. Bragg and Longstreet the day after the battle of Chickamauga.

-Longstreet's plan of campaign north of the Tennessee River.--Why Gen. Bragg

declined it. His investment of Chattanooga.-He cuts off the enemy's supplies.

-He hopes to starve the garrison into surrender.-Reorganization of the Federal

armies in the west.-Gen. Grant's new and large command.--His first task to

relieve Thomas in Chattanooga.-His successful lodgment on the south side of the

Tennessee River.-Surprise of Longstreet.-The Confederates retreat to Lookout

Mountain.-Longstreet makes a night attack on the enemy's new position, but is

repulsed.--The enemy accomplishes the relief of Chattanooga.-Detachment of

Longstreet from Bragg's front to operate against Knoxville.-This unfortunate

movement the work of President Davis.-Military pragmatism and vanity of the

Confederate president.-Grant determines to take the offensive.-The Battle of

Missionary Ridge.-Extraordinary strength of the Confederate position.-Two at-

tacks repulsed.-General advance of the Federal lines to the crest of Missionary

Ridge. Audacity of the movement.-Bad conduct of the Confederate troops.—A

shameful panic-Causes of the extraordinary misconduct of Bragg's army.—It

falls back to Dalton.-Longstreet's expedition against Knoxville. His pursuit of

Burnside. His unsuccessful assault on Fort Sanders at Knoxville.--He retreats to

Rogersville, is cut off from Virginia, and spends the winter in North-eastern Ten-

nessee.-Operations in Virginia in the Fall of 1863.-Lee attempts to flank Meade

and get between him and Washington.-An extraordinary adventure of Stuart's

cavalry.--Meade retreats to and beyond Bull Run.--Failure of Lee's flank move-

ment.-Incidents of success for the Confederates.-Lee retires to the Rappahan-

nock.-Affair of Rappahannock Bridge.-Affair of Germania Ford.-Desultory

operations between Lee's lines and East Tennessee.-Averill's raid.--Close of the

campaign of 1863 in Virginia......
453

CHAPTER XXIX.

Effect of the Federal successes of 1863 on the Northern elections.-Estimate in the

Richmond newspapers of the Democratic alliance in the North.-Losses of the

Democratic party in the elections of 1863.-President Lincoln's triumph.-His

administration strengthened.-It ventures to new lengths.-Arrest of Mr. Val-

landigham.-Protests of the Democratic Party.-Their worthless and ridiculous

character.-New and vigorous measures of war at Washington.-Scarcity of mer

and of food, the two concerns at Richmond.-Meagre results of the Conscription

law. An alarming statement from the Confederate Secretary of War.-Diminution

of subsistence in the Confederacy.-Suffering among the people and army.—His-

tory of the Confederate commissariat.-Report of the meat supplies in the Con-

federacy in January, 1862.-Effect of the campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee on

the question of subsistence.-Proposition to get meat through the enemy's lines.

-Obstinate objections of President Davis.-His mania about cotton.-The Con-

federate States drained of meat in the second year of the war.-Statement of

Commissary Northrop.-Attempt to get supplies through the blockade. How

mismanaged.--The Crenshaw contract.-Small yield of impressments.-The whole

Confederate policy of subsistence a failure.-An extraordinary device of Secretary

Seddon.-How it played into the hands of speculators.-Reflection upon the want

of the commercial or business faculty in the Southern mind.-A stock of childish

expedients.....
464

CHAPTER XXX.

A train of Confederate successes in the beginning of 1864.-The Battle of Ocean Pond.-

Gen. Seymour's expedition into Florida-Its defeat and complete disaster.-

Sherman's expedition in the Southwest.-His first experiment of "the moveable

column."-His designs upon Mobile and the Confederate lines in North Georgia.—

The co-operating column of cavalry.-Gen. Polk evacuates Meridian, and falls

back to Demopolis.-Forrest defeats the Federal cavalry.-Disastrous and dis-

graceful conclusion of Sherman's adventure.-The Red River expedition.—Gen.

Banks' designs upon Texas. - The Confederate commands in the Trans-Mississippi.

-The federal advance up Red River.-The Confederates fall back towards

Shreveport.-Battle of Mansfield.-How the action was brought on.--Rout of the

enemy. Singular scenes on the pursuit.-Battle of Pleasant Hill.--An unfortunate

mistake of orders.-Churchill's corps panic-stricken.-Gen. Walker holds the

field. The enemy continues his retreat to Alexandria.-His march a career of

unparalleled cowardice and crime.-Large spoils of the Confederates.—The ex-

tent of Banks' disaster.-Termination of his vision of empire west of the Missis-

sippi. Forrest's expedition up the Mississippi.-Capture of Fort Pillow. -Hoke's

operations on the North Carolina coast.-Comparatiye unimportance of these Con-

federate successes.-The raid of Ulric Dahlgren.-The parts of Custer and Kil-

patrick.-Failure and ludicrous cowardice of the several expeditions.-Dahlgren's

atrocious designs. He retreats, and is chased by Pollard.-Manner of his death.

-Discovery of "the Dahlgren papers."-Sensation in Richmond.-President Davis'

melodrama.-Statement of Edward W. Halbach in relation to the "Dahlgren pa-

pers." The papers first found by the schoolboy Littlepage.-How transmitted to

Richmond. The theory of forgery.-Its utter absurdity.....
490

CHAPTER XXX I.

Opening of the great spring campaign of 1864.-Explanation of renewed confidence in Rich-

mond. Prospect for the Confederates in the Presidential contest of 1864.-A new

theory of peace.-Value of endurance.-The mission of Messrs. Holcombe, Clay, and

Thompson-They leave Wilmington when the campaign on the Rapidan opens.—

U. S. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General of the Federal armies.-Character of

Grant.--Compared with Buell.-Gen. Grant's low and gross conception of war.-

The Federal Government prepares an army organization of one million of men.-

Distribution of the Federal forces in Virginia.-Strength of the Army of the Po

tomac.-Position and numbers of Gen. Lee.-His great anxiety.-Appeal of Con-

federate women.-The battles of the Wilderness.-Grant crosses the Rapidan. -

Lee springs upon his flank.-Attack of Ewell and Hill.-The Confederate line

broken. Gordon's splendid charge.-Gallant conduct of Pegram's and Hays' di-

visions.-Night attack of the enemy. The second day's battle.-Hill's corps

broken.-Longstreet comes up and turns the fortunes of the day. He is shot

down by his own men.-Gen. Lee offers to lead a charge.--Touching remons-

trances of the men.-The Confederate attack withdrawn.-Results of the day.-

Gordon's night attack.-Grant's whole army on the verge of rout.-His immense

losses.-Movements of the two armies to Spottsylvania. Court-house.-Masterly

performance of Lee.-A melancholy episode to the campaign.-Sheridan's expedi-

tion.-Death of Gen. Stuart.-Battles of Spottsylvania Court-house.-Combat of

Anderson's corps.-The fighting on the 10th May.-The battle on the 12th.—A

salient of the Confederate line taken.-Great slaughter of the enemy.-Grant

confesses a failure, and waits six days for reinforcements.-Operations on the

south side of Richmond.-Grant's instructions to Butler.-Sigel's column in West-

ern Virginia, another part of the combination.-Butler's boastful despatch.-Ile

dares "The whole of Lee's army."-He is defeated by Beauregard, and his army

"bottled up."-Operations in the Kanawha and Shenandoah Valleys.-Signal de-

feat of Sigel.-Grant's combination broken down. He moves to the North Anna

River. Is foiled again by Lee.-He crosses the Pamunkey River.-"The Pen-

insula " made the battle-ground again.--The sum of glory achieved by Lee's

army.-Statement as to Lee's reinforcements.-The Federal host held at bay by

an army of fifty thousand men.-Gaseous nonsense in New York about Grant's

generalship. His operations in May absurd and contemptible failures....... 507

Position of the armies around Richmond, June 1, 1864.-Manœuvres for position.- ·

Battle of Cold Harbour.--Easy repulse of the enemy.-Grant `decides to cross the

river, and attempt the south side of Richmond.-Why Gen. Lee did not attempt

to attack him in the movement.-Battles of Petersburg.-Two attacks of the

enemy repulsed.-Butler advances his position, and is driven back.-Grant turns

his attention from the fortifications to the railroads.--Demonstrations on the

Weldon and Danville Roads.-Defeat of Sheridan's expedition on the railroads

north of Richmond.-Operations west of the Blue Ridge.-Hunter's movement.—

He captures Staunton. He advances upon Lynchburg.—He is defeated, and driven

into Western Virginia.-Gen. John Morgan's expedition into Kentucky.-Its disas

trous conclusion.-Particulars of the murder of Gen. Morgan in East Tennessee.-

Early's invasion of Maryland.—Daring of Gen. Lee.-What he proposed by send-

ing Early's column into the North.-Grant's preparations against this movement.-

Battle of Monocacy Bridge.--Defeat of "Lew" Wallace's command.-Early ad-

vances upon Washington.-Skirmish in front of Fort Stevens.-Early declines to

attack the Federal capital and retreats.-Questions as to the strength of Washing-

ton.-Results of Early's expedition.-Its effect on the armies operating around

Richmond.-The mine fiasco at Petersburg.-Three elements in the plan of attack.

-Description of the mine. The explosion and a "feu d'Enfer."-The assaulting

column pauses in the crater.-Terrible scenes of carnage.-The miserable failure.

-Commentary of the New York "Times.".
526

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Sherman's campaign in Georgia the important correspondent of Grant's in Virginia.-

The "On to Richmond," and the "On to Atlanta," the two important movements

of 1864.-Sherman's demand of numbers.-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's command.—

He proposes an offensive movement.-Is balked by Bragg at Richmond.-Statement

of Johnston's forces on 1st May.-Johnston's policy of retreat.-He proposes to

fight at Cassville; but is overruled by Hood and Hardee.-He crosses the Etowah.

-Engagement at New Hope Church.-Battle of Kenesaw Mountain.-Sherman's

ghastly experiment. He resorts to manoeuvring.-Johnston retires to Atlanta.—

The situation around Atlanta.--Defeat of Sturgis' column in North Mississippi.-

Johnston master of the situation.-Wonderful success of his retreat.-He holds

Sherman suspended for destruction.-Naval fight in Mobile Bay.--A match of 212

guns against 22.--How the gunboats Selma and Morgan fought the enemy.—

Gallant fight of the iron-clad Tennessee.-Surrender of the forts in the harbour.

-Little value of Farragut's conquest.-Excessive laudation of him in the North.

-Sinking of the Confederate privateer Alabama.-Review of the result of the

privateering service of the Confederates.-A glance at British "neutrality."-How

Earl Russell was bullied by the Washington Government.-The story of the Lairds'

rams.--Cruise of the Alabama.-Why she fought the Kearsarge off the French

coast.-Capt. Semmes' motives for a naval duel.-The Alabama sinking.-The

Federal vessel sends no relief.-Mr. Seward's little remark about "pirates."-

Discovery of concealed armour on the Kearsarge.-How the Richmond editors

would have treated Capt. Winslow.-A curious annecdote of Admiral Farra-

gut.-Capture of the privateer Florida.-The exploit of Napoleon Collins in a

neutral port. He attempts to sink and then steals the Confederate vessel.-The

New York Herald and "The pages of History."-Invasion of Missouri by Gen.

Price. How and why it failed.—The Trans-Mississippi sunk out of sight in the

War....
539

CHAPTER XXXIV.

The Presidential canvass of 1864 in the North.-Its relations to the military campaign.

-Review of parties in the North.-A general distinction founded on two

questions. Composition of the party opposing Mr. Lincoln's administration.-The

doctrines of the Black Republican party impossible to be defined.-How the Party

changed and shifted through the war.-Opinions of Mr. Webster and Mr. Clay.-

Modern verification of Mr. Clay's charge of "amalgamation."-Policy of the Black

Republican party at the beginning of the war.-Mr. Lincoln's instincts of unwor-

thiness. How the Peace party in the North made the first false step.-Growth

of the power of Lincoln's administration.-Its measures of terrour.-Moderation

of the Confederacy towards “Union men " and dissentients.-Some account of

arrests in the North.-Lincoln's detective system.-Comparative impossibility of

maintaining an Opposition party in the North.-Infamous conduct of "War

Democrats."-The Conservative phalanx in the Congress at Washington.-A

record of its votes.-Reassurance of the Conservative party in 1864.--The party

issues of 1864, with reference to "reconstruction."-Convention of the Govern-

ment party at Baltimore.-Its "platform."-Pretermission of the condition of

State abolition of slavery.-How this condition was afterwards inserted.—Mr.

Lincoln's rescript, "To whom it may concern."-History of the Niagara Falls com-

mission.-How Mr. Lincoln's passport was made a political card.-Democratic