ter of her world-renowned schools. The first blow has fallen upon the Normal Schools. The science of teaching which has heretofore occupied six hours each week, is to be restricted to two hours, and the course of study is to embrace only the things to be taught in the primary schools. The time thus saved is to be devoted to the catechism. The reason for all this is that the teachers have indulged in too much freedom of opinion, and it is charged that the schoolmasters were at the bottom of those revolutionary movements which for the last few years have given the governments so much trouble. The teachers henceforth are to learn only what they are expected to teach, and it is rightly enough judged that this will kill the spirit of learning and free inquiry amongst them. Without general scholarship the teacher will become the fit tool of despotism. Thus, after all, Prussia has capped the climax of that praise which all christendom has bestowed so freely upon her public schools and her teachers. Its co-existence with despotism has long been an objection, in the American mind at least, to her system of education. This effort of despotism to crush it has wiped off only the dark spot on it. Learning and liberty are once more shown to be inseparable, and the schoolmaster has been proven the sturdiest foe of tyranny.Mich. Journal of Education. EDUCATION IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. [AUGUST, MONTHLY SUMMARY, The Board of School Trustees in Louisville, by a vote of seven to five, have dismissed several teachers in our public schools on account of their foreign birth....The whole number of pupils attending the public schools in Michigan is 173,421....Every Grammar School in the Sixteenth Ward, in the City of New York, has a fine piano for its use. The Primary depart ments alone lack this excellent aid to the preservation of order among such armies of little folks....Another Mat. Ward affair nas recently occurred in Pontotoc, Miss. It appears that Mr. Brown, the principal of the male academy at Pontotoc, had punished one of his pupils about a week since. The report of the Minister of Public Instruction, in the Hawaiian Islands, A brother of the boy that was whipped, by the name of Wray, made has been made, embracing the following heads :— 1. The common free schools. 2. The select schools. 3. General items, marriages, births and deaths, medicines, school lands, public morals, a summary of the accounts, etc. The following summary is taken from the statistical table and quarterly accounts herewith enclosed, marked A. B., and exhibits a condensed view of the free schools for the year 1854, now under a review: in vocal music threats against Mr. Brown for the aforesaid punishment, to which but little a tention was paid. On Monday, young Wray, a youth of some seventeen or eighteen years old took a position where Mr. Brown would pass on his way home from school, and waited until he came along, when Wray attacked him. Brown only acted in self defence, and those who saw it thought it only to be a scuffle between them, until they saw Brown run a few yards, his hands upon his abdomen, and fall down lifeless. While they were clinched, Wray had inflicted two wounds upon Brown with a large Bowie-knife, which killed him almost instantly. The young man was arrested at once. Mr. Brown was a man much respected, and leaves a young widow, to whom he had been married but a few months, to mourn his untimely end....The tenth annual session of the New York Teachers' Association took place recently at Utica. The proceedings were highly 5,168 interesting. The Rev. W. Ormiston, of Toronto, delivered some admirable addresses....The American Association for the advancement of education, will meet in the City of New York the latter end of this month. The pro 412 10,641 6,022 3,726 2,973 2,886 The above 10,641 scholars is the average of the four quarters; the greatest ceedings promise to be interesting....The prospectus of an "American number in the schools during the year, was 11,782. The report says the common schools are spoken of disparagingly by some, who would even abolish them altogether, and expend the entire school revenue on English schools for natives. The select schools are well spoken of. The state of public morals is improving. Out of Honolulu and Lahaina there is very little public disorder. Convictions for crimes tallen off, in the last five years, about 60 per cent. EDUCATIONAL EXHIBITION AT MALTA. An exhibition of educational apparatus and results has lately been held in Malta, at the instigation, and under the superintendence, of the Venerable Abate Pullicino, Chief Director of Primary Education. It was opened to the public in the Infant School of Valetta on the 21st April. The Chief Director read an Introductory Discourse to the teachers of the primary schools who assembled on the occassion of the opening. We have been favored with a copy. Dr. Pullicino sketched the history of the Educational Exhibition which was held in London towards the middle of last year by the Society of Arts, and the part which Malta took in it, and remarked that, if they had not been able to profit by what others contributed to that exhibition, they had at least derived this benefit from it, that it had suggested the idea of holding a similar one among themselves. He proceeded to notice some of the advantages which might be expected to result from such an exhibition: the opportunity which it would afford to the public of observing with a single coup d'œil the condition of the schools scattered through the islands; the emulation which it would excite, not so much between one individual and another, as between school and school, and which would impart life to all more or less; and the profit which the teachers would derive from it, and through them the schools. The venerable Abate next referred to the difficulty attending such exhibitions, arising from the uncertainty of seeing performances exhibited which had been executed entirely by the pupils; but he thought deception very difficult in the case of schools which were under the central direction of one person, who could easily tell when sach an abuse was committed. He then directed attention to various classes of results Journal of Education and College Review," has been issued. The Journal is to be edited by the Rev. Absalom Peters, D.D., and the Hon. Henry Barnard, LL.D. It will be published monthly, and will contain about 80 pages each number. Price $3 per annum. N. A. Calkins, Publisher, 348 Broadway, New York. EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN OHIO.-Mr. H. H. Barney, State Commissioner of Schools, states in his annual report that the total amount of funds and property appropriated to the purposes of education in Ohio, during the year 1854, is $2,256,457. 12. The enumeration of youth of the school age, as certified by the County Auditors, furnishes an aggregate of 816,408, or 4,455 more than for 1853. The number of school houses in the State is about 10,300, estimated to be worth $3,704,720. Of these 790 have been constructed during the past year, at a cost of $346,944, being an average of $451. The amount paid to teachers is set down at $1,264,481. 21. CONNECTICUT SCHOOL STATISTICS.-The following condensed statistics show the general condition of our school system:Number of towns in our commonwealth..... Number of school societies.. Number of school districts.. Number of children between 4 and 16 years of age. 153 221 1,644 100,294 1,314 $2,049,953. 05 Revenue of the school fund for the year ending March 3rd, 1855. $144,187. 78 Dividend per scholar, for year ending March 31, 1855.. $1.25 SCHOOLS IN BUFFALO.-By the report of the Superintendent of Schools in Buffalo, recently issued, it appears that there were raised in that city for school purposes, during the past year, the sum of seventy thousand dollars, and that an additional sum of twelve thousand was received from the State, making an aggregate of eighty-two thousand dollars. There are thirty dis tricts in the city, and one hundred and sixty-nine teachers. Eighteen thousand four hundred and ten pupils attend the schools. The total salaries of teachers is $59,757, of which amount the principal of the Central High school receives $1,100; the masters of the second departments $900, and the teachers (female) in the intermediate and primary departments $324. Penmanship in all the schools is under the supervision of a single teacher, at a salary of $1,000, and music under another at $900. These teachers visit the schools and give lessons successively. A teachers' Institute is held every forenoon on Saturday, with marked advantage to the teachers and schools. The Superintendent says:—“The discipline of the school is maintained admirably. Obedience and a love of the right are obtained, without frequent resort to physical force, and very few complaints are brought by teachers or parents against the pupils, for malicious injury to school property." SCHOOLS IN AMERICA.—I can positively affirm, from personal observation, that, in point of general discipline, the American schools greatly excel any I have ever seen in Great Britain. In Canada and in the States, every suitable provision is made for the purpose of decency-a thing generally neglected in the parish and burgh, schools of Scotland. I was much please with the arrangements in the American schools to prevent disorder, or improper interference one with another among the pupils. Ail are at small desks, not more than two together, in rows; so that the teacher can conveniently reach every seat in the school. It is customary likewise, to cause the pupils to enter slowly and decorously, instead of being suffered, as I observe, even in some of the most pretentious schools of Edinburgh, to rush out like so many wild animals.- Wm. Chambers. Literary and Scientific Intelligence. MONTHLY SUMMARY. The third and fourth volumes of Mr. Macaulay's History are expected to appear in the present year. The concluding volumes of Moore's Life, by Lord J. Russell, are in the press.... Above two hundred eminent scientific foreigners have been invited by the local committee to attend the meeting of the British Association in September next. Among the names are those of Louis Agassiz, Princes Charles and Lucien Bonaparte, Baron Humboldt, M. Leverrier, Baron Liebig, M. Quetelet, Chevalier Bunsen, Professor Encke, Dr. Freund, &c. ...A correspondent of "Notes and Queries" furnishes an interesting historical account of the Parliamentary documents of England. According to his statement, the first publication of a Parliamentary paper took place in 1641, and the first committee for the purpose was appointed in 1642. The papers were printed in vast numbers, as they were placed in the hands of every constable, head borough and tithingman, to be read to the inhabitants of each town or parish. The first collection of Parliamentary papers was made in 1643. From that date the publication has been continued under various modifications....A large number of Greek and Latin MSS. have been found in the Ottoman Empire by a company of gentlemen, who have been deputed by the French Government to make literary researches....Prof. Agassiz announces the contemplated publication of a great work, entitled "Contributions to the Natural History of America," to be embraced in ten quarto volumes of about 300 pages, illus. trated by twenty plates. This mammoth undertaking will be carried on, on the condition that the author shall receive the needed encouragement in the way of subscriptions....The almost entire neglect of study by the German clergymen, after they have left the University, is said to be a striking fact characterizing them. An inquiry has been instituted by the well-known publisher, Perthes, who publishes all the works of Neander, Tholuck, Uleman, and others of the most widely read authors, the result of which is that on an average only one copy in fifty of Neander's works has been purchased by a clergyman. All literary activity is confined to the Universities and to professed scholars. The indolence and stupidity of many of the country pastors are without bounds....The strange story of Newton's mental aberration, so uncharitably insisted on by Biot, is for ever set at rest by new proofs having been discovered of Newton's vigorous and unclouded intellect at the period of his alleged insanity....The Geographical Society of Paris has voted to Captain McClure, R. N., the gold medal, for his discovery of the north-west passage; and to Captain Inglefield, R. N., a silver medal, for his discoveries in the Arctic regions. £5,000 has also been granted to Captain McClure, and £10,000 to be distributed among the other officers and crew, for the discovery of the north-west passage....From September 1st, 1852, to the end of 1853, there were published in Austria 2,787 works in the German language, 2,723 in Italian and Romanic, 428 Hungarian, 659 Slavic, 24 French, 4 English, 1 Swedish, 173 Latin, Greek, 14 Hebrew, 7 and 4 Armenian....The Athenæum states that M. Cortambert, first secretary of the Société de Geographie, has published a map of the celebrities of France, showing the distribution of talent over the country, by indicating the birthplaces of the great men. It appears, from this map, that the district of La Manche has produced the greatest number of poets, historians, philosophers, and artists: that the part of the country near the North Sea, is the cradle of most of the great warriors; that orators, naturalists, physicians, and inventors were mostly born in the region of the Mediterranean; and that the number of the politicians and lawyers is fairly balanced between the Mediterranean and La Manche. NEWTON AND LEIBNITZ.-Sir D. Brewster has taken great pains to investigate the claims advanced by the friends of Newton and Leibnitz to the invention of the Differential Calculus, upon which, after the lapse of nearly two hundred years, a verdict has not yet been pronounced. Our author, however, conceives that it is not difficult to form a correct estimate of the c'aims of the rival analysts, and arrives at the following results:-"1. That Newton was the first inventor of the method of Fluxion; that the method was incomplete in its motion; and that the fundamental principle of it was not published to the world till 1687, twenty years after he had invented it. 2. That Leibnitz communicated to Newton, 1677, his Differential Calculus, with a complete system of notation, and that he published it in 1684, three years before the publication of Newton's method.”—Athenæum. "HUDSON'S BAY" is the name of a very interesting book from the pen of the Rev. John Ryerson, just published at the Wesleyan Book Store in this City. Mr Ryerson gives a very entertaining account of a country in which all Canadians ought to feel interested. The work bounds in graphic descriptions of a district but little known, and is written in a popular style.— The manner in which the printing and binding has been executed is exceedingly creditable to the publisher. It abounds in illustrations which greatly enhance its attractiveness, and is altogether such a book as an intelligent person would wish to become possessed of. "HURRA!" is a Slavic word, which may be heard from the shores of Dalmatia to Behring's Straits, when men are called upon for any proof of courage The origin of the word is from the primitive idea, that every and valor. man that dies bravely for his country will go directly to heaven (huraj-to paradise.) Thus in the shock of battle, this cry, like that of Allah (God) among the Turks, is always heard resounding each one encouraging him. self to forget earth and despise death, by the hope of an immediate reward. SPECIMEN OF AN EXTINCT LANGUAGE. The following is Eliot's translation of the Lord's Prayer into the Indian tongue of New England, in 1661: "Nooshun kesuqut, guttianatamunach koowesuonk. Peyaumoouten kukketassootamoon, kukkenantoomoonk nee n nach ohkeit neane kesuqut. Nummeetsuongash ssekesukokish assamiineau yedyeu kesukod. Kah ahquontamaiiunean nummatcheougash neane matchenehukqueagig nutahquontammounonog. Ahque sa kompagunaiinnean en gutchhueoonganit, webe pohquoh wussinean wutch machitut. kutahtann ketassootamonk, kah menuhkesuonk, kah sohsumoonk micheme. Amen." This tongue, into which Eliot translated the whole Bible, is emphatically one of the dead languages. A copy of this Bible is preserved in the library of Harvard College; but there is not a man living who can read a single verse of it. THE COMPOSITION OF BLOOD. Newutche The blood of animals is not, as it appears to the naked eye, a uniform red liquid, but consists of a colourless fluid, called lymph, in which innumerable small red particles of solid matter float In the human blood, and in that generally of animals who suckle their young, they are circular or nearly so, their surfaces being slightly concave, like the spectacles used by shortsighted persons; in birus, reptiles and fishes, they are generally oval. The surface of the discs in these species, instead of being concave are convex, like the spectacle glasses used by weak sighted persons. The thickness of these discs varies from one half to one-fourth of their diameter. Their diameter in human blood is the three thousand five-hundredth part of an inch. They are smallest in the blood of the Naper musk deer, where they measure only the twelve thousandth part of an inch. It would require fifty thousand of these discs, as they exist in the human blood, to cover the head of a small pin, and eight hundred thousand of the discs of the blood of the musk deer to cover the same surface. It follows, from these dimensions, that in a drop of human blood which would remain suspended from the point of a fine needle, there must be three millions of discs.-Lardner's Natural Philosophy." Departmental Notices. PUBLIC SCHOOL LIBRARIES, To Municipal and School Corporations in Upper Canada. Until further notice, the Chief Superintendent of Schools will apportion one hundred per cent. upon all sums which shall be raised from local sources by Municipal Councils and School Corporations, for the establishment or increase of Public Libraries in Upper Canada, under the regulations provided according to law. In selecting from the General and Supplementary Catalogues, parties will be particular to give merely the catalogue number of the book required, and the department from which it is selected. To give the names of books without their number and department, (as is frequently done,) causes great delay in the selection and despatch of a library. The list should be on a distinct sheet of paper from the letter. SCHOOL MAPS AND APPARATUS. The Legislature having granted annually, from the commencement of the current year, a sufficient sum of money to enable this Department to supply Maps and Apparatus (not text-books) to Grammar and Common Schools, upon the same terms as Library Books are now supplied to Trustees and Municipalities, the Chief Superintendent of Schools will be happy to add one hundred per cent. to any sum or sums, not less than five dollars, transmitted to the Department, and to forward Maps, Apparatus, Charts and Diagrams to the value of the amount thus augmented, upon receiving a list of the articles required by the Trustees. In all cases it will be necessary for any person, acting on behalf of the Trustees, to present a written authority to do so, verified by the corporate seal of the Trustees. EDUCATION OFFICE, TH Toronto, 18th June, 1855. ADELAIDE ACADEMY, (INCORPORATED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT.) For the Education of Young Ladies, Hamilton. THE next Academic Year will commence on the first of September. All the branches of a thorough and comprehensive Course of Education for Ladies, will, as usual, be taught in Adelaide Academy, embracing the common and higher English studies, Music, Instrumental and Vocal; Drawing, Painting in Water Colours and Oil, Crayons, &c., and Modern Languages. The Academy is furnished with a large Library, Globe, Maps, and the pecessary apparatus. Particular attention is given to the Moral and Religious instruction of Pupils, and every possible effort used to combine the comforts and superintendence of the family circle with the advantages of a Public Institution. Reference is politely permitted to the following gentlemen, and to the numerous Patrons of the Academy: The Hon. Chief Justice Sir J. B. Robinson; The Hon. Robert Baldwin; The Hon. Malcolm Cameron; The Hon. J. H. Price; Henry Ruttan, Esq., Sheriff Newcastle District; Rev. Matthew Richey, D. D.; Rev. E. Woods, President, W. M. C.; Rev. R. Burns, D. D.; W. S. Conger, Esq; Sheriff Colborne District. One Teacher for Pianoforte and one for higher English, required immediately. The salary liberal and the situation permanent. J. B. HURLBURT, A. M., B. C. L., MRS. J. B. HURLBURT, TH THE THIRTEEN II Winter Session of this Institution will commence positively on MONDAY, the first of OCTOBER next, and continue six months, under the following arrangement, viz: Hon. JOHN ROLPH, M. D.-M.R.C.S., Eng., Prof. of Principles and Practice of Surgery and Legal Medicine. Jos. WORKMAN, M. D.-Emeritus Prof. of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children. WILLIAM T. AIKINS, M. D.-Aratomy and Physiology. H. H. Wright, M. D-Principles and Practice of Medicine. U. OGDEN, M D.- Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 53 Queen Street, Toronto, July 19th, 1855. FATAL ER, 1855. Apply to W. T. AIKINS, M. D., VICTORIA COLLEGE. HE FALL TERM of this University will OPEN on THURSDAY, the 13th For further information see Gazette, copies of which may be had on ap. plication. S. S NELLES, M. A., President. Cobourg, June 23, 1855. UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO. MATRICULATION. THE ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS will commence on the 24th day of T SEPTEMBER. The following SCHOLARSHIPS will be offered for competition amongst candidates for admission, viz: In Law seven of the value of £30 per annum each (Three amongst Candidates for admission in Law and Arts simultaneously, who purpose entering on a course of study in Law, extending over five years; and four amongst Candidates for admission in Law and Arts simultaneously, and Bachelors of Arts, who purpose entering on a course of study in Law, extending over three years.) In Medicine, three of the value of £30 per annum each. In Arts, fifteen of the value of £30 per annum each. In Civil Engineering three of the value of £30 per annum each. At the same period undergraduates and Canditates for Degrees in Law and Medicine; Students of the standing of one or two years from Matriculation, and Candidates for Diplomas, in Civil Engineering, or Agriculture are, required to present themselves. The following Scholarships will then be offered for competition, viz:(1.) Amongst Students of the standing of one year from Matriculation: In Law three of the value of £30 per annum each. In Medicine, three of the value of £30 per annum each. In Civil Engineering, two of the value of £30 per annum each. In Agriculture, two of the value of £30 per annum each. (2.) Amongst Students of the standing of two years from Matriculation: In Medicine two of the value of £30 per annum each. (3.) Amongst students of the standing of three years from Matriculation: In Medicine two of the value of £30 per annum each. Each of the Scholarships, established in this University, is tenable for one year, but the Scholars of each year are eligible for the Scholarships of the succeeding year. Graduates or Undergraduates of any University in her Majesty's dominions are admissible ad eundem, but are required to produce satisfactory Certifi cates of good conduct, and of their standing in their respective Universities. Attendance on Lectures is not required as a qualification by this Univer sity, except for Students in Medicine. Candidates who purpose presenting themselves for Examination at either of the above mentioned periods, are required to transmit the necessary Certificates to the Registrar, at his office in the Parliament Buildings, at least four weeks before the first day of Examination. Further information as to subjects of Examination and other particulars, can be obtained on application to the Registrar. Senate Chamber, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, June 30th, 1855. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Journal of Education for one halfpenny per word, which may be remitted in postage stamps, or otherwise. TERMS: For a single copy of the Journal of Education, 5s. per annum; back vols, neatly stitched, supplied on the same terms. All subscriptions to commence with the January number, and payment in advance must in all cases accompany the order. Single numbers, 74d. each. All communications to be addressed to Mr. J. GEORGE HODGINS, Education Office, Toronto. TORONTO: Printed by LOVELL & GIBSON, Corner of Yonge and Melinda Strects. 139 MISCELLANEOUS.-1. A Father's Prayer, (Poetry.) 2. How to Admonish. 3. Changes in the Meaning of Words. 4. The Revivification of Animalcules. 5. Oatmeal and the Intellect. 6. Teachers Characteristics. 7. "I Would Live Better.".. VII. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.-1. Canada Monthly Summary. 2. Hamilton College. 3. British and Foreign Monthly Summary. 4. J. W. Dawson, Esq. 5. United States Monthly Summary. 6. Meeting of the American Association for the advancement of Education. 7. Brown University-retirement of Dr. Wayland 141 VIII, LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.-1. Monthly Summary. 2. Government Patronage of Literary Men. 3. Discoveries of Ancient Greek Sepulchre. IX. DEPARTMENTAL NOTICES.-1. Normal School. 2. Teachers Registers. 3. Public School Libraries. 4. School Maps and Apparatus..... X. Advertisements THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES. 143 144 144 I. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Abridged from the last Oxford Calendar. The University of Oxford is a corporate body, known for ages by the style or title of The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford: a title confirmed by the Legislature itself in the reign of Elizabeth. Its ancient privileges have been recognized and augmented by a long succession of Royal Charters from the earliest period; and these Charters themselves have been sanctioned by Parliament: for in an Act, intituled "an Act for the Incorporation of the two Universities," it is expressly declared, that all Letters Patent of preceding Sovereigns granted to the University of Oxford "shall be good, effectual, and available in law, according to the form, words, sentences, and true meaning of every, as if the same Letters Patent were recited verbatim," in the Act itself. The whole business of the University in its corporate capacity is transacted in two distinct assemblies, technically termed "Houses;" viz. the House of Congregation, and the House of Convocation. The Chancellor, or Vice-Chancellor, or, in his absence, one of his four deputies, and the two Proctors, or, in their absence, their respective deputies, preside in both Houses, where, on all occasions, their presence is indispensably requisite. Canada. No. 9. The House of Congregation consists of all Resident Members of the University of the degree of M.A. and upwards. The House of Convocation, or, as it is sometimes called, the Great Congregation, consists both of Regents and Non-Regents. But the right of sitting and voting in that House is confined by the Statutes to persons of the following descriptions:1. The Chancellor, or Vice-Chancellor, and the two Proctors, or their deputies. 2. Doctors in Divinity, Medicine, or Civil Law, who are necessary Regents; and Masters of Arts, during the first year of their necessary Regency. 3. Heads of Colleges and Halls, and their deputies, and Members on the foundation of any College, who have at any time been Regents. 4. Doctors in Divinity, Medicine, or Law; living with their families within the precincts of the University; and Professors and Public Lecturers, who have at any time been Regents; provided always that they have performed the exercise required of them by the Statutes, and paid all fees which are due to the University, and to its officers. These conditions are, indeed, in all cases indispensable; and, without fulfilling them, no one, be his situation what it may, can exercise the right of voting in Convocation. persons 5. Convictores, as the Statutes call them, that is, all not belonging to the foundation of any College or Hall, who have at any time been Regents, and whose names have been constantly kept on the books of some College or Hall, from the time of their admission to the degree of Master of Arts, or Doctor in either of the three faculties, respectively. Persons who have migrated from one College or Hall in the manner prescribed by the Statutes, and have been admitted in some other College or Hall within the space of three months, are deemed to have had their names constantly on the books, provided that during this interval they have not avoided any exercise or other burden which the University requires to be borne by its Members. Doctors and Masters of Arts, who have ceased to be Members of the University, and afterwards return to it, or who have been incorporated from Cambridge or Dublin after a personal residence of one hundred and eighty days within the year, on producing to the Vice-Chancellor, in Congregation or Convocation, a certificate of such residence from the Head of their College or Hall, may claim to be admitted into the House; and, after their admission, may continue to enjoy the privilege of voting, so long as their names remain on the books of some College or Hall, and they comply with the conditions above stated. The same privilege may also be enjoyed by persons who have been admitted to the degree of Master of Arts, or Doctor in either of the three faculties, by Diploma, or by Decree of Convocation; but not by those who have been admitted merely to Honorary Degrees. The number of persons required to make a Congregation is Nine at the least, besides the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors; but for a Convocation no particular number of Members is required. The business of Congregation is principally confined to the electing the Hebdomadal Council, the passing of Graces and Dispensations, and the granting of Degrees. Upon all questions submitted to the House, the Vice-Chancellor singly, and the two Proctors jointly, possess the power of an absolute negative. In the sole instance of supplications for Graces, but in no other, every Member of the House is invested, in addition to the general right of suffrage, with a suspending Negative upon each Grace for three times, as the Grace is proposed in three distinct Congregations; but previously to the fourth supplication, he is required to state privately to the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors the ground and proof of his objection, which are subsequently submitted to the judgment of the House for approbation or rejection. All suffrages for or against Graces and Dispensations in Congregation are to be whispered secretly in the ear of the Proctor; by a majority of which, given in the word placet, or non placet, the fate of the measure is ultimately determined. As in Congregation, so also in Convocation, the Chancellor or ViceChancellor singly, and the two Proctors jointly, are officially invested with an absolute negative upon all proceedings, except in elections. In both Houses, when the negative of the Vice Chancellor, or of the Proctors, is not interposed, every question is decided by the majority. The present Chief Officers of the University are :— -Chancellor, The Right Hon. Edw. Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of Derby, D. C. L., elected 1852; High Steward, The Right Hon. William Courtenay, Earl of Devon, D.L.C., elected 1838; Vice-Chancellor, Richard Lynch Cotton, D.D., Provost of Worcester College, elected 1852; Representatives in Parliament, Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, D. C. L., Christ Church, elected 1847; Sir William Heathcote, Bart., D. C. L., All Souls', elected 1:54. The Colleges of the University are: 1. University College, said to have been founded by King Alfred, and restored by William of Durham about 1249. The foundation consists of a Master and 12 Fellows, besides 1 Stowell Law Fellow, and 2 Radcliffe's Travelling Fellows, 17 Scholars, and 2 Lodge's Exhibitioners; also 1 Bible Clerk, who receives £86 per annum. 2. Balliol College, founded by John and Dervorgilla Balliol, about 1263. The foundation consists of a Master, 12 Fellows, and 15 Scholars. Tutor and Junior Dean, Rev. W. C. Lake, M. A.; Catechetical Lecturer, Rev. James Riddell, M. A.; Mathematical Lecturer, H. J. S. Smith, M. A. 3. Merton College, founded by Walter de Merton in 1264. The foundation consists of 1 Warden, 24 Fellows, 14 Portionista, or Post masters. 4. Exeter College, founded by Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exe ter in 1314. The foundation consists of a Rector, 25 Fellows, 9 Scholars and 1 Bible Clerk. 5. Oriel College, founded by Edward II. in 1326, on the suggestion of Adam de Brome, his almoner. The foundation now consists of a Provost and 18 Fellows, with 26 Scholars and Exhibitioners. SubDean and Junior Treasurer, Rev. J. W. Burgon, M. A.; Tutors, Rev. J. Earle, M. A.; Rev. C. Daman, M. A.; Mathematical Lecturer, F. Harrison, M. A. 6. Queen's College, founded in 1340, by Robert de Egglesfield, Chaplain to Philippa, Queen of Edward III. (from whom it is called Queen's College). There are now 16 Fellows, 2 Chaplains, 8 Taberdars and 2 Bible Clerks. 7. New College, founded by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, in 1386, for a Warden, 70 Fellows and Scholars, 10 Chaplais, 3 Clerks, 16 Choristers, 1 Schoolmaster. The Fellows and Scholars are elected from Winchester College. 8. Lincoln College, founded by R Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1427, and greatly augmented by T. Rotheram, Archbishop of York, in 1479. The present foundation consists of a Rector, 12 Fellows, 10 Scholars, 12 Exhibitioners and 2 Bible Clerks. 9. All Souls' College, founded in 437, by Archbishop Chichele, for a Warden, 40 Fellows, 2 Chaplains and 4 Bible Clerks. 10. Magdalen College, founded in 1456, by William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, for a President, 40 Fellows, 30 Scholars called Demies, a Schoolmaster, an Usher, 4 Chaplains, a Steward, an Organist, 8 Clerks and 16 Choristers. 11. Brasenose College, founded in 1509, by W. Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, Knight. The foundation now consists of a Principal and 20 Fellows, with Scholars. 12. Corpus Christi College, founded in 1516, by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, for a President, 20 Fellows, 20 Scholars and 2 Chaplains. 13. Christ Church,-this Society was originally founded by Cardinal Wolsey, in 1526, and refounded by Henry VIII. in 1546, when the Episcopal See was removed from Osney to this College, and the Church of St. Frideswide was constituted a Cathedral by the name of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford, for the maintenance of a Dean, 8 Canons, 8 Chaplains, a Schoolmaster, an Organist, 8 Clerks, 8 Choristers, together with 100 Students, to which number, one was added in 1664. 14. Trinity College was founded in 1554, by Sir Thomas Pope (on the site of Durham College), for a President, 12 Fellows and 12 Scholars. Another Scholarship was added soon afterwards by R. Blount, E-q; 3 Exhibitions have also been added, one of which is limited to Winchester College. It consists of a President, 50 Fellows and Scholars, 1 Chaplain, 1 Organist, 6 Singing Men, 8 Choristers and 2 Sextons. 15. St. John's College was founded in 1555, by Sir Thomas White. 16. Jesus College was founded by Queen Elizabeth, in 1571, on the petition of Hugh Price, L.L.D., treasurer of St. David's, who left lar ds for the maintenance of a Principal, 8 Fellows and 8 Scholars; it has since been increased by different benefactors, so that the Society at present consists of a Principal, 19 Fellows and 18 Scholars, 17. Wadham College was founded by Nicholas Wadham of Merrifield, in Somersetshire, Esq., and Dame Dorothy his wife, in 1613, for a Warden, 15 Fellows, 15 Scholars, 2 Chaplains and 2 Clerks. 18. Pembroke College, founded in 1624, by King James I., at the cost and charges of Thomas Tesdale, Esq., and Richard Wightwick, B.D. The foundation now consists of a Master, 20 Fellows and 16 Scholars. 19. Worcester College, founded in 1714, by Sir Thomas Cook es, Bart. Considerable additions have been made to this foundation, which now consists of a Provost, 21 Fellows, 16 Scholars and 3 Exhibitioners. converted by that Society into a separate place of Education in 1333, 20. St. Mary Hall, which formerly belonged to Oriel College, was and subsequently became an independent Academical Hall. 21. Magdalen Hall was originally founded by Bishop Waynflete, for students previous to a mission into his College, but became an inde pendent Hall in 1602; and the site was removed to that of Hertford College in 1822. It has several Exhibitions, and the Lusby Scholar ships, founded in 1833. 22. New Inn Hall was established about 1438. There are 19 Members of Convocation. 23. St. Edmund Hall derives its name from St. Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Henry III. It was established about 1269, and was purchased by Mr. Denyse, Provost of Queen's College, and devised by him, in 1557, to his College, who appoint the Principal. THE NEW HEBDOMADAL COUNCIL.-On October 24, 1854, was elected the Hebdomadal Council, to which are transferred all powers, privileges, and functions before possessed or exercised by the Hebdomadal Chancellor, and Proctors ex officio, 6 Heads of Colleges or Halls, 6 Board. The Hebdomadal Council consists of the Chancellor, ViceProfessors and 6 Members of Convocation, of not less than five years' standing, elected by Congregation. II. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. The University of Cambridge is a society of students in all and every of the liberal arts and sciences, incorporated (13th Eliz. c. 29) by the name of The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge. This commonwealth is a union of seventeen colleges, or societies, devoted to the study of learning and knowledge, and for the better service of the Church and State. All these colleges,* or halls, have been founded since the beginning of the reign of King Edward !.,t and are maintained by the endowments of their several founders and benefactors. Each college is a body corporate, bound by its own statutes; but is likewise controlled by the paramount laws of the University. The present University statutes were given by Queen Elizabeth in the 12th year of her reign, and, with the former privileges, were sanctioned by Parliament. They are the foundation upon which all new laws are framed. Each of the colleges, or departments, furnishes members both for Assembly is the Senate House. the executive and legislative branch of its government. The place of the three faculties, viz. Divinity, the Civil Law, or Physic, having their All persons who are Masters of Arts, or Doctors in one or other of * Colleges and Halls are synonymous here, though not so at Oxford. Thus Clare Hall is called "Collegium sive Domus, sive Aula de Clare." The first authentic charter is said to be dated 45 Henry III. and to be found among the ecords in the Tower. Those Bachelors in Divinity who are Members of the Senate, deduce their privilege from having previously taken the degree of M.A. |