similar grants were made to the Southern mary of such receipts in the period 1880Pacific (branch line) and Texas and Pa- 1900, both inclusive, with principal cific. Many of the grants made in the sources. earlier years of the system were enlarged. The aggregate amount of land granted is more than 215,000,000 acres, but the amount made available is not more than 187,000,000 acres. By the aid of these grants over 15,000 miles of railroad have been built. Their benefits have extended to all parts of the country, and cannot be estimated by values. See CANALS; PUBLIC DOMAIN; RAILROADS. Internal Revenue. The following table shows the total collections of internal revenue in the United States in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, by States and Territories: New York North Carolina. Ohio Oregon, Washington, and Alaska Pennsylvania South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total Aggregate $539,015.22 The re-imposition of adhesive stamps in 1898 was provided for in the War Revenue Act of that year. The war revenue and the receipts of the national treasury from other sources having been much larger than was anticipated, and having produced a surplus largely in excess of the actual financial needs of the country, Congress adopted a conference report on a bill to reduce the war revenue on Feb. 28, 1901, to go into effect on July 1 next ensuing. The revenue reduction was expected to amount to $42,165,000 per annum, the repeal of various stamp taxes and a few changes in the existing law concerning specified articles being estimated to make the following itemized reductions: Commercial brokers, $138,000; certifi4,517,498.34 cates of deposits, $200.000; promissory 1,313,596.46 notes, $3,500,000; bills of lading for ex3,040.783.28 port, $100,000; telegraphic despatches, 725.142.72 $800,000; telephone messages, $315,000; 917.892.03 bonds other than indemnity, $25,000; cer7,454.30 ceipts, $250,000; express receipts, $800,9,002,373.14 000; proprietary medicines, cosmetics, and 7,953,569.58 chewing-gum, $3,950,000; legacies, $500,4.925.024.48 000; cigars, $3,100,000; tobacco, $7.000,2.814,113.23 000; small cigars and cigarettes, $500,16,694,171.67 718.365.33 000; beer, $9,800,000; bank checks, $7.000,000; foreign bills of exchange, $50,000: money orders, $602,000; manifest for Custom House, $60,000. 3,383,918.23 1,309,361.06 8,828,895.04 131.256.67 46,475,135.22 6,331,933.36 1,248,743.91 25,923.506.35 312.911.22 International Arbitration. See ARBI TRATION, INTERNATIONAL. International Law, the name now 21,345,489.63 given to what was formerly known as the Law of Nations. It is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages, and to have been first applied for the purpose 2,295,606.01 of regulating commercial transactions. 1.541.474.47 From this fact it took the name of "com5,433.820.05 mercial law." and subsequently was ex10.502.994.09 tended to transactions other than commercial of an international character. Today the aim of international law is to The table on opposite page gives a sum- prevent war. The distinctive features of 1,552.826.40 $295,316.107.57 Of the receipts in 1900 classed as Miscellaneous," $2,884.492 was from legacies: $4,515,641 from special taxes on bankers, billiard rooms, brokers, and exhibitions; and $1,079,405 from excise tax on gross receipts, under the War Revenue law of 1898; $2,543,785 from oleomargarine; $331,011 from playing cards; $193,721 from penalties; and $17,064 from filled cheese. international law may be summarized in brief as follows: First, that every nation possesses an exclusive sovereignty and jurisdiction in its own territory; second, that no State or nation can by its law directly affect or bind property out of its own territory, or persons not resident therein, natural born subjects or others; third, that whatever force the laws of one country have in another depends solely on the municipal laws of the latter. There have been numerous congresses of international law experts for the purpose of simplifying and making more definite the obligations which one country owes to another, and in these congresses the United States has occupied a conspicuous place. The Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations held its first session in Brussels, Oct. 10, 1873, and subsequent ones were held in Geneva, The Hague, Bremen, Antwerp, Frankfort, London, Berne, Cologne, Turin, and Milan. An Institute of International Law was organized in Ghent in 1873, and has since held numerous sessions in various cities of Europe, The most conspicuous action of the nations concerning the abolition of international hostilities was taken in the Peace Conference at The Hague, in 1899, to which the United States was also a party. See CODES; FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY. International Monetary Conference. See BIMETALLISM; MAXWELL. International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons, a religious order consisting of small circles of men, women, and children. It is non-sectarian, and its members may be found in nearly all churches and in nearly every country. It was established in New York City in 1886 by a circle of ten women. Its aim is to help the needy and suffering, to consider the poor, and to engage in all good works. The members wear a small silver badge in the shape of a cross, bearing the letters I. H. N. on one side, and the date 1886 on the other. In 1900 it was estimated that the society numbered more than 500,000 members. It ranks among the strongest and most useful societies in the world. The headquarters are at 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. In 1900 the officers were: President, Mrs. F. Bottome; vicepresident, Miss Kate Bond; general secretary, Mrs. Mary L. Dickinson; treasurer, Mrs. J. C. Davis; recording secretary, Mrs. Robert Sturgis; and corresponding secretary, Mrs. Isabella Charles Davis. Interoceanic Ship Canal. See NICARAGUA CANAL; PANAMA CANAL. Intrepid, THE. The ketch Intrepid, used in the destruction of the PHILADELPHIA (q. v.), had been converted into a floating mine for the purpose of destroying the piratical cruisers in the harbor of Tripoli. In a room below deck 100 company engaged in the perilous enterbarrels of gunpowder were placed, and prise. The Intrepid entered the harbor immediately above them a large quantity at nine o'clock in the evening. The night of shot, shell, and irregular pieces of was very dark. Many eager eyes were iron were deposited. Combustibles were turned towards the spot where her shadplaced in other parts of the vessel. On owy form was last seen. Suddenly a the night of Sept. 3, 1804, the Intrepid fierce and lurid light streamed up from INTREPID MEMENTO AT WASHINGTON the dark waters like volcanic fires and illuminated the surrounding objects with its lurid glare-rocks, flotilla, castle, town, and the broad bosom of the harbor. This was followed by an instant explosion, and for a few moments flaming masts and sails and fiery bomb shells rained upon the waters, when suddenly all was again dark. Anxiously the companions of the intrepid men who went into the harbor awaited their return. They never came back. What was the cause of the premature explosion that destroyed vessels and men will never be known. The belief was that the ketch was captured by the Tripolitans on the watch, and that Somers, preferring death to miserable captivity, had himself applied a lighted match to the powder. A fine monument white marble, erected to the memory of the slain men and the event-first placed at the navy-yard at Washington, D. C.-now stands at the western front of the national Capitol. of was towed into the harbor by two boats, the whole under the command of Captain Somers, attended by Lieutenant Wadsworth, of the Constitution, and Mr. Israel, Inundations. For a long period of an ardent young man who got on board time the principal inundations in the the Intrepid by stealth. These, with a United States were caused by the overfew men to work the torpedo-vessel, and flowing of the banks of the Mississippi the crews of the boats, constituted the River. The record of these disasters. al though not containing many individual cases, is a distressing one because of the vast amount of property destroyed and the large number of lives lost. The following briefly summarizes the most notable inundations in the United States: 1816.-The White Mountain region in New Hampshire was flooded by a deluge of rain after a drought of two years. Several valleys were completely under water, and large tracts of forests were torn from the ground and washed down the mountain sides. 1849, May 12.-A flood in New Orleans spread over 160 squares and submerged 1,600 buildings. 1874, May 16.-The bursting of a reservoir on Mill River, near Northampton, Mass., caused the destruction of several villages in the valley and the loss of 144 lives. 1874, July 24.-A waterspout burst in Eureka, Nev., and with the attendant heavy rains caused a loss of between twenty and thirty lives. 1874, July 26.-An unusual fall of rain caused the overflow of the rivers in western Pennsylvania and the loss of 220 lives. 1881, June 12.-Disastrous floods began in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Missouri, lasting several days, and causing the destruction of much property. 1882, Feb. 22.-The valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers were flooded, and the loss of life and property was so great that the governor of Mississippi made a public appeal for help. 1883, February.-Portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky were visited by a disastrous flood, which was most severe at Cincinnati, lasting several days. 1884, February.-The Ohio River overflowed its banks, causing the loss of fifteen lives and rendering 5,000 people homeless. 1886, Jan. 5.-Pennsylvania, New York, and several of the New England States were visited by floods, and great damage was done to property. 1886, Aug. 20.-A storm in Texas was followed by a flood, which was particular ly disastrous in Galveston, where twentyeight lives were lost and property damaged to the extent of more than $5,000,000. 1889, May 31.-The rising of the Conemaugh River, in Pennsylvania, under incessant rain, caused the breaking of the dam about 18 miles above Johnstown. The great mass of water rushed down to the city in seven minutes, and at the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, near the city, it became dammed up, greatly increasing the loss of life and collecting a large mass of débris, which afterwards took fire and added further to the destruction. Official reports after the disaster placed the total number of lives lost at 2.142, and the value of property destroyed at $9,674,105. Nearly $3,000,000 was raised for the relief of the sufferers, contributions being sent from nearly every State and large city in the United States, and from several cities in Europe. In the distribution of the relief, the sum of $1,500 was given to each of 124 women made widows, and $50 annually till they should reach the age of sixteen was assigned to each of 965 children made orphans or half orphans. 1890, March and April.—The levees of the Mississippi River gave way in many places and the waters flooded large areas of land in Mississippi and Louisiana. The worst crevasse was caused by the giving way of the Morgansea, near Bayou Sara, which had been built by the federal and State governments at a cost of about $250,000. 1900, Sept. 6-9.-A tropical hurricane visiting the Southern coast spent its fury at and near Galveston, Tex., on Sept. 9. The loss of life and property here was the largest ever reported in the history of the United States from this cause, the loss of life being officially estimated at about 7,000, and the value of property destroyed about $30,000,000. The latter included the United States military post. The relief contributions from various sources in the United States and Europe amounted to over $1,500,000. 1901, June 22.-A cloudburst occurred near the headwaters of the Elkhorn and Dry Fork rivers, whose confluence form the main Tug River in the Flat Top coal region of West Virginia. A disastrous flood ensued, causing the loss of many lives and the destruction of a large amount of property. The consequent distress was such that Governor White appealed to the citizens of the State for relief for the sufferers. Investigating Committees. The first investigating committee appointed by Congress was in the case of the defeat of GEN. ARTHUR ST. CLAIR (q. v.). It was a special committee, empowered to send for persons and papers. Their call upon the War Department for all papers relating to the affair first raised the question of the extent of the authority of the House in such matters. The cabinet unanimously agreed that the House had no power to call on the head of any department for any public paper except through the President, in whose discretion it rested to furnish such papers as the public good might seem to require and admit, and that all such calls must be made by a special resolution of the House, the power to make them being an authority which could not be delegated to any committee. This decision of the cabinet established the method ever since practised of calling upon the President for public papers. Iowa was originally a part of the vast Territory of Louisiana, ceded to the United States in 1803. The first settlement by Europeans was made by Julian Du Buque, who, in 1788, obtained a grant of a large tract, including the site of the city of Dubuque and the mineral lands around it. There he built a fort, and manufact-ured lead and traded with Indians until his death, in 1810. The Territory was placed under the jurisdiction of Michigan in 1834, and in 1836 under that of Wisconsin. It was erected into a separateTerritory June 12, 1838, and included all the country north of Missouri between the Mississippi and the Missouri and the British line. This comprised a greater part of Minnesota and the whole of the present Dakotas, with an area of 94.000square miles. The government was established at Iowa City, in 1839. In 1844 a State constitution was formed, but an application for admission into the Union was denied. The admission was effected Dec. 28, 1846, and in 1857 the capital was established at Des Moines. This State |