feated. Withdrawal of McCulloch's forces into Arkansas.-Operations in Northern

Missouri. Fremont in command of the Federal forces in Missouri.-His proclama-

tion emancipating the slaves. Its novelty and brutality.Repudiated at Washing-

ton. The siege of Lexington.-Its surrender to Price.-Gallantry of Col. Mulligan.

-Critical position of Price. His disappointment of Confederate succour.-His

adroit retreat.-Missouri's ordinance of secession.-Fremont superseded.―Three

military messengers in pursuit of him.-Excitement in his camp.-Price at Spring-

field. Close of the first campaign in Missouri.-The campaign, a chapter of

wonders.-Missouri manhood.-The Western Virginia campaign.-Resources and

wealth of the Western section of Virginia.-Wise's command.-The enemy in the

Kanawha Valley.-Wise's retreat to Lewisburg.-The Floyd brigade.-Advance of

the joint forces towards the Gauley.-The affair at Cross Lanes.-Movement of

Rosecrans.-Affair of Carnifax Ferry.-Floyd and Wise fall back towards Sewell

Mountain.-An unfortunate Quarrel of Commanders.-Operations of Gen. Lee in

Northwestern Virginia.-His failure at Cheat Mountain.-Col. Rust's part in the

affair.-Movement of Lee to the line of Lewisburg. How Rosecrans escaped from

him.-Engagement of the Greenbrier River.-Gen. H. R. Jackson's success.-

Failure of the Western Virginia campaign.-Gen. Lee's new command....... .152

66

-

CHAPTER X.

The Congress in Washington. New development of Northern policy. Lincoln's po-

litical discovery. His remarkable measures of War. An era of despotism.

Violent acts of Congress. The seed of Abolition. Suspension of the habeas

corpus.- Curious apology for it.Military arrests.-A "Confidential" document

from McClellan.-Curious disposition of the Northern people to surrender their

liberties. Conservatism of the Confederate cause.-Lincoln's view of State

'Neutrality" in the war. Application of it to Kentucky. The elections in Ken-

tucky. The Confederates anticipate the Federal occupation of Kentucky.-Zolli-

coffer's command.-Polk's command.—Justification of the Confederate occupation.

-Claims and designs of the Federals in Kentucky.-Polk's occupation of Columbus.

-His proffer of withdrawal.-Arrests in Kentucky.-Despotic and brutal legisla-

tion.-Distinguished refugees.-Breckinridge's address.-Early military movements

in Kentucky.-Zollicoffer's operations.-Buckner's occupation of Bowling Green.—

The Battle of Belmont.-Movement of U. S. Grant.-Gen. Pillow's command en-

gaged at disadvantage.-The Confederates driven back.-Timely reinforcements.

Sudden conversion of a defeat into a victory.-Retreat of Grant.-His official

misrepresentation of the day.-Prospect of the war in the West...
..175

CHAPTER XI.

The fickle public of the North.-Gen. Scott.-The clamour for McClellan.-His exalta-

tion in the newspapers.-The theatrical and sensational mind of the North.-

Advance of the Confederates towards the Potomac.-McClellan's designs.-The

Confederates fall back to Centreville.-The Battle of Leesburg.-McClellan's move-

ment on the Confederate left.-Evans' brigade.-Fortunate capture of a Federal

courier. The Federals cross the Potomac and occupy Ball's Bluff.-Splendid

charge of the Confederates.-Death of Col. Baker.-The enemy driven into the

River. An appalling spectacle of death.-Misrepresentations in Washington.

Morale of M'Clellan's army.-The affair at Dranesville.-Defeat of Stuart.-

"Stonewall" Jackson's new command.-His expedition from Winchester.-Ter-

rible sufferings of his command.-His demonstration at Eath.-His movement to

Romney, and return to Winchester.-Close of the First Year's Campaign in Vir-

ginia.-Naval operations in 1861.-The enemy's iminense advantage in his navy.-

Statistics of the Federal navy.-Improvidence of the Confederates in coast and

river defences.-Secretary Mallory.-The Confederacy to lose all her sea-ports.-

Two naval expeditions down the Carolina coast.-Engagement at Hatteras Inlet.—

An unequal combat.-The Port Royal expedition.—Capture of Port Royal.-Value

of this Federal success.-The "Trent" affair.-Capture of Commissioners Mason

and Slidell.-An English commander's protest.-Great indignation in England.—

Preparations there for war.-Conceit and exultation of the North.-Tributes and

attentions to Capt. Wilkes.-Concern among the Confederates.-What Richmond

orators said.—Seward's correspondence with the British Government!
His col-

lapse. The last resort of demagogueism.-Disappointment of the Confederates in

the termination of the "Trent" affair. Earl Russell's declaration in Parliament.→→

Mr. Gregory's reply.-The Treaty of Paris and the Federal blockade....... 185

CHAPTER XII.

General character of the military events of the year 1862.-The Confederate situation

in Kentucky.-Gen. A. S. Johnston's command and position.--Battle of Fishing

Creek. The Confederate right in Kentucky.-Gen. Crittenden's command in ex-

treme straits.-Difficulty in subsisting it.-The decision to give battle to the

enemy.-Zollicoffer's brigade.-The contested hill.-Death of Zollicoffer.--Defeat

of the Confederates.-Crittenden crosses the Cumberland.-His losses.-Import-

ance of the disaster.-Designs of the enemy in Western Kentucky.-Popular de-

lusion as to Johnston's strength.-Hopelessness of his defence.-Official apathy in

Richmond.-Beauregard's conference with Johnston.-The Tennessee and Cumber-

land rivers. The avenue to Nashville.-Grant's ascent of the Tennessee.-Cap-

ture of Fort Henry.-Noble and gallant conduct of Gen. Tilghman.—Battle of Fort

Donelson.-Johnston's reasons for making a battle there.--Commands of Buckner,

Pillow, and Floyd.-Site and strength of the fort.-Battle of the trenches.--En-

gagement of the gunboats.-Two days' success of the Confederates.-Suffering of

the troops from cold.-Exposure of the wounded.-Federal reinforcements.-The

Confederate council of war.-Plan of attack, to extricate the garrison.-A fierce

and terrible conflict.-The Federals forced back towards the Wynn's Ferry Road.

-The opportunity of exit lost.-Gen. Buckner's explanation.-A commentary

on military hesitation.-How the day was lost.-Nine hours of combat-Scenes

on the battle-field.-Council of Confederate generals.-Gen. Pillow's proposition.—

Literal report of the conversation of Gens. Floyd, Pillow, and Buckner.-A sur-

render determined.-Escape of Floyd and Pillow.--Buckner's letter to Grant.--

Johnston's movement to Nashville.-Excitement there.-Retreat of Johnston's

command to Murfreesboro'.-Panic in Nashville.--Capture of Roanoke Island by the

enemy.-Burnside's expedition.-Gen. Wise's estimate of the importance of Roan-

oke Island. His correspondence and interviews with Secretary Benjamin.-De-

fences of the Island.-Naval engagement.--Commodore Lynch's squadron.--Land-

ing of the enemy on the Island.-Defective reconnoissance of the Confederates.-

Their works flanked.-The surrender.-Pursuit of the Confederate gunboats.—

Extent of the disaster.-Censure of the Richmond authorities.-Benjamin accused

by the Confederate Congress.....
198

CHAPTER XIII.

True causes of the Confederate disasters in the second year of the war.-The enemy's

"Anaconda plan."-Rebukes to the vanity of the Confederates.-The sum of their

disasters. Inauguration of the Permanent Government of the Confederate States.-

Gloomy scene in Capitol Square.-President Davis' speech.-Commentary of a

Richmond journal.-Causes of popular animation in the Confederacy.-Develop-

ment of the enemy's design upon slavery.-History of the Anti-slavery measures

of Lincoln's administration. His early declaration of non-interference with sla-

very. Mr. Seward in 1860.Lincoln's statement, March 4th, 1861. Diplomatic

declaration, April, 1861. Early affectations of Lincoln's Administration on the

subject of slavery. M'Clellan's address-M'Dowell's order.-Revocation of the

emancipation measures of Fremont and Hunter. First act of Anti-slavery legisla-

tion at Washington.-Lovejoy's resolution.-The Anti-slavery clause in the Confis-

cation Act. Three notable measures of anti-slavery legislation.-Commencement

of the Emancipation policy in the District of Columbia.-Explanation of the ascen-

dancy of the Abolition party during the war.-The new Confederate Congress.—

Its vigour. The old Provisional Congress.-Its measures.-Its echoes to Federal

legislation. The sequestration law. Silly and demagogical military legislation.-

The "Sixty Days' furlough' " law. Alarm of Gen. Johnston.-Indisposition of

Confederate volunteers to re-enlist.-The Conscription law of the Confederate

States. Its timely passage.-Its provisions and effect.-Other military acts of the

Confederate Congress.-Re-organization of the army.-Destruction of Southern

cotton and tobacco.-Authorization, of partisan service.-Alternations of Confede-

rate victory and defeat.-The Trans-Mississippi.-Battle of Elk Horn.-Van Dorn's

command.-An obstinate fight.-Death of M'Culloch.-The Confederate success

indecisive and imperfect.-Reasons for Van Dorn's retreat.-Confederate designs

upon Missouri abandoned for the present.-Transfer of Van Dorn's and Price's

forces.-Naval fight in Hampton Roads.-The Virginia and the Monitor-Lack of

naval enterprise in the Confederacy. The privateer service.-Construction of the

Virginia. Confederate squadron in the James River.-Federal fleet off Fortress

Monroe.-Fearful enterprise of the Virginia.-Sinking of the Cumberland.- Gal-

lantry of her crew.-A thrilling ccene of heroic devotion.-Surrender of the Con-

gress.-Frightful scenes of carnage.-Perfidious conduct of the enemy.-The

Virginia engages the Minnesota.-Wonderful results of the first day's fight.—

Second day's fight.-Apparition of the Monitor.-A singular scene of naval com-

bat. A drawn battle.-Excitement about iron vessels.-Discussion in the news-

papers. Addition of Ironclads to the Federal navy.-What M'Clellan thought of

the Virginia.-Capture of Newbern, &c.-Objects of Burnside's expedition.-

Branch's command at Newbern.-The Confederate works on the Neuse River.-

Retreat of Branch.-Federal occupation of Newbern.-Capture of Fort Macon.-

The entire coast of North Carolina in possession of the enemy.-The sea-coast

an unimportant part of the Confederate defences.....

-

214

e new line of Confederate defence south of Nashville.-Its objects.-Co-operation

of Johnston and Beauregard.-Capture of Island No. 10 by the enemy.-Gen.

Polk's evacuation of Columbus.--M'Cown's occupation of Island No. 10 and

New Madrid.-Condition of the defences at these places.-Pope moving on

New Madrid.-Smallness of M'Cown's force.-Pope's strength in artillery.-

His occupation of Point Pleasant.-A terrific bombardment.-Evacuation of New

Madrid.-Effect of this movement.-Bombardment of Island No. 10.-Gallant

defence of Rucker's battery.-Transfer of a portion of M'Cown's forces to Fort

Pillow. His preparations for retreat.-Gen. Mackall assigned to the defence of

the Island.-Canal cut by the enemy across the Peninsula.-Two gunboats pass

the Island.-Mackall's surrender.-Wretched management of the evacuation of

the Island.--Great loss of Confederate artillery.-The Battle of Shiloh.-Concen-

tration of Confederate forces at Corinth.-Grant's lines at Pittsburg.-Bue'l

advancing from Nashville.-Design of the Confederates to attack before the

junction of these forces.-Unfortunate loss of a day in the march.-The Confed-

erate plan of battle.-The enemy driven from his encampments.-Splendid and

irresistible charge of the Confederates.-Tragical death of Gen. Johnston.-The

Confederates press on in their career of victory.-Grant in the last extremity of

defeat. He retreats to the banks of the Tennessee.-Beauregard's order for a

cessation of the conflict.-A fatal halt.-Explanation of it.-Beauregard's great

mistake.-Demoralization of his troops by plunder.-Buell's forces across the

Tennessee. The second day's action.-The Confederates fall back.-Overwhelm-

ing force of the enemy.-Odds of the second day's battle.-The enemy does not

attempt a pursuit.-A frightful sum of carnage.-Beauregard's claim of success.

-Federal interpretation of the battle.-Exultation at Washington.-Death of

Johnston, a serious loss to the Confederacy.-Sketch of his military life.-

President Davis' tribute to the fallen hero.-His obsequies in New Orleans......232

CHAPTER XV.

The military situation of the lower Mississippi.-The fall of New Orleans.-A long

train of secret history of the Confederate Administration.-Sense of security in

New Orleans. Strange errour of the Richmond authorities.-Gen. Lovell's corres-

pendence with the War Department.-Startling disclosures.-Naval structures for

the defence of New Orleans.-Secretary Mallory's statement to the Confederate

Congress.—Testimony of Gov. Moore, of Louisiana.-His interposition with the ship-

builders. The ironclads Mississippi and Louisiana.-Condition of the defences of

New Orleans in April, 1862.-The river obstructed by a raft.-Farragut's fleet at

the mouth of the Mississippi. -Festivity in New Orleans.-Bombardment of Forts

Jackson and St. Philip.-Passage of the forts by the enemy's vessels.-The Con-

federate gunboats all destroyed.-Confusion and panic in New Orleans. -Great

conflagration in the city.-A scene of terrible grandeur.-Lovell's evacuation of

New Orleans.-Disorder in New Orleans.-Farragut's correspondence with Mayor

Monroe.-Why the Mayor protracted the correspondence.-A new hope of de-

fence. Surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.--Gen. Duncan's speech on

the Levee.-Farragut's ultimatum.-Hoisting of the Stars and Stripes over New

Orleans. What the fall of New Orleans involved.--Note:--Gen. Lovell's reasons

for evacuating New Orleans.-Rule of Butler in the conquered city.-Character

and person of "The Tyrant of New Orleans."-"The woman-order."-Arrest of

Mayor Monroe and of various citizens.-Butler on female secessionists.--His

opinion of "she-adders."-Confiscation, fines, and plunder. -Butler's decoy for

assassins. The hanging of Mumford. His speech on the gallows.-General ex-

perience in the Confederacy of the enemy's atrocity.-New codes and methods

of war.-Progress of Federal cruelty.......

-

CHAPTER XVI.

245

More than one-third of the Federal forces operating against Richmond.-M'Clellan's

opinion of his army.-Its numerical strength.-Official statement of Confederate

forces in North Virginia.-Lincoln's order of the 22d February.-M'Clellan's dis-

sent. When Johnston determined to change his line on the Potomac.-His prepa

rations for retreat.-How it was accomplished.-M'Clellan's advance.-Discovery

of Johnston's evacuation of Manassas and Centreville.-He crosses the Rappahan-

nock and waits for the enemy. He penetrates M'Clellans's designs —Federal

council of war at Fairfax Court-house.-Shifting of the scenes of war in Virginia.

-The Battle of Kernstown.-How "Stonewall" Jackson came to fight this battle.

-Great numerical superiourity of the enemy.-The contest at the Stone Fence.—

Jackson falls back to Cedar Creek.-Magruder's line on the Peninsula.—A fearful

crisis. M'Clellan held in check by eleven thousand Confederates-Outwitted again

by Johnston.-Retreat of the Confederates up the Peninsula.-Strategic merit of the

movement.-Battle of Williamsburg.-Longstreet's division engaged.-Success of

the Confederates.-M'Clellan's whole army in peril.-His flank movement on

Johnston's retreat.-Engagement at Barhamsville.-The line of the Chickahominy.

Johnston's brilliant strategy.—Evacuation of Norfolk.-Destruction of the Virginia.

-Her last challenge to the enemy.-A galling spectacle.-Commodore Tatnall

orders her destruction.-A court of inquiry.-Naval engagement at Drewry's

Bluff.-A feeble barrier to Richmond.-Repulse of the Federal fleet.-What it

proved.-M'Clellan's investment of the line of the Chickahominy.-Defences of

Richmond.-Scenes around the Federal capital.-Alarm and excitement of its

people. The exodus from Richmond.-Public meeting in the City Hali.-Noble

resolution of the Legislature of Virginia.-Re-animation of the people and the

authorities.-President Davis' early opinion of the effect of the fall of Richmond.

-Appeals of the Richmond press.-Jackson's campaign in the Valley of Virginia.—

Jackson determines on the aggressive.-Disposition of the Federal forces west of

the Blue Ridge.-Affair at M'Dowell.-Jackson deceives Banks Surprises his

rear-guard at Front Royal.-Banks' race to Winchester.-Scenes of retreat through

Winchester.-Banks' quick time to the Potomac.-Extent of Jackson's success.—

Fruits of two days' operations of the Confederates.-Jackson passes between the

columns of Fremont and Shields.-Death of Turner Ashby.-Jackson's tribute to

him. Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic.-Ewell defeats Fremont.-The

field of Port Republic.-Ewell's arrival saves the day.-Critical and splendid

action of two Virginia regiments.-Close of the Valley campaign.-Jackson's

almost marvellous success. His halt at Weyer's Cave....

CHAPTER XVII.

261

The tardiness of McClellan,-How the Confederates availed themselves of it. Their

concentration of forces at Richmond.-Strength of these forces.-Position of the

two armies. The Chickahominy and the roads crossing it.-Battle of "Seven

Pines."-Failure of Gen. Huger to attack.-Gallant charge of the troops of Long-

street and Hill.-Gen. Johnston wounded.-The affair of the next day.-Important

change of military command.-Secret history of the attempt to limit the military

power of President Davis.-A plan of Confederate politicians.-Plot against the

President's power.-The new affice of Commanding-general of the Confederates.—

How made nominal by President Davis.-Gen. Robert E. Lee appointed to this

office. His appearance and manners.-The Seven Days' Battles around Richmond.-

Lee's plan of operations.-Jackson's withdrawal from the Valley masked.-Battles

of Mechanicsville and Beaver Dam.-Repulse of the Confederates at Beaver Dam

Creek.-Jackson flanks the enemy's position.-McClellan's retreat to Gaines'

Mills. Its strategic design.-Extraordinary strength of the new position.-Gen.

Lee waiting for the great battle.-Battle of Gaines' Mills.-Heroic fight of Hill's

division. The enemy gains ground.-An urgent message to Longstreet.-Jackson