a little better and happier because he has lived in it.
"Mr. Madison, I think," says Paul Jennings, 66 was one of the best men that ever lived." This is the testimony of an intelligent man whose opportunities of knowing the personal qualities of him of whom he was speaking were more intimate than those of any other person could be except Mrs. Madison. "He was guilty," says Hildreth, "of the greatest political wrong and crime which it is possible for the head of a nation to commit." One saw the private gentleman, always conscientious and considerate in his personal relations to other men; the other judged the public man, moved by ambition, entangled in party ties and supposed party obligations, his moral sense blinded by the necessities of political compromises to reach party ends. It is not impossible to strike a just balance between these opposing estimates, though one is that of a servant, the other that of a learned and judicious historian.
Mr. Madison left a legacy of "Advice to My Country," to be read after his death and to "be considered as issuing from the tomb, where truth alone can be respected, and the happiness of man alone consulted." It is the lesson of his life, as he wished his countrymen to understand it. "The advice," he said, "nearest to my heart and deepest in my convictions is, that the Union of the States be cherished and perpetuated. Let the open enemy
to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened, and the disguised one as the serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into Paradise." The thoughtful reader, as he turns to the first page of this volume to recall the date of Mr. Madison's death, will hardly fail to note how few the years were before these open and disguised enemies, against whom he warned his countrymen, were found only in that party which he had done so much, from the time of the adoption of the Constitution, to keep in power.
ADAMS, JOHN, on presidential titles, 129, 131; his administration, 240. Adams, J. Q., memoir of Madison, 1, 2; opinion of Jefferson, 254. Alien and Sedition Laws, 240, 250. Ames, Fisher, on the slave-trade, 137; on site of Federal capital, 147; on a United States bank, 170; the ap- peals to the Constitution, 182, note; opinion of Madison, 200. Annapolis, first convention at, 61; second convention at, 64, 88.
Bank, United States, 170; speculation in stock of, 186.
Barbary States, war with, 262. Barlow, Joel, minister to France, ap- peal to Duke of Bassano, 318. Barron, Commodore, of frigate Chesa- peake, 275.
Bassano, Duke of, announces repeal of decrees, 317. Bayonne, decree issued at, 281.
Berlin decree issued, 277; informal repeal of, 316: final repeal of, 316. Breckenridge, offers resolutions in Kentucky legislature in 1799, 249. Bonaparte. See Napoleon. Butler, Peirce, proposes fugitive slave clause in Federal Constitution, 111.
Calhoun, John C., in Congress, 304. Canning, George, repudiates Erskine's treaty, 284. Capital, site of the, discussed, 128, 146; the bargain for, 149, 159. Champagny, French minister, infor- mal revocation of Berlin and Milan decrees, 294.
Chesapeake, frigate, attacked by the Leopard, man-of-war, 275; proposed settlement of the case of, by Er- skine, 385.
Clay, Henry, in Congress, 304; his proposal to take Canada, 305.
Clinton, De Witt, a candidate for presidential nomination, 308. Cockburn, Admiral, in Washington, 328.
Commerce of the United States, 264 et seq.
Compromises of the Constitution, 98, 110.
Congress, meeting of the First, under the Federal Constitution, 128. Constitution, the, 112; adoption of, 115 et seq.; in New Hampshire and Virginia, 120.
Constitutional Convention, 88; de- bates in the, 115 et seq.; character of the, 112.
Craig, Sir John, and John Henry, 310 et seq.
Curtis, George T., History of the Con- stitution, 98.
Debt, public, the, 22, 29, 152 et seq. Dexter, Samuel, estimate of New Eng- land people, 217.
Disunion, frequent threats of, 31, 313. Draper, Lyman C., correspondence with Madison, 4, 5, 6. Duties. See Tariff.
Ellsworth, Oliver, Member of Con- gress, 31; on slavery, 106, 107. Embargo, the, 264; repealed, 286. Essex Junto, 312, 314.
Federal Government, organization of the, under the Constitution, 128, 143.
Federalists, origin of the name of the, 90.
Federalist, The, writers of, 116. Floyd, Catherine, affianced to Madi- son, 43.
France, payments to, 201; Revolu- tion in, 202; declares war against England, 203; influence of revolu-
tionary ideas of, in the United States, 216.
Franklin, Benjamin, on slavery, 160. Freneau, Philip, 176 et seq.; Wash- ington's opinion of, 214. Friends, petitions of the Society of, for abolition of slavery, 160; de- nounced in Congress, 166.
Gallatin, Albert, fears of effect of laws against aliens, 243; Secretary of the Treasury, 286.
Genet, G. C., received as minister from France, 208; his recall pro- posed, 218.
Gerry, Elbridge, on slavery, 167. Giles, W. B., attack on Hamilton, 197.
Great Britain, non- observance of treaty of 1783, 64; tonnage duties of ships of, 141; war with France, 203; Jay's treaty with, 220; trade with, 264; Monroe-Pinkney treaty with, 273; orders in council, 277; war declared against, by United States, 307; repeals orders in coun- cil, 319; peace, 1814, 331.
Hamilton, Alexander, in Congress, 31; on right of taxation, 37; on basis of representation, 98; report of, as Secretary of State in 1790, 151; dif- ference with Madison, 170, 190; at- tacked by the Republicans, 193; letter to Washington, 196. Hartford Convention, 323. Henry, John, 309 et seq. Henry, Patrick, opposes the adoption
of the Constitution, 117; opposed to Madison and "Gerrymanders " the State, 126.
Impressment of seamen, 229, 268, 272, 274, 275, 288.
Jackson, F. J., British minister, 289. Jay, John, minister to Spain, 32, 34; negotiations on the Mississippi ques- tion, 82; negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 220.
Jefferson, Thomas, on religious free- dom, 68, note; on use of steam, 74; his geological theory, 75; on Shays's Rebellion, 78; letter to Washing- ton on condition of affairs, 195; re- lations with Washington, 214: Ken- tucky resolutions of 1798-99, 246; inauguration of, 252; inaugural speech, 253; purchase of Louisiana, 258; rejects Monroe-Pinkney treaty, 274; names his successor to the presidency, 283.
Jennings, Paul, on the capture of Washington, 336.
Kentucky resolutions of 1798-99, 243 et seq.
Leopard, man-of-war, fight with the Chesapeake, 275.
Lewis and Clarke Expedition, 260. Library, Congressional, proposed by Madison, 32.
Little Belt, sloop-of-war, fight with the President, 301. Livermore, Samuel, on slave-trade, 137.
Liverpool, Lord, ignorance of Henry, 312.
Louisiana, purchase of, 257.
Madison, James, birth and death, 1; ancestry, 3 et seq.; education, 10; on religious liberty, 13, 17, 66; member of Committee of Safety, 16; of Virginia Constitutional Conven- tion, 16; of Assembly, 20; delegate to Congress, 20; letter on public affairs, 1789, 21; his faithfulness and industry, 24; his pay, 25; in- structed on the right to navigation of the Mississippi, and on imposts, 34; position on public debt, 36, 154; and on taxation, 38; and on basis of representation, 39; engaged to be married, 43; elected to State Assembly, 47; on national and state commerce, 53; navigation of the Potomac, 55; proposition to Mary- land, 56; on state of commerce in Virginia, 58; proposes a national convention, 59; position on treaty obligations, 65; his tastes and stud- ies, 71; on steam-power, 73; pre- historic relics in Virginia, 74; on necessity of union of the States, 77, 79, 314, 336; course on the Missis- sippi question and National Conven- tion in Virginia Assembly, 85; "father of the Constitution," 88; on slave representation, 98; differ- ence between the North and the South, 104; on slavery, 109, 162, 333; in the Constitutional Conven- tion, 113; author of papers in "The Federalist," 116; delegate to Con- stitutional Convention of Virginia, 117 de Warville's sketch of him, 122; candidate for First Congress, 124; opposed by Patrick Henry, 126; on presidential title, 130; on free trade, 132; on the slave-trade, 137; difference with Hamilton, 174; changes his party, 181 et seq.; jour-
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