ology-but inside of their religious rags they agree with Thomas Paine. Not one argument that Paine urged against the inspiration of the Bible, against the truth of miracles, against the barbarities and infamies of the Old Testament, against the pretensions of priests and the claims of kings, has ever been answered. His arguments in favor of the existence of what he was pleased to call the God of Nature were as weak as those of all theists have been. But in all the affairs of this world, his clearness of vision, lucidity of expression, cogency of argument, aptness of comparison, power of statement and comprehension of the subject in hand, with all its bearings and consequences, have rarely, if ever, been excelled. He had no reverence for mistakes because they were old. He did not admire the castles of feudalism even when they were covered with ivy. He not only said that the Bible was not inspired, but he demonstrated that it could not all be true. This was "brutal." He presented arguments so strong, so clear, so convincing, that they could not be answered. This was "vulgar." He stood for liberty against kings, for humanity against creeds and gods. This was "cowardly and low." He gave his life to free and civilize his fellow-men. This was infamous." Paine was arrested and imprisoned in December, 1793. He was, to say the least, neglected by Gouverneur Morris and Washington. He was released through the efforts of James Monroe in November, 1794. He was called back to the convention, but too late to be of use. As most of the actors had suffered death, the tragedy was about over and the curtain was falling. Paine remained in Paris until the "reign of terror" was ended and that of the Corsican tyrant had commenced. Paine came back to America hoping to spend the remainder of his life surrounded by those for whose happiness and freedom he had labored so many years. He expected to be rewarded with the love and reverence of the American people. In 1794 James Monroe had written to Paine these words: "It is unnecessary for me to tell you how much all your countrymen-I speak of the great mass of the people are interested in your welfare. They have not forgot the history of their own Revolution and the difficult scenes through which they passed: nor do they review its several stages without reviving in their bosoms a due sensibility of the merits of those who served them in that great and arduous conflict. The crime of ingratitude has not yet stained, and I You are considered by them as not only havhope never will stain, our national character. ing rendered important services in our own Revolution, but as being on a more extensive scale the friend of human rights and a distinguished and able advocate of public liberty. To the welfare of Thomas Paine we are not and cannot be indifferent." In the same year Mr. Monroe wrote a letter to the committee of general safety, asking for the release of Mr. Paine, in which, among other things, he said: "The services Thomas Paine rendered to his country in its struggle for freedom have implanted in the hearts of his countrymen a sense of gratitude never to be effaced as long as they shall deserve the title of a just and generous people.” On reaching America Paine found that the sense of gratitude had been effaced. He found that the Federalists hated him with all their hearts because he believed in the rights of the people and was still true to the splendid principle advocated during the darkest days of the Revolution. In almost every pulpit he found a malignant and implacable foe, and the pews were filled with his enemies. The slavehelders hated him. He was held responsible even for the crimes of the French Revolution. He was regarded as a blasphemer, an atheist, an enemy of God and man. The ignorant citizens of Bordentown, as cowardly as orthodox, longed to mob the author of Common Sense and The Crisis. They thought he had sold himself to the devil because he had defended God against the slanderous charges that he had inspired the writers of the Bible-because he had said that a being of infinite goodness and purity did not establish slavery and polygamy. Paine had insisted that men had the right to think for themselves. This so enraged the average American citizen that he longed for revenge. In 1802 the people of the United States had exceedingly crude ideas about the liberty of thought and expression. without regard to their virtues, and all Neither had they any conception of re- for the glory of the Damner-this was ligious freedom. Their highest thought Calvinism. He that hath ears to hear, on that subject was expressed by the let him hear," but he that hath a brain word "toleration," and even this tolera- to think must not think. He that betion extended only to the various Chris- lieveth without evidence is good, and he tian sects. Even the vaunted religious liberty of colonial Maryland was only to the effect that one kind of Christian should not fine, imprison and kill another kind of Christian, but all kinds of Christians had the right, and it was their duty, to brand, imprison and kill infidels of every kind. that believeth in spite of evidence is a saint. Only the wicked doubt, only the blasphemer denies. This was orthodox Christianity. Thomas Paine had the courage, the sense, the heart, to denounce these horrors, these absurdities, these infinite infamies. He did what he could to drive these theological vipers, these Calvinistic cobras, these fanged and hissing serpents of superstition from the heart of man. Paine had been guilty of thinking for himself and giving his conclusions to the world without having asked the consent of a priest-just as he had published his A few civilized men agreed with him political opinions without leave of the then, and the world has progressed since king. He had published his thoughts on 1809. Intellectual wealth has accumureligion and had appealed to reason to lated; vast mental estates have been left the light in every mind, to the humanity, to the world. Geologists have forced the pity, the goodness which he believed to be in every heart. He denied the right of kings to make laws and of priests to make creeds. He insisted that the people should make laws, and that every human being should think for himself. While some believed in the freedom of religion, he believed in the religion of freedom. If Paine had been a hypocrite, if he had concealed his opinions, if he had defended slavery with quotations from the "sacred scriptures"-if he had cared nothing for the liberties of men in other lands-if he had said that the state could not live without the Church-if he had sought for place instead of truth, he would have won wealth and power, and his brow would have been crowned with the laurel of fame. He made what the pious call the "mistake" of being true to himself-of living with an unstained soul. He had lived and labored for the people. The people were untrue to him. They returned evil for good, hatred for benefits received, and yet this great chivalric soul remembered their ignorance and loved them with all his heart, and fought their oppressors with all his strength. secrets from the rocks, astronomers from the stars, historians from old records and lost languages. In every direction the thinker and the investigator have ventured and explored, and even the pews have begun to ask questions of the pulpits. Humboldt has lived, and Darwin and Haeckel and Huxley, and the armies led by them, have changed the thought of the world. The churches of 1809 could not be the friends of Thomas Paine. No church asserting that belief is necessary to salvation ever was, or ever will be, the champion of true liberty. A church founded on slavery-that is to say, on blind obedience, worshipping irresponsible and arbitrary power-must of necessity be the enemy of human freedom. 66 The orthodox churches are now anxious to save the little that Paine left of their creed. If one now believes in God, and lends a little financial aid, he is considered a good and desirable member. He need not define God after the manner of the catechism. He may talk about a Power that works for righteousness"; or the tortoise Truth that beats the rabbit Lie in the long run; or the "Unknowable"; We must remember what the churches or the Unconditioned "; or the "Cosmic and creeds were in that day, what the Force"; or the "Ultimate Atom"; or theologians really taught, and what the “ Protoplasm," or the "What "—provided people believed. To save a few in spite he begins this word with a capital. of their vices, and to damn the many We must also remember that there is a difference between independence and lib forefathers-that his words were gladly erty. Millions have fought for independence to throw off some foreign yokeand yet were at heart the enemies of true liberty. A man in jail, sighing to be free, may be said to be in favor of liberty, but not from principle; but a man who, being free, risks or gives his life to free the enslaved, is a true soldier of liberty. Thomas Paine had passed the legendary limit of life. One by one most of his old friends and acquaintances had deserted him. Maligned on every side, execrated, shunned, and abhorred - his virtues denounced as vices-his services forgottenhis character blackened, he preserved the poise and balance of his soul. He was a victim of the people, but his convictions remained unshaken. He was still a soldier in the army of freedom, and still tried to enlighten and civilize those who were impatiently waiting for his death. Even those who loved their enemies hated him, their friend the friend of the whole world-with all their hearts. repeated by the best and bravest in many lands; if they knew that he attempted, by the purest means, to attain the noblest and loftiest ends-that he was original, sincere, intrepid, and that he could truthfully say: "The world is my country, to do good my religion "—if the people only knew all this-the truth-they would repeat the words of Andrew Jackson: Thomas Paine needs no monument made with hands; he has erected a monument in the hearts of all lovers of liberty." Ingham, SAMUEL DELUCENNA, legislator; born in Pennsylvania, Sept. 16, 1779; served several years in the Pennsylvania legislature; served in Congress in 1813-18 and 1822-29. President Jackson appointed him Secretary of the Treasury, but he resigned on account of the Kitchen Cabinet. He died in Trenton, N. J., June 5, 1860. Ingle, EDWARD, author; born in Baltimore, Md., May 17, 1861; graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1882. On June 8, 1809, death came- -death, al- Among his publications are Local Institumost his only friend. At his funeral no pomp, no pageantry, no civic procession, no military display. In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead-on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head-and, following on foot, two negroes, filled with gratitude — constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine. He who had received the gratitude of many millions, the thanks of generals and statesmen he who had been the friend and companion of the wisest and besthe who had taught a people to be free, and whose words had inspired armies and enlightened nations, was thus given back to Nature, the mother of us all. If the people of the great republic knew the life of this generous, this chivalric man, the real story of his services, his sufferings and his triumphs-of what he did to compel the robed and crowned, the priests and kings, to give back to the people liberty, the jewel of the soul; if they knew that he was the first to write The Religion of Humanity; if they knew that he, above all others, planted and watered the seeds of independence, of union, of nationality, in the hearts of our tions of Virginia; Local Institutions of Maryland; Southern Sidelights; The Negro in the District of Columbia, etc. Ingle, RICHARD, mariner; born in London, England, about 1610. During the civil war in England the royalist governor of Maryland seized Ingle's ship. On his return to England, Ingle applied to Parliament for redress, and received a commission authorizing him to act against the royalists. Ingle returned to America in 1645, and, taking advantage of local troubles, expelled Leonard Calvert, and himself took charge of the government for six months, at the end of which period Calvert regained control. Inglis, CHARLES, clergyman; born in Ireland, in 1734. From 1764 to the Revolution he was assistant rector of Trinity Church, New York; and was rector from 1777 to 1783. He adhered to the royal cause, and departed for Nova Scotia with the loyalists who fled from New York City in 1783. His letters evinced considerable harsh feeling towards the American patriots as "fomenters of rebellion." Dr. Inglis was consecrated bishop of Nova Scotia in 1788, and in 1809 became a member of the governor's council. He published an answer to Paine's Common Sense, which made him obnoxious to the patriots, and they confiscated his estate. He died in Halifax, N. S., Feb. 24, 1816. His son JOHN was made bishop of Nova Scotia in 1825, and died in 1850; and his grandson, Gen. Sir JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT INGLIS, born in Halifax in 1814, was the brave defender of Lucknow. or imperative initiative is allowed. Any petition containing a certain number of signatures (generally from 5,000 to 6,000), demanding action upon any matter whatever, must be given attention by the council, which, after passing upon it, must submit it to the popular vote. This course must be taken even if a proposed measure is unfavorable to the council. Again, in a number of the cantons, the people have the right of veto power: In about a month's time after any measure has been adopted by the cantonal council it may he brought before the people by a petition, and according to their vote made to stand Inglis, MARY, pioneer; born in 1729. She, with her two children, was captured by the Shawnee Indians, who had made a successful attack upon the small settlement. The Indians carried their captives down the Kanawha River to the Scioto. She was thus the first white woman in Kentucky. After a short captivity she or fall. This veto power, however, may made her escape in company with another white woman, and after a journey of nearly 400 miles in the wilderness succeeded in reaching a settlement on the Kanawha. She died in 1813. Ingraham, JOSEPH HOLT, author; born in Portland, Me., 1809; became a professor in Jefferson College, Miss.; subsequently took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He wrote many novels, some of which were very popular, but he is best known through his three books, entitled The Prince of the House of David; The Pillar of Fire; and The Throne of David. He died in Holly Springs, Miss., in December, 1866. be said to be included in the referendum. In all the cantons, except Freiburg, the right of the people to have every important act of legislation referred back to them for adoption or rejection is now established by law. In recent years the principle of the initiative and referendum has met with much favor in the United States, and in several States there has been an influential movement to bring about its adoption. Injunction, an order of a court, which commands the party or parties against whom it is issued (1) not to commit a certain act; or (2) to desist from the commission of a certain act; or (3) to restore to its former condition something which has been altered or interfered with by the person or persons to whom the injunction is directed. Ingram, DAVID. See HORTOP, JOB. Ingulf, RUDOLF, traveller; born in Cologne in 1727; emigrated to Mexico in 1751, where he became a merchant. After securing a competence he travelled through Inman, GEORGE, military officer; born Central America, Mexico, and California. in Boston, Mass., Dec. 3, 1755; graduated He published, in the German language, Travels in New Spain; The Geologic Formation of California, in which he proved that California was a rich gold-field; Cosmography of America, etc. He died in Vienna in 1785. Initiative and Referendum; a political system which originated in Switzerland, designed to test the feeling of the people concerning proposed legislation. In the several cantons of the Swiss Confederation the councils merely formulate the laws, while the people pass them. Similar to the law of all other nations that of Switzerland concedes the people a certain right of initiative in the way of petition; but in many of the cantons this right goes much further and an additional at Harvard College in 1772. During the Revolutionary War he was a royalist, entering the army as a private, but soon receiving a commission; took part in the battles of Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, in the first of which he was wounded. He was the author of Narrative of the Revolutionary War, 1776-1779. He died in the West Indies in 1789. Inman, HENRY, painter; born in Utica, N. Y., Oct. 20, 1801; was a pupil of John Wesley Jarvis, the portrait painter, to whom he was apprenticed for seven years. He painted landscapes and historical pictures, but portraits were his chief subjects, and he introduced lithography into the United States. In 1844 he went to Eng land, where, becoming the guest of Words in 1833 there were 2,500 lunatics in jails worth, the poet, he painted his portrait. and other prisons, besides hundreds in He also painted the portraits of other distinguished men while in England. He had begun painting an historical picture for the national Capitol, representing Daniel Boone in the wilds of Kentucky, at the time of his death, in New York City, Jan. 17, 1846. the county poor-houses and private famfamilies. One of the very earliest asylums for the insane was that opened in 1797 at Bloomingdale, in the suburbs of New York City, by the New York Hospital Society. To the labors of MISS DOROTHEA L. DIX (q. v.) is largely due the establishment of State asylums. Miss Dix devoted herself after 1837 to the investigation of the subject, and visited every State east of the Rocky Mountains, appealing to the State legislatures to provide for the care of the insane. In April, 1854, a bill appropriating 10.000.000 acres of public lands to the several States for the relief of the pauper insane, passed by Congress under her appeals, was vetoed by President Pierce. Her efforts, however, led to the establishment of State insane asylums, and it is now recognized as the duty of each State to care for its insane. New York State alone has fifteen corporate institutions of this class. The following statistics show the number of insane, etc., in the United States. Until 1850 there were no reliable statistics: Inman, HENRY, author; born in New York, July 30, 1837; educated at the Brooklyn public schools and Athenian Academy, and is the author of The Old Santa Fé Trail; Great Salt Lake Trail; Tales of the Trail; The Ranch on the Oxhide; Pioneer from Kentucky, etc. He died in Topeka, Kan., Nov. 13, 1899. Inman, WILLIAM, naval officer; born in Utica, N. Y., in 1797; appointed midshipman, United States navy, in 1812: promoted to lieutenant, April 1, 1818; commander in 1838: and captain in 1850. In 1859-61 he commanded the West African squadron, during which time he succeeded in recapturing and liberating nearly 4,000 slaves; and was promoted commodore, and was retired, April 4, 1867. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 23, 1874. Inness, GEORGE, artist; born in Newburg, N. Y., May 1, 1825; removed to New York in 1845: studied art: and was chosen a member of the National Academy in 1868. He was one of the greatest landscape-painters America has produced. His pictures include American Sunset; 1900... Delaware Water - Gap; View near Medfield, Mass.; An Old Roadway, Long Island; and Under the Green Wood. He died in Scotland Aug. 3, 1894. Inness, HARRY, jurist; born in Caroline county, Va., in 1752; was an ardent patriot during the Revolutionary War; superintendent of the mines from which the Americans obtained their lead; appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1783, and United States district judge for Kentucky in 1787. His enemies caused charges to be brought against him in Congress in 1808, but that body refused to take any action looking to his impeachment. He died in Frankfort, Ky., Sept. 20, 1816. Insanity. Until 1840 the insane poor in the United States were cared for almost exclusively by the township and county authorities. It was estimated that 1850. 1860. 1870.. Year. 1880.. Insolvency. See BANKRUPTCY LAWS. Inspection, COMMITTEES OF. In many of the present American States the class known as Tories, or adherents of the crown, were in a minority at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, and in many places suffered indignities, such as, if offensively active, receiving a covering of tar and feathers, being carted around as a public spectacle, and other abuses which personal and political malignity could inflict. To prevent such disgraceful scenes, which would lead to retaliation and the rule of mob law, the Continental Congress specially committed the oversight of Tories and suspected persons to regularly appointed committees of inspection and observation for the several counties and districts. The Tories were also exposed to the dangers from the law, for the Whigs |