etc. lawyer; born in Hillsboro county, N. H., terms of the Standard Dictionary. Her May 22, 1826; studied at Harvard Col- works include The Ladies of the White lege in 1848-49; engaged in teaching; House; The Hearth-stone, or Life at graduated at the Harvard Law School Home; Chinese Gordon; Howard, The in 1853, and practised in New York Christian Hero; The Buddhist Diet Book, until 1870, when he was made Professor of Jurisprudence and dean of the law faculty at Harvard. In 1900 he resigned his chair, owing to failing eyesight and advanced age. His works include Selections of Cases on the Law of Contracts; Cases on Sales; Summary of Equity Pleading; Cases in Equity Pleading, etc. Langley, JOHN WILLIAMS, educator; born in Boston, Oct. 21, 1841: graduated at Harvard College in 1861; assistant Professor of Physics in the United States Naval Academy in 1867-70; Professor of Chemistry at the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1871-74; and Professor of Chemistry and Physics at the University of Michigan in 1875-89. He became Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Case School of Applied Science in 1892. He is a member of several scientific organizations and the author of various scientific papers. Langdon, JOHN, statesman; born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1739; was a successful merchant, and took an early and active part in the events preceding the cutbreak of the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the Continental Congress (1775-76), but in June, in the latter Langley, SAMUEL PIERPONT, astrono year, he resigned his seat and became mer; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 22, navy agent. He was speaker of the As- 1834; graduated at the Boston High sembly, and was ready to make any rea- School, and engaged in the practice of sonable sacrifice to promote the cause. architecture and civil engineering. In When means were needed to support a 1865 he was made an assistant at HarNew Hampshire regiment, he gave all his vard Observatory, and later became Pro“hard money," pledged his plate, and ap- fessor of Mathematics in the United States plied to the same purpose the proceeds of Naval Academy. In 1867 he was selected seventy hogsheads of tobacco. He fur- for director of the Allegheny Observatory, nished means for raising a brigade of the where two years later he established the troops with which Stark gained the vic- system of railroad time service from obtory at Bennington. He was active in servatories, which soon went into general civil affairs, also, all through the war, use. He also made the bolometer, which serving in the Continental Congress and has been widely adopted, and other aphis State legislature. In 1785 he was paratus. Professor Langley has made president of New Hampshire, and in 1787 many experiments on the problem of aerial was one of the framers of the federal navigation and firmly believes that a maConstitution. He was governor of his chine, not a balloon, can be created which State in 1788, and again from 1805 to will produce sufficient mechanical power 1811; was United States Senator from to support itself in the air and fly, 1789 to 1801, and declined the office of "though," he adds, "this is not saying Secretary of the Navy (1811) and of that we have yet got skill enough to Vice-President of the United States manage this power so as to rise and fly (1812). He died in Portsmouth, Sept. about in the air and descend safely." 18, 1819. He founded the Astrophysical ObservaLangford, LAURA CARTER HOLLOWAY, tory and the National Zoological Park at author; born in Nashville, Tenn., in Washington. He is a member of many 1848; graduated at the Nasville Female American and foreign scientific organAcademy; subsequently settled in New izations. He has been honored with the York City. She was twice married. For twelve years she was associate editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and for nine years president of the Brooklyn Seidl Society of Music. She was co-editor with Anton Seidl of the department of musical Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London; the Jannsen Medal of the Institute of France, and many others. His works include The New Astronomy; Researches on Solar Heat; Experiments in Aerodynamics; and numerous other kin dred works, papers and articles in maga- years he was assistant instructor of math zines. Lanman, CHARLES, author; born in Monroe, Mich., June 14, 1819; received an academical education; spent ten years in a business house in New York City; and in 1845 became editor of the Gazette of Monroe. He was editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle in 1846; of the Express in New York in 1847. He was chosen librarian of the War Department in 1849, and librarian of copyrights in 1850. He next be came private secretary to Daniel Webster. In 1855-57 he was librarian of the Department of the Interior, and in 1871-82 was secretary of the Japanese legation at Washington. He was the first man to explore the Saguenay region in Canada, and among the first to explore the mountains of North Carolina. His works in elude Essays for Summer Hours; Letters from a Landscape Painter: A Tour to the River Saguenay: Private Life of Daniel Webster; Resources of America, etc. He also compiled several works for the Japanese government. He died in Washington, D. C., March 4, 1895. ematics in the University of Virginia; was instructor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1871-72: assistant Professor in 1872-75; since 1875 has been Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and since 1883 has also had charge of the department of mechanical engineering. He is a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, American Mathematical Society. American Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and of other scientifie societies; and is a fellow of the American Society for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Professor Lanza has published Applied Mechanics and many scientific papers. Larned, JOSEPHUS NELSON, author: born in Chatham, Ont., Canada, May 11. 1836; received a public school education in Buffalo; was on the editorial staff of the Buffalo Express in 1859-72: superintendent of education in that city in 187273; superintendent of the Buffalo Library in 1877-97; and president of the American Library Association in 1893-94. He is author of History for Ready Reference and Talks About Labor. Lanman, JAMES HENRY, author: born in Norwich, Conn., Dec. 4, 1812; became a lawyer and after several years' practice in Norwich and New London, Conn., and Baltimore, Md., he settled in New York City and engaged in literary work. Later Larsen, LAUR educator: born in he became interested in the State of Christiansand, Norway, Aug. 10, 1833; Michigan. His publications include His- graduated at the University of Christory of Michigan, Civil and Topographical, tiania in 1850, and at its theological de which was afterwards published under partment in 1855, and entered the minthe title of History of Michigan from its istry of the Lutheran Church. He was Earliest Colonization to the Present minister in Pierce county, Wis., in 1857Time, etc. He died in Middletown, Conn., 59; Norwegian Professor of Concordia ColJan. 10. 1887. lege and Seminary, St. Louis, in 1859– 61; president of the Norwegian Lutheran College since 1861; vice-president of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod in 1876-93; vice-president of the Synodical Conference in 1879-82, and acting president part of the time; and editor of the church paper of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod in 1868-69. Lanman, JOSEPH, naval officer; born in Norwich, Conn., July 11, 1811; entered the navy in 1825; became captain in 1861, and commodore in 1862. He commanded the frigate Minnesota in the North Atlantic squadron, in 1864-65, and had the command of the second division of Porter's squadron in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He commanded a squadron on the coast of Brazil from 1869 to 1871, and in May, 1872, was retired. On Dec. 8. 1867. he was promoted to rear - admiral. He died in Norwich, March 13, 1874. La Salle, ROBERT CAVELIER, SIEUR DF. explorer; born in Rouen, France, Nov. 22. 1643; in early life became a Jesuit, and thereby forfeited his patrimony. He afterwards left the order, and went to Canada Lanza, GAETANO, educator: born in as an adventurer in 1666. From the SulBoston, Mass., Sept. 26, 1848. For two picians, seigneurs of Montreal, he ob tained a grant of land and founded Lachine. Tales of the wonders and riches of the wilderness inspired him with a desire to explore. With two Sulpicians, he went into the wilds of western New York, and afterwards went down the Ohio River as far as the site of Louisville. Governor Frontenac became his friend, and in the autumn of 1674 he went to France bearing a letter from the governorgeneral, strongly recommending him to Colbert, the French premier. Honors and privileges were bestowed upon him at the French Court, and he was made governor of Fort Frontenac, erected on the site of Kingston, at the foot of Lake Ontario, which he greatly strengthened, and gathered Indian settlers around it. He had very soon a squadron of four vessels on the lake, engaged in the fur-trade, and Fort Frontenac was made the centre of that traffic, in which he now largely engaged and sought the monopoly. Conceiving a grand scheme of explorations and trade westward, perhaps to China, he went to France in 1678 and obtained permission to execute it. He was allowed to engage in explorations, build forts, and have the monopoly of the trade in buffaloskins, during five years, but was forbidden to trade with tribes accustomed to take furs to Montreal. Henri de Tonti, a veteran Italian, joined him, and, with thirty mechanics and mariners, they sailed from Rochelle in the summer of 1678, and reached Fort Frontenac early in the autumn. De Tonti was sent farther west to establish a trading-post at the mouth of the Niagara River. He proceed ed, also, to build a vessel above the great falls for traffic on Lake Erie, and named it the Griffin. In August, 1679, La Salle sailed with De Tonti through the chain of lakes to Green Bay, in the northwestern portion of Lake Michigan. Creditors were pressing him with claims, and he unlawfully gathered furs and sent them back in the Griffin to meet those claims. Then he proceeded, with his party, in canoes, to the mouth of the St. Joseph River, in southwestern Michigan, where he established a trading-house and called it Fort Miami. Ascending the St. Joseph, he crossed to the Kankakee, and paddled down it until he reached an Illinois village, and, in January, 1680, he began the establishment of a trading-post on the site of the present Peoria, Ill., which he called Fort ROBERT CAVELIER SIEUR DE LA SALLE. Crèvecœur. Disappointed in the failure of the Griffin to make a return voyage with supplies, he put De Tonti in com. mand of the fort and despatched Hennepin and Acau to explore the Illinois to its mouth and the Mississippi northward. With five companions, La Salle started back for Canada, and from the mouth of the St. Joseph he crossed Michigan to a river flowing into the Detroit, and thence overland to Lake Erie. From its western end he navigated it in a canoe to Niagara, where he was satisfied that the Griffin had perished somewhere on the lakes. He also heard of the loss of a ship arriving from France with supplies. Settling as well as he could with his creditors, La Salle, with a fresh party of twenty-three Frenchmen and eighteen New England Inddians, with ten women and children, began a return journey to Fort Crèvecœur, with supplies. De Tonti had been driven away by an attack on the Illinois settle ment of the Iroquois. The desertion of his men had compelled him to abandon the fort and return to Green Bay, in Louisiana and the conquest of the rich mining country in northern Mexico. A patent was granted him, and he was made commandant of the vast territory from the present State of Illinois to Mexico, and westward indefinitely. With 280 indifferent persons he sailed from France Aug. 1. 1684, with four ships; but disputes between Beaujeu, the navigator of the squadron, and La Salle proved disastrous to the expedition. Touching at Santo Domingo, they entered the Gulf of Mexico, and, by miscalculations, passed the mouth of the Mississippi without knowing it. La Salle became satisfied of this fact, but Beaujeu sailed obstinately on, and finally anchored off the entrance to Matagorda Bay. The colonists de barked, but the store-ship containing most of the supplies, was wrecked. Beaujen. pleading a lack of provisions, deserted La Salle, leaving him only a small vesse'. He cast up a fort, which he called St. Louis, and attempted to till the soil; but the Indians were hostile. Some of the settlers were killed, oʻhers perished from disease and hardships, and, after making some explorations of the country, the party, at the end of the year, was re duced to less than forty souls. La Salle and his party went down the Illinois to its mouth, when he returned to gather his followers and procure means for continuing his explorations. Late in December, 1681, he started from Fort Miami with his expedition, coasted along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, ascended the Chicago River, crossed to the Illinois, descended to the Mississippi, and went down that stream until it separated into three channels, which he explored to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle named the great stream River Colbert, in compliment to his patron at the Court of France. De Tonti explored the great middle channel. Then the whole company assembled at a dry spot near the Gulf, and there prepared a cross and a column, aflixing to the latter the arms of France and this inscription, “Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, April 9, 1682." He also buried there a leaden plate, with a Latin inscription. The whole company then signed a proces verbal, in the foliowing order: La Métarie (notary), De la Salle, P. Zenobe (Récollet missionary), Henri de Tonti, François de Bousvoudet, volt. Penetrating the present domain of Jean Bourdon, Sieur d'Autray, Jacques Cauclois, Pierre You, Giles Mencret, Jean Michel (surgeon), Jean Mas, Jean Duglignon, Nicholas de la Salle. La Salle formally proclaimed the whole valley of the Mississippi and the region of its tributaries a part of the French dominions, and named the country Louisiana, in compliment to the King. So was first planted the germ of the empire of the French in that region, which flourished in the eighteenth century. La Salle ascended the Mississippi the next year, and returned to Quebec in November, leaving Tonti in command in the west, with directions to meet him at the mouth of the Mississippi the following year. Then he proceeded to France and proposed to the government a settlement Leaving half of them, including women and children, La Salle set out, at the be ginning of 1688, to make his way to the Illinois. His party consisted of his brother, two nephews, and thirteen others, some of whom were sullen and ripe for re Texas to Trinity River, revolt broke out, and the two ringleaders killed La Salle's nephew in a stealthy manner; and when the great explorer turned back to look for him, they shot him dead, March 20, 1687. Nearly all of those who were left at Fort St. Louis were massacred by the Indians, and the remainder fell inte the hands of the Spaniards, sent to drive out the French. La Salle, lured by tales of an abundance of precious metals in New Mexico, had penetrated that country, with a few followers, before leaving Fort St. Louis, but he was disappointed. Las Casas, BARTOLOMÉ DE, missionary: born in Seville, Spain, in 1474. His father was a companion of Columbus in his two earlier voyages, and in the sec ond one he took this son, then a student |