for their consideration, that one great fault in the system of instruction in the schools of the country lies in the want of proper teaching in the art of writing. The great bulk of the middle and lower orders write hands too small and indistinct, or do not form their letters; or they sometimes form them by alternate broad and fine strokes, which make the words difficult to read. The handwriting which was generally practised in the early part and middle of the last century was far better than that now in common use; and Lord Palmerston would suggest that it would be very desirable that the attention of schoolmasters should be directed to this subject, and that their pupils should be taught rather to imitate broad printing than fine copperplate engraving.—I am, &c. A. WADDINGTON.-Whitehall, May, 24." This is a fit 66 common pendant to Lord Ashburton's lecture on the need for teaching things."

UNITED STATES.

MONTHLY SUMMARY

An eminent merchant of New York, Mr. Cooper, proposes to erect at his own cost an institution in that city, to be called the "Cooper Institute," and to be devoted to the promotion of science and art among all classes of the citizens. Cooper's proposed outlay for the Institute will amount to $500,000 Such instances of noble generosity now becoming frequent in the Republic are only equalled by that of a Gresham, an Owen or a Wandesford in England, and are worthy of admiration and imitation in Canada....The legislature of Connecticut has concurred in a resolution to appropriate $10,000 of the public funds in aid of the Wesleyan University in that State, provided the proposed endowment of $90,000 be raised by subscription by the friends of the institutions, thus increasing the contemplated endowment to $100,000....The Colleges in the United States number 120; of these 16 are under the direction of the Baptists; 7 are Episcopalian; 13 are Methodist; 11 are Roman Catholic; while in most of the remainder the religious sect having control, is either Presbyterian or Congregationalist. These 120 colleges have 1,000 professors, and about 11,700 students. In the New England Colleges last year, there were 2,163 students, of whom about onesixth were reported as preparing to become clergymen.

Fiterary and Scientific Intelligence.

MONTHLY SUMMARY.

The Rev. Dr. O'Meara, of Mohnatooahneng, Lake Huron, has just completed a translation of the New Testament into the Language of the Oijbwa Indians, under the patronage of the Christian Knowledge Society of London....The Rev. Dr. Ryerson, of Canada, has been elected a corresponding member of the New York Historical Society....Chevalier Bunsen, who has long been distinguished in England for his Literary, as much as for his diplomatic abilities, has recently resigned the post of Prussian Ambassador, into the hands of his Sovereign. Pro-Russian intrigue, at Berlin, is stated to be the cause of this step....Electrical communication has been effected between the Observatory of Paris, with that of the Observator of Greenwich....Lamartine has lately been engaged in writing a series of Biographical Sketches of all the eminent characters that have appeared.... Madam Sontag, the celebrated Singer, died on the 16th of June, from an attack of Cholera, while on her way from the City of Mexico, to Vera Cruz.

"The Storm Birds" is the name of a collection of vigorous songs, which have just appeared in Stockholm. One of them is entitled "Sir Charles Napier;" it is full of energy....A French inventor has contracted for the erection of a large hydraulic machine at the Crystal Palace, by which 1,000 pints of tea and coffee may be made per hour. The hot water will be supplied by a steam engine outside the building....The Earl of Rosse (celebrated as the author of the monster telescope), who has been president since 1848, when he succeeded the late Marquis of Northampton, will resign his office at the ensuing anniversary of the Royal Society, in November next; and Lord Wrottesley, who enjoys a very extensive astronomical reputation, and has already acted as one of the Society's vice-presidents, will be put in nomination as Lord Rosse's successor....One column of advertising in the London Times is worth £6000 a year to the proprietors. The surplus profits of the Times, are £60,000 a year, sterling....A French Steamer is being fitted out in the port of Varna, for the purposes of scientific inquiry: for English and French interests alike demand such a scientific examination of the Euxine. The tides, currents and winds

which prevail there, are to be carefully observed and noted down, the charts, with the rocks, shoals, and other impediments to the navigation.... Mr. Layard's ancestors emigrated from France. His father filled for many years a high judicial post in Ceylon, and largely contributed to the propogation of Christianity in that island; his grandfather Dr. T. Layard, Dean of Bristol, was one of the most eminent of English Philologists.

The Rev. Prof. F. D. Maurice, Chaplain of Lincoln's Inn, London, whose writings and social efforts have of late attracted so much attention, owing to his recent dismissal from King's College, commenced a series of lectures on "Learning and Working," the object of which, from the syllabus, to insist on the necessity for adult education, in connection with the explanation of a plan for the formation a Working Man's College....The Rev. Hugh Stowell, of Manchester, has brought out a series of lectures on the character of Nehemiah, devoted to the far too rarely handled theme of the relation between religion and business....From the pen of the Rev. James Smith, M. A. the editor of the Family Herald, we have a large volume on the "The Divine Drama of History and Civilization," an elaborate exposition of the philosophy and facts of universal history, from a novel point of view, and displaying great research and eloquence.... His brother, Dr. R. Angus Smith, of Manchester, the well-known Chemist, has also re-printed, from the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, an essay "On some ancient and modern ideas of sanitary economy," full of curious and well applied lore, and, though brief in its compass, most suggestive reading to the friend of sanitary reform....The application of "Chemistry to common life," is one of the chief facts in the history of the science, and Professor Johnston's series of tracts on that subject, (published by Messrs. Blackwood, of Edinburgh,) is re-printed by Appleton and Co., of New York ....The Bible presented by George Fox to the Swarthmore Meeting-house, near Ulverstone, and long chained to the reading-desk, is about to be restored to its place, after having for some time been in private hands. The Swar thmore Meeting-house was the first place of worship erected by the Quakers. ....A gentleman is preparing to publish an illustrated memorial of the poet of Royal Mount, to be called "Wordsworth's Wild Flowers." The work will extend to about sixty pages of letter press, and will be illustrated with four coloured engravings of groups of the flowers mentioned in Wordsworth's poems, an engraving of Royal Mount, and a fac-simile of the poet's autograph....Messrs. Kerr, Binns, and Co. have manufactured a perfect fac-simile of the "Shakspere jug." It is of cream coloured earthenware, ten inches high, and sixteen inches around the largest part. The exterior is divided longitudinally into eight compartments, each borizontally subdivided, and within these the principal deities of the Grecian Mythology, are represented in rather bold relief. Jupiter and Juno, Bacchus, Diana, Mercury, Apollo, Mars, &c. are all plainly distinguishable by their thrones and chariots, and characteristic attendants. The jug is well executed, and its descent from Shakspere's possession is said to be established in a pamphlet which has been issued by the manufacturers.... There was a large attendance of bosksellers at the Crystal Palace the other day, bargaining for space, and very hard bargains the directors drove with them, £100 being asked for a miserable little stall....A society has been formed in London, under the presidency of the Earl of Shaftesbury, "for the diffusion of pure literature among the people." It is not the purpose (says the prospectus) of the committee to publish, but to countenance and actively support the various excellent periodicals now existing, and of which a supply can be found at the depòt....So heavily is the dearness of paper pressing upon the large London daily newspapers that the proprietors of a leading metropolitan journal have offered, through Messrs. Smith and Son, the well-known news agents, of the Strand, £1000 reward to any per son who shall first succeed in inventing or discovering the means of using a cheap substitute for the cotton and linen materials now used by paper. makers....In Russia, there are this year in course of publication ninety-five newspapers, and sixty-six magazines and periodicals, devoted to the proceedings of learned societies. Of these, seventy-six newspapers and forty eight magazines are in the Russian language; fifteen newspapers and ten magazines in German; two newspapers and six magazines in French; three newspapers in English; one newspaper in Polish; and one in Latin; two newspapers in Georgian; and two in Lettish; also, three newspapers Russian and German, and two in Russian and Polish, In St. Petersburg, twenty-six newspapers and forty-two magazines are published in the languages above mentioned. Of the different news-papers in the Russian language published in St. Petersburgh, one resembles the French Moniteur, and publishes a collection of the laws and orders of the Government twice a week. Another publishes the decrees and decisions of the imperiai

in

senate. A third deals in light literature, with a sparing admixture of politics.-The Russian Invalid which told the tale of the loss of the Tiger, the other day, is a daily military newspaper. There is a government pa per which appears once a week; and another which is published daily. There are also mining journals, trade journals, farming journals, and a "Finger-post to the police of St. Petersburg....The number of newsOf the papers and periodicals published at Berlin at present is 103. political journals 45,450 copies are struck off, and 21,282 of them are subscribed for at Berlin. There is one journal for every nineteen of the population

New

ORIGINS OF NAMES OF AMERICAN STATES.-Maine, so called in 1638, from the province of Maine in France, of which Queen Henrietta Maria was then proprietor. New Hampshire, bought by the Plymouth Company from Capt. Masson, received its name of "Hampshire," from that County in England, of which Captain Masson was Governor. Vermont, so called by its inhabitants in their declaration of independence, Jan. 16 1777-Ver Mont. Massachusetts, from a tribe of Indians inhabiting the neighbourhood of Boston: the meaning of the word is "Blue Mountains." Rhode Islands, so named in 1044, after the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Connecticut, the Indian name of the principal river in that state. York, after the Duke of York and Albany, to whom the territory had been conceded. Pennsylvania, in 1681 after Mr. Penn. Delaware, in 1703, from the bay of that name, on the shores of which this state is situate and where Lord Delaware died. Maryland, after Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., in Annals of Parliament, of June 30, 1682. Virginia, so named in 1584, after Queen Elizabeth. Carolina, so called by the French in 1564, in honour of Charles IX. Georgia, in 1772, after George III. Alabama, 1817, from the principal river traversing that state. Mississippi, in 1800, from its affluents and western borders: Mississippi, in Indian language, means a river formed of several rivers. Louisiana, so named in honour of Louis XIV. Tennessee, 1796; Kentucky, 1782; Illinois, 1809, from their principal rivers-Illinois, in the language of the Indians, means River of Men. Indiana, 1802, from its American Indian population. Ohio, 1802, from the name

of its southern frontier.

Missouri, 1821, from the river. Michigan, 1803, from the name of its lake. Arkansas, 1819, from its principal river. Florida, so named in 1572, by Juan Ponce de Leon, because its shores were discovered on a Palm Sunday, or "Pâques Fleuri."

The Crystal Palace of Sydenham, was opened by the Queen, with grea: pomp on the 10th of June. The following address, explanatory of the object in view, was presented to her Majesty.

"This undertaking, the inauguration of which your Majesty this day honours with your presence, originated in the wish to carry out the grand idea of the Great Exhibition of 1851. Private enterprise, appealed to in the interests of civilization, supplied the funds. The men whose names had acquired European celebrity in connection with the Crystal Palace of 1851, placed their services at the disposal of the directors in their respective dep.rtments. The enlightened patronage of royalty, the sympathy and support of public opinion, the generous co-operation of distinguished men in science and art, urged on the undertaking, and impressed it with a national character. The liberality of foreign governments threw open every museum, and afforded facilities never before known for acquiring a complete

series of the finest works of ancient and modern art.

"Thus aided and encouraged, the original idea expanded into wider dimensions. It was resolved to attempt the creation of a palace and park which should be at once a fitting ornament of the greatest metropolis of the civilized world—an unrivalled school of art and instrument of education, and a monument worthy of the age and of the British Empire.

"With these views the directors embraced three leading objects in their undertaking-amusement and recreation, instruction, and commercial utility. "The first object was sought to be attained by the creation of a new Crystal Palace, far exceeding the original structure of 1851, in dimensions and in architectural effect-of a terraced garden and park on a scale of magnificence worthy of the Palace-and of a system of fountains and waterworks surpassing anything which the world has yet witnessed.

"The educational object embraces a complete historical illustration of the arts of sculpture and architecture from the earliest works of Egypt and Assyria down to modern times; comprising casts of every celebrated statute in the world, and restorations of some of its most remarkable monuments. "In science, geology, ethnology, zoology, and botany, receive'appropriate illustrations; the principle of which, has been to combine scientific accuracy

with popular effect, and in its ultimate development the directors are bold enough to look forward to the Crystal Palace of 1854, becoming an illustra ted encyclopædia of this great and varied universe, where every art and every science may find a place, and where every visitor may find something to interest, and be taught through the medium of the eye to receive impressions, kindling a desire for knowledge, and awakening instincts of

the beautiful.

"Combined with art and science, industry receives its due representation. The Industrial Exhibition is based on principles of commercial utility, taught by the experience of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The advantage to national interests of a place where the best products of different industries and localitities could be seen and appreciated, was no less manifest than the importance to individual producers of such an unrivalled means of publicity, and the conveniences to buyers and sellers of such a world's fair for the exhibition and inspection of goods, and the transaction cf mutual business." Description of the New Crystal Palace at Sydenham,

"The building above the level of the floor is entire ly of iron and glass with the exception of a portion at the north front, which is panelled with wood. The whole length of the main building is 1,608 feet, and the wings 574 feet each, making a length of 2,756 feet, which, with the 720 feet in the colonnade, leading from the railway station to the wings, gives a total length of 3,476 feet; or nearly three-quarters of a mile of ground covered with a transparent roof of glass. The length of the Hyde-park building was, 1,848 feet, so that, including the wings and colonnade, the present structure is larger than its predecessor by 1,628 feet; the area of the ground floor, including the wings, amounts to the astonishing quantity of 598,396 superficial feet; and the area of gallery flooring of building and wings to 245,260 superficial feet, altogether 843,656 superficial feet. In cubic contents the Palace at Sydenham exceeds its predecessor by nearly one-half. The width of the nave or main avenue is 72 feet, which is also the width of the north and south transepts, and the height of all three from the floor to the springing or base of the arch, is 68 feet; the height from the flooring to the crown or top of the arch being 104 feet, just the height of the transept of the old building. The length of the north and south transepts is 336 feet respectively. The length of the central transept is 384 feet; its width 120 feet; its height from the floor to the top of the louvre, or ventilator, 168 feet; from the floor to the springing of the arch, 108 feet; and from the garden front to the top of the louvre, 208 feet, or six feet higher than the Monument of London.

"The flooring consists of boarding one inch and a-half thick, laid as in the old building, with half-inch openings between them, and resting on

joists, placed two feet a-part, seven inches by two and a-half inches thick These joists are carried on sleepers and props eight feet apart. The girders which support the galleries and the roofwork, and carry the brick arches over the basement floor, are of cast-iron, and are 24 feet in length. The connections between the girders and columns are applied in the same manner as in the building of 1851. The principle of connection was originally condemned by some men of standing in the scientific world; but experience has proved it to be sound and admirable in every respect. The mode of connection is not merely that of resting the girders on the columns, in order to support the roofs and galleries; but the top and the bottom of each girder are firmly secured to each of the columns, so that the girder preserves the perpendicularity of the column, and secures lateral stiffness to the edifice. Throughout the building the visitor will notice, at certain intervals, diagonally placed, rods connected at the crossing, and uniting column with column. These are the diagonal bracings, or the rods provided to resist the action of the wind; they are strong enough to bear any strain that can be brought to bear against them, arnd are fitted with screwed connections and couplings, so that they can be adjusted with the greatest accuracy....The roof, from end to end, is on the Paxton ridge-andfurrow system, and the glass employed in the roof is 1-13th of an inch in thiceness (21 oz. per foot). The discharge of the rain water is effected by gutters, from which the water is conveyed down the inside of the columns, at the base of which are the necessary outlets leading to the main drains of the building....The first gallery is gained from the ground floor by means of a flight of stairs about 23 feet high; eight such flights being distributed over the building. This gallery is 24 feet wide, and devoted to the exhibition of articles of industry. The upper gallery, is 8 feet wide, extending, like the other, round the building; it is gained from the lower gallery by Round this upper gallery, at the spiral staircases, of which there are ten. very summit of the nave and transepts, as well as round the ground floor of

VI. A Code for the School....

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130

131

142

VII. EDITORIAL.-1. The Promotion of Public Libraries in Upper Canada. 2. Official Answers to Questions proposed by Local School Authorities. 3. To Local Superintendents. 4. Grammar Schools a National Concern... VIII. MISCELLANEOUS.-1. Boy Literature. 2. Children, Time, and Money. 3. Children versus Colts. 4. Observe Punctuality in all your Engagements 5. Idleness. 6. Give your Children Education 185 IX. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.-1. Canada Monthly Summary. 2. Essex County Grammar School. 3. British and Foreign Monthly Summary. 4. Middle Class Education. 5. The Educational Exhibition in London........

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X. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE.-1. Monthly Summary. 2. Canadian Geological Collection. 3. The Literary Pensions for the Year. 4. Prizes of the French Academy. 5. Statistics of the Bible. 6. Statistics of Russia. 7. The Aland Islands. Physical Features of Japan.... XI. Advertisements...

Canada.

No. 8.

River Main, close to the Ober Main Thor. It contains sixty thousand volumes of books, or one volume for every inhabitant. It also contains, as curiosities, two pair of Luther's shoes. In addition, it possesses Luther's portrait, which was formerly kept in the Römer, or Town house, and a marble statue of Goethe, by Marchessi. The library is open four days in the week to all the citizens of Frankfort, both as a reading and a reading library; but for borrowers, not being citizens of Frankfort, some citizen must be responsible. In addition to the "Town Library," there are also four other libraries in Frankfort accessible to the public. They are, however, of minor importance.

Frankfort is rich in collections connected with literature and art, and in establishments intended to promote them. The chief of these are Städel Institute, so named after its founder, a Frankfort banker, who bequeathed about £80,000 to establish a public gallery and school of art, and whose views have already

Rüppel; the town library, possessed of 60,000 volumes, and several valuable MSS., and other curiosities, besides a picture gallery. In the garden of the banker Bethmann is to be seen the beautiful and well-known statue of Ariadne, by Dannecker. The literary and other scientific associations include a medical institute, physical, geographical, and polytechnic, and several musical societies. The chief educational establishments are the gymnasium, the Muster, the Middle, several other public, and numerous private schools.

Within the town no fewer than 29 squares are counted; but the far greater part of them are very paltry. The most deserving of notice are the Rossmarket, the largest of all, with a fine fountain in its centre; the Paradeplatz, the Liebfranenberg, the Paulsplatz, and the Römerberg. The last is perhaps the richest in historical recollections, and possesses, in the Römer or town-house, a venerable structure, of which the following description may be interesting:—It is of very early date, and is supposed to have derived its name from the Italian, commonly called Römer (Romans,) who, at the great fairs of the town, lodged their goods in it. It was first purchased by the magistrates in 1405, and, continuing to undergo successive alterations and additions, was not completed in its present form till 1740. In the course of the changes made upon it, all uniformity of design has been lost, and it has hence become a large pile of not much architectural merit. Its chief interest lies in its interior. In one of its halls, the Wahlzimmer, the electors of the empire met and made their arrangements for the election of the emperor, and the Senate of Frankfort now holds its sittings. In another, the Kaisersaal, the emperor was banqueted after his election, and waited on at table by kings and princes. The ceiling of this hall has been richly decorated by modern artists, with strict adherence to the original style, and its walls contain niches filled with 52 portraits, being those of the whole German Emperors, in regular succession, from Conrad I. to Francis II.

unfit the strongest-minded man for any occupation requiring the exgenerally admitted that the possession of good health is the greatest ercise of patience, perseverance, and judgment. But although it is of earthly blessings, and that without it learning, honour, success, and everything else for which man toils, are unsatisfactory, and in their enjoyment do not repay the labour of their acquisition; still we too often see its maintenance neglected and trifled with, and made a se condary consideration rather than a primary object. The advice given by Sir Horace Mann to a young friend about to commence his studies for the bar-advice founded upon years of painful experience and regret should be deeply impressed on the minds of all who have to earn their daily bread, or maintain their position in society, more by the exertion of the brain than the labour of the hands. He says: "First you need health. An earnest student is prone to ruin his health. Hope cheats him with the belief, that if he can study now without cessation he can do so always. Because he does not see the of health is one of the most reprehensible of spendthrifts. I am cerend of strength, he foolishly concludes there is no end. A spendthrift tain I could have performed twice the labour, both better and with greater case to myself, had I known as much of the laws of health the motions of the planets as carefully as though they would have and life at twenty-one as I now do. In college I was taught all about been in danger of getting off their track if I had not known how to trace their orbits; but about my own organization and the conditions indispensable to the healthy functions of my own body, I was left in profound ignorance. Nothing could be more preposterous. I ought to have begun at home, and taken the stars when it should come to their turn. The consequence was, I broke down at the beginning of my second college year, and have never had a well day since. Whatever labour I have since been able to do, I have done it all on credit instead of capital-a most ruinous way, either in regard to health or money. For the last twenty-five years, so far as it regards health, I have been put from day to day on my good behaviour, and. during the whole of that period, as a Hibernian would say, if I had lived as other folk do for a month I should have died in a fortnight..... Health has a great deal to do with what the world calls talent. Take a lawyer's life throughout, and high health is at least equal to fifty per cent, more than brain. Endurance, cheerfulness, wit, eloquence, attain a force and splendour with health, which they never can ap proach without it. It often happens that the credit awarded to intellect belongs to digestion. Though I do not beleive that genius and eupepsy are convertible terms, yet the former can never rise to its loftiest enterprise before him, first looks round for suitable instruments whereheights unaided by the latter.... ...Again, a wise man, with a great with to execute it, and he thinks it all important to command these instruments before he begins his labour. Health is an indispensable instrument for the best qualities and highest finish of all work."

The maintenance of health is by no means so difficult, nor does it require so much skill as is sometimes imagined. Nature teaches her own laws, (even the brute will avoid that which instinct teaches him will

TEACHER AND PUPIL.

The increasing experience of medical men, and the elaborate statistics of disease which have from time to time been given to the reading public, all tend to prove that the various classes of society are, from their habits of life and other circumstances attending their different occupations, liable to diseases and disordered states of health peculiar to themselves, and either resulting from, or controlled by, those circumstances. Thus, those who have the charge of youth, whose occupation is sedentary, who are confined for several hours during the day to the desk and the school room, who have their share of anxiety, and who are daily subject to occurrences calculated to "try the temper," and disturb their equanimity, are liable to certain disordered states of health arising from these causes; and there are also various deviations from health, to which the schoolboy is subject. Frequently he is taken from "his paternal fields," or his "native hills," with their pure bracing air and enlivening prospects, to exchange his unbounded freedom and his rustic amusements for the comparative restraint of a schoolastic establishment, and a regular routine of study and application It is intended to give a few hints, for the preservation and restoration of the health of those exposed to the influences above mentioned-not to treat of diseases already existing, but to show the means best calculated to prevent their occurrence, or to check them when in their most simple and initiatory form.

To no man is the possession of the "mens sana in corpore sano" of more value than to the teacher, for without the latter the former is of little avail, and often becomes a cause of pain, rather than a blessing. So close is the connection and sympathy between the body and the mind, that it is impossible for disordered functions to exist for any length of time in the one without seriously affecting the other; and there are certain diseases of the digestive organs, or (as they are commonly called) dyspeptic affections, which, by causing mental depression, drowsiness, inability to fix the attention, and mental irritability, will

breach of those observances which are necessary for our well-being. Health is not to be maintained, nor even restored, by the "practice of domestic medicine," or by the administration of the various advertised panaceas with which our daily and weekly journals abound; neither Morrison, Holloway and Co.,-nor Du Barry's ground lentil powder, those compounds of gamboge, colocynth and blue pill, vended by rejoicing in the euphonious title of Revalenta Arabica,-nor even the well directed prescription of the legitimate practitioner,-will be of service. without the strict observance of certain rules and regulations, the performance of which depends entirely upon the patient himself. As we have touched on the subject of "quackery," perhaps it will not be out of place to mention a kind of "quackery" which has often done much harm, and which is frequently practised in large schools and other establishments for the young; we mean that kind of "domestic practice "which-with Graham, or Culpepper, on the one hand; and senna, salts, rhubarb, and perhaps such potent medicines as calomel and antimony on the other-looks into the "books" for a local pain or isolated symptom of disease, as though it were consulting a lexicon, and then administers the supposed remedies as freely, and with as little compunction, as though it was merely explaining the simple meaning of some ambiguous word or intricate sentence. Now this is wrong; for supposing the case to be one really requiring medicine, if the "dose" given does no harm, it wastes time, and perhaps allows a simple ailment to become actual disease; and besides, when the medical attendant is called in, he finds the symptoms masked by the effects of the drugs which have been taken, and cannot be so decided in his measures as if there had been no previous interference. But to proceed. It is one of the fixed and immutable laws of nature that no one organ or system of organs can be long exercised to the neglect and desuetude of the rest, without eventually leading to morbid changes in the over-exercised or neglected organs, or both. In those who read attentively, think deeply, and study diligently, the brain is the organ constantly employed; but the brain in addition to