spread into Russia, Galicia, Austria, Rumania, and France. In most of these countries it not only found expression in the exclusion of the Jews from all social intercourse with their fellows, but in Russia produced the riots of 1881 and 1882; in Austria and Bohemia the turbulent scene in the Reichstag, and even the pillaging of Jewish houses and Jewish synagogues; in Rumania it received the active support of the government and reduced the Jews there to practical penury; while in France it showed itself in accusations against the Jews which for barbarity could match any that were brought against them in the Middle Ages. The charges against the Jews are varied in their character. In Germany they have been blamed for exploiting the agricultural class and for serving the interests of the Liberal party, forgetting that Leo and Stahl, the founders of the Orthodox party in Prussia, were themselves Jews, and that Disraeli in England was born of the same race. The most foolish accusations on almost every conceivable subject have been lodged against them by such men as Ahlwart, Stöcker, Lueger, and Drumont; and in late years the old and foolish charge that the Jews use the blood of Christian children in the making of Passover bread has been revived, in order to infuriate the populace; despite the fact that popes, ecclesiastics, and hosts of Christian professors have declared the accusation to be purely imaginary and malignant. The false charge that a Jewish officer in France Among the few bright spots on the world's chart are those countries inhabited by the Anglo-Saxon race. Anti-Semitism is unknown in England (though the attempt has been made to fix the blame for the Boer war on the Jews); and the institutions of the United States have up till now prevented the entrance here of the disease, though in the mild form of social anti-Semitism which debars Jewish children from private schools and Jewish people from clubs and summer hotels, it has insinuated itself into some of the Eastern cities, notably into New York. Jogues, ISAAC, missionary; born at Orleans, France, Jan. 10, 1607; became a Jesuit at Rouen in 1624; was ordained in 1636; and, at his own request, was immediately sent to Canada. He was a most earnest missionary among the Indians on both sides of the Lakes. Caught, tortured, and made a slave by the Mohawks, he remained with them until 1643, when he escaped to Albany, and was taken to Manhattan. Returning to Europe, he was. shipwrecked on the English coast. He returned to Canada in 1646, where he concluded a treaty between the French and the Mohawks. Visiting Lake George, he named it St. Sacrament, and, descending the Hudson River to Albany, he went among the Mohawks as a missionary, who seized and put him to death as a sorcerer, at Caughnawaga, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1646. John Adams, THE. The naval operations on the sea in 1814, though not so important as in the two preceding years In the United States these names are used in place of the unknown real names of parties against whom legal proceedings have been undertaken; and the form Jane Doe is similarly applied in cases of women. Johnes, EDWARD RODOLPH, lawyer; born in Whitesboro, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1852; graduated at Yale College in 1873 and at Columbia Law School in 1876. He was the Venezuelan representative in the boundary dispute of that country and also counsel in the Nicaragua and Costa Rica boundary case. His publications include The Monroe Doctrine as Applied to Venezuelan Boundary Question; English and American Bankruptcy and Insolvency Laws; History of Southampton, R. I., etc. was the first that figured after the open- this becoming a matter of form, the fictiing of 1814. She started on a cruise from tious names of Doe and Roe were used Washington in January, and on the night until the form was abolished by the comof the 18th passed the British blockading mon-law procedure act, 1852. squadron in Lynn Haven Bay, put to sea, and ran to the northeast to cross the track of the West India merchantmen. She made a few prizes, and on March 25 she captured the Indiaman Woodbridge. While taking possession of her the commander of the Adams (Capt. Charles Morris) observed twenty-five merchant vessels, with two ships-of-war, bearing down upon her with a fair wind. Morris abandoned his prize, and gave the Adams wings for flight from danger. In April she entered the harbor of Savannah for supplies, and on May 5 sailed for the Manila Reef to watch for the Jamaica convoy, but the fleet passed her in the night. She gave chase in the morning, but was kept at bay by two vessels of war. She crossed the Atlantic, and on July 3 was off the Irish coast, where she was chased by British vessels, but always escaped. For nearly two months the weather was foggy, cold, and damp, because the ocean was dotted with icebergs. Her crew sickened, and Captain Morris determined to go into port. He entered Penobscot Bay, and was nearly disabled by striking a rock, Aug. 17, 1814, and made his way up the Penobscot River to Hampden. British vessels followed, and to prevent her falling into the hands of his enemy, Morris burned her. John Doe and Richard Roe, names used in legal fictions, especially as standing pledges for the prosecution of suits. In early times real and substantial persons were required to pledge themselves to answer to the crown for an amercement, or fine, set upon the plaintiff, for raising a false accusation, if he brought action without cause, or failed in it; and in 1285, 13 Edward I., sheriff's and bailiffs were, before deliverance of a distress, to receive pledges for pursuing a suit, and for the return of the property, if awarded. But Johns Hopkins University, a nonsectarian institution in Baltimore, Md.; organized in 1876 with funds provided by JOHNS HOPKINS (q. r.); coeducational in its medical department. At the close of 1900 the university had 131 professors and instructors; 645 students in all departments: 94,000 volumes in the library; 1.204 graduates; and an endowment of $3,000,000. Under the presidency of Daniel C. Gilman the institution achieved a large measure of success and influence, a distinctive feature being the original research conducted by the students. President Gilman resigned his charge in 1901, and was succeeded by Ira Remsen. LL.D., who had been Professor of Chemistry in the university since its opening. Johnson, ALEXANDER BRYAN, banker; born in Gosport, England, May 29, 1786: came to the United States in 1801 and settled in Utica, N. Y.; was in the banking business over forty-five years. His publications include The Nature of Value, Capital, etc.; Guide to Right Understanding of our American Union, etc. He died in Utica, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1867. JOHNSON, ANDREW Johnson, ANDREW, seventeenth Presi- to read. After working as a journeyman dent of the United States; born in Ra- in South Carolina, he went to Greenville, leigh, N. C., Dec. 29, 1808. He learned Tenn., taking with him his mother, who the trade of a tailor, and taught himself was dependent on him. There he worked Congress as an illegal body, deserving of no respect. The tour, made wholly for political effect, extended to St. Louis. His conduct at Cleveland and St. Louis was so offensive that the common councils of Cincinnati and Pittsburg refused to accord him a public reception. The attempt to establish a new party with President Johnson as a leader was a failure. at his trade, married, and was taught by his wife to write; became alderman and mayor; a member of the legislature (1832-33 and 1839); presidential elector (1840); State Senator in 1841; and member of Congress from 1843 to 1853. From 1853 to 1857 he was governor of Tennessee, and from 1857 to 1863 United States Senator. In 1862 he was appointed military governor of Tennessee, and in 1864 was elected Vice-President of the United States. On the death of President Lincoln he succeeded to the office, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. On the morning of the death of Mr. Lincoln, April 15, 1865, the cabinet officers, excepting Mr. Seward, who was suffering from a murderous assault, addressed a note to the Vice-President, officially notifying him of the decease of the President, and that the emergency of the government demanded that he should immediately enter upon the duties of the Presidency. Mr. Johnson appointed ten o'clock that morning, when he would be ready to take the oath of office. That oath was administered by Chief-Justice Chase, in the presence of the cabinet officers and several members of Congress. Then the President delivered a brief speech to the gentlemen present. There, in the midst of universal and unparalleled excitement, the authority of the nation was quietly transferred to other hands a few hours after the death of President considerations," he said, "constrain me Lincoln. Mr. Johnson requested Mr. Lincoln's cabinet to remain, and the government went on without a shock to its steady movement. See CABINET, PRESIDENT'S. When the cabinet of President Johnson resigned, the friends of Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, urged him to retain the office, for it was believed the chief magistrate was contemplating some revolutionary movement. The tenure of office act seemed to guarantee Mr. Stanton against removal. The Fortieth Congress met immediately after the adjournment of the Thirty-ninth, and adjourned March 31, 1867, to meet on the first Wednesday in July following, for the express purpose of preventing the President from doing serious mischief. After removing obstructions cast in the way of reorganization by the President, Congress adjourned, July 20, to meet Nov. 21, hoping the President would no longer disturb the public peace by his conduct. They were mistaken. As soon as Congress adjourned, in violation of the tenure of office act he proceeded to remove Mr. Stanton from office. He first asked him, Aug. 5, to resign. "Grave public to request your resignation as Secretary of War." Stanton replied, "Grave public considerations constrain me to continue in the office of Secretary of War until the next meeting of Congress." He shared On Aug. 14, 1866, a convention was held in the general suspicion that Johnson in Philadelphia, composed largely of Con- was contemplating a revolutionary movefederate leaders and their sympathizers ment in favor of the Confederates. A in the North, for the purpose of organ- week later the President directed Genizing a new political party, with Presi- eral Grant to assume the position and dent Johnson as its standard bearer. duties of Secretary of War. As a dutiWhereupon Johnson and a part of his ful soldier, he obeyed his commander-incabinet made a circuitous journey to Chi- chief. Stanton, knowing the firmness cago, ostensibly for the purpose of being and incorruptible patriotism of Grant, present at the dedication of a monument withdrew under protest. This change to Senator Douglas. He harangued the was followed by such arbitrary acts on people on the way in language so un- the part of the President that the country becoming the dignity of a chief magis- was thoroughly alarmed. Even the Presitrate of the republic that the nation felt dent's private friends were amazed anu a relief from mortification after his re- mortified by his conduct. He gave unturn in September. He had denounced satisfactory reasons for dismissing Stan |